ayming at the glory of God, the propagation of the gospell of Christ, the conversion of the Indians, and the enlargment of the King's Majesty's dominions in America. -Hart, I, p. 190.

2. The emigrants: Class, laws concerning.

1582. Sir Geo. Peckham proposed to get rid of

a great number of men which do now live idely at home, and are burthnous, chargeable, and to the common annoy of the whole state.-Hakluyt.

1637.- No persons being Subsidy Men [liable for taxes] or of the value of Subsidy Men shall emigrant.-Proclamation, Chas. I.

such a course

that

You are to take vagrants and others who remain here noxious and unprofit able, may be soe transplanted to the generall advantage of the publique as well as the particular commoditie of our Forraine Plantacons.-1660. Instructions for the Councill for Forraigne Plantacons. From Documents relating to New York History.

And probably many vagrants agreed with Charles II., for, in 1679, two bright Dutch travelers tell us of a "Godless Emigrant Ship" bound for New York.

In fine it was a Babel. I have never in my life heard of such a disorderly ship. It was confusion without end. I have never been in a ship where there was so much vermin, which was communicated to us. There were some But

bunks and clothes as full as if they had been sown. must forbear.—Long Island Hist. Society, Memoirs. On the other side, hear Rev. Francis Higgin son, 1629:

The passage was through God's blessing

T

short

and speedy-6 weeks and 3 days, healthful to our passengers, being freed from the great contagion of the scurvie and other maledictions, which in other passages had taken away the lives of many; and withal, a pious and Christianlike passage; for I suppose passengers will seldom find a company of more religious, honest and kynd seamen than we had. We constantly served God morning and evening by reading and expounding a chapter, singing, and prayer. And the Sabbath was solemnly kept by adding

preaching twice and catechising. And in our great need we kept 2 solemn fasts Let all that love and use fast

ing and prayer take notice that it is as prevailable by sea as by land, whensoever it is faithfully performed.--Quoted in Hart, I, p. 194, from Thomas Hutchinson's Collections,

3. The Indians.

Peckham, 1582, says:

All Savages

as soon as they shall begin but a little

to taste of civility will take marvellous delight in any garment,

be it never so simple

for such a trifle.

and will take incredible pains Now to the end it may appear

that this voyage is not undertaken altogether for the peculiar commodity of ourselves ... it shall fall out in proof

that if in respect of all the commodities they can yeelde us that they should but receive this only benefit of Christianity, they were more than fully recompenced. Wee got for trifles neer 1100 Bever skinnes, 100 Martins, and neer as many Ottus.-Captain J. Smith in "A Description of New England."

Governor Winslow, 1621, says they were "very trusty, quick of apprehension, ripe-witted, just."

Penn, in 1683, testifies that

he will deserve the name of wise who outwits them in any treaty about a thing they understand. Do not abuse them, but let them have justice and you win them.Quoted from Janney's Life of Penn.

4. Mechanism of colonization.

The colonization companies in England were certainly rare enthusiasts. It is amusing to notice in the proceedings of the Council for New England, 1622, the following item:

It is agreed that ye Councell meet the Morrow . . at Sr. Ferd: Gorges Lodgings for conferring about ye forme of a patent betweene 7 and 8 o'clock in ye morneing.

The royal generosity of the kings in giving away continents is well illustrated by this account of how the above company disposed of New England, 1623:

There were presented to the Kings most excellent Matie a Plot of all the Coasts and lands of New England devided

into twenty parts each part conteyning two shares, And twenty lotts conteyning the said double shares made upp in little bales of waxe, And the names of twenty Pattentees by whom these lotts were to be drawne.-From Proceedings American Antiquarian Society.

Having given the lands to the companies, these must settle them. The proposal of the proprietors of Carolina in 1663 illustrates the method, and the expectations:

Wee will grante to every present Undrtaker for his oune head, 100 acres of land, to him and his heires forever, to be held in free and common Soccage, & for every man Sarvt yt he shall bringe or send thithr yt is fitt to bare Armes, armed wth a good fierlocke Musket, performed boare, 12 bullets to ye pound, and wth 20 lb. of powder & 20 lb. of Bullets, 50 acres of land.-Hart, I, 297.

The charters show the crude geographical ideas and the dangers inherent in promiscuous grants. In the instruction given by Charles II., in 1660, to the first Council for Foreign Plantations we find the following unconscious estiImate of this chaos:

You shall informe yourselves by the best wayes and meanes you can of the state and condicon of all Forraigne Plantacions, and by what comissions or authorities they are and have bene governed and disposed of; and are to procure copies of all such comissions and graunts that you may be the better able to understand judge and administer.-Documents, New York.

In 1621 the Virginia Company, of London, tells us how they sent over fifty young women to be given in marriage for "one hundred and fiftie pounds of the best leafe tobacco for each of them;" for, they add, "we have used extraordinary care and diligence in the choice of them, and have received none of whom we have not had good testimony of theire honest life and cariadge."

In 1660 Charles II., in his instructions for the first Council for Foreign Plantations, has the following:

preaching twice and catechising. And in our great need we kept 2 solemn fasts Let all that love and use fast

ing and prayer take notice that it is as prevailable by sea as by land, whensoever it is faithfully performed.—Quoted in Hart, I, p. 194, from Thomas Hutchinson's Collections.

3. The Indians.

Peckham, 1582, says:

All Savages

as soon as they shall begin but a little

to taste of civility will take marvellous delight in any garment,

be it never so simple

for such a trifle.

and will take incredible pains Now to the end it may appear

that this voyage is not undertaken altogether for the peculiar

commodity of ourselves

that

yeelde us

it shall fall out in proof if in respect of all the commodities they can that they should but receive this only bene

fit of Christianity, they were more than fully recompenced. Wee got for trifles neer 1100 Bever skinnes, 100 Martins, and neer as many Ottus.-Captain J. Smith in "A Description of New England."

Governor Winslow, 1621, says they were "very trusty, quick of apprehension, ripe-witted, just."

Penn, in 1683, testifies that

.

he will deserve the name of wise who outwits them in any treaty about a thing they understand. Do not abuse them, but let them have justice and you win them.Quoted from Janney's Life of Penn.

4. Mechanism of colonization.

The colonization companies in England were certainly rare enthusiasts. It is amusing to notice in the proceedings of the Council for New England, 1622, the following item:

at

It is agreed that ye Councell meet the Morrow .. Sr. Ferd: Gorges Lodgings for conferring about ye forme of a patent betweene 7 and 8 o'clock in ye morneing.

The royal generosity of the kings in giving away continents is well illustrated by this account of how the above company disposed of New England, 1623:

There were presented to the Kings most excellent Matie a Plot of all the Coasts and lands of New England devided

into twenty parts each part conteyning two shares, And twenty lotts conteyning the said double shares made upp in little bales of waxe, And the names of twenty Pattentees by whom these lotts were to be drawne.-From Proceedings American Antiquarian Society.

Having given the lands to the companies, these must settle them. The proposal of the proprietors of Carolina in 1663 illustrates the method, and the expectations:

>Wee will grante to every present Undrtaker for his oune head, 100 acres of land, to him and his heires forever, to be held in free and common Soccage, & for every man Sarvt yt he shall bringe or send thithr yt is fitt to bare Armes, armed wth a good fierlocke Musket, performed boare, 12 bullets to ye pound, and wth 20 lb. of powder & 20 lb. of Bullets, 50 acres of land.-Hart, I, 297.

The charters show the crude geographical ideas and the dangers inherent in promiscuous grants. In the instruction given by Charles II., in 1660, to the first Council for Foreign Plantations we find the following unconscious estimate of this chaos:

You shall informe yourselves by the best wayes and meanes you can of the state and condicon of all Forraigne Plantacions, and by what comissions or authorities they are and have bene governed and disposed of; and are to procure copies of all such comissions and graunts that you may be the better able to understand judge and administer. Documents, New York.

In 1621 the Virginia Company, of London, tells us how they sent over fifty young women to be given in marriage for "one hundred and fiftie pounds of the best leafe tobacco for each of them;" for, they add, "we have used extraordinary care and diligence in the choice of them, and have received none of whom we have not had good testimony of theire honest life and cariadge."

In 1660 Charles II., in his instructions for the first Council for Foreign Plantations, has the following: