Argus, The, illegal capture of, by Great Britain, IV, 362. Redress for, referred to, IV, 366. Arickaree Indians, allotment of lands in severalty to, referred to, VIII, 196. Arid Lands. (See Irrigation.) Arizona Territory. One of the Southwestern Territories of the United States; motto, "Ditat Deus." It is separated from the Pacific Ocean on the west by California and Nevada, and bounded on the north by Utah and Nevada, on the east by New Mexico, and on the south by the Republic of Mexico. It lies between the parallels 31° 20' and 37o north lat. and the meridians of 1090 and 114° 45' west long., including an area of 113,020 sq. miles. In 1900 the white population of Arizona was 122.212. In addition to these there are the Apache, Moqui, Pueblo, Arivaipa, Chemehuevi, Cohahuila, Cocopa, Walapai, Maricopa, Mohave, Navajo, Papago, Pima, and Paiute Indians. The chief industry is mining gold, silver, and copper. The surface of the Territory is much broken by the erosion of the streams, which cut deep gorges in the rocks, the Grand Canyon of the Colorado at some points being more than a mile deep. The greater portion of the Territory was acquired by treaty with Mexico in 1848, the remainder by the Gadsden Purchase of 1853. Arizona Territory: Act to authorize leasing of lands for educational purposes in, vetoed, IX, 670. Appropriation for, recommended, VIII, 104. Barracks, etc., within limits of Military Department of, construction of, recommended, VIII, 109. Bill to authorize issuance of bonds in aid of railroads in, vetoed, IX, 88. Indian outrages in, discussed, VIII, 348, 358. Lands in Claims under Spanish and Mexican grants, Records of Mexican Government regarding, Set apart as public reservation by proclama- Lawlessness prevailing in, and means for suppressing, discussed, VIII, 53, 76, 101. Proclamation against, VIII, 122. Population of, V, 514, 568. Territorial government for, recommended, V, 456, 514, 569. Arkansas.-One of the United States; nickname, the "Bear State;" motto, "Regnant Populi." It is bounded by Missouri on the north, on the east by Tennessee and Mississippi (from both of which it is separated by the Mississippi River), on the south by Louisiana, and on the west by Texas and Indian Territory. It extends from lat. 33° to 36° 30' north and from long. 89° 40 to 94° 42' west. It contains 53.850 sq. miles, and in 1900 the population was 1,311,564. By legislative enactment the name of the State is pronounced Ar'kan-saw. The State contains rich forests of oak, pine, walnut, hickory, cypress, cedar, and other lumber-producing tim ber. Coal, iron, and building stone exist in abundance. The Mississippi River bottom lands are a fine cotton region. One of the curiosities of the State is the large number of medicinal springs, the most popular of which-the Hot Springs-is visited annually by thousands of people. One spring in Fulton County discharges 15,000 barrels of water per day, at a temperature of 60°. The State was first settled by the French in 1685, and formed part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. It was organized as a Territory Mar. 2, 1819, admitted as a State into the Union June 15, 1836, seceded May 6, 1861, and was readmitted June 22, 1868. Arkansas (see also Confederate States): Act for admission of, into Union vetoed, VI, 648. Acts of governor should be legalized, II, 232. Admission of, into Union, constitution adopted, III, 225. Boundary of, II, 226. Constitution of, referred to, VI, 632. Election disturbances in, and claims of persons to governorship discussed, VII, 264, 265, 298, 319. Proclamation regarding, VII, 272. Lands granted to, in aid of railroads referred to, VI, 382. Marshal of United States in, advance of public moneys to, referred to, V, 302. Military governor of, office of, abolished, VI, 176. Public lands in, proclamation regarding unlawful possession of, II, 543. Restoration of, into Union, discussed, VI, 222, 251. Road in, from Little Rock to Cantonment Gibson, II, 366. Secretary of, appointment of, revoked, VI, 176. Arkansas Northwestern Railway Co., act authorizing construction of railroad by, through Indian Territory vetoed, IX, 580. Arkansas Post (Ark.), Battle of. Jan. 10, 1863, an expedition under command of Gen. McClernand and convoyed by Admiral Porter's fleet of gunboats moved against Fort Hindman, at Arkansas Post, on the Arkansas River. Jan. 11 a combined attack was begun, which was maintained until 4 o'clock in the afternoon, when the post, with 5,000 prisoners, was surrendered to the Union forces. The Federal loss in the action was 977 killed, wounded, and missing. Armed Neutrality: Confederacy of, discussed, V, 275. Armenians.-Inhabitants of Armenia. They belong to the Aryan family of nations. Armenia is the classical name of the Hebrew Ararat, Assyrian Urartu, the country which extends from the shores of Lake Van, between the Upper Euphrates and Media, forming the juncture between the high plateau of Iran and the table-land of Asia Minor. It is the original seat of one of the oldest civilized peoples in the world. According to their records they were governed in ancient times by independent kings, but afterwards became tributary to the Assyrians. After the Assyrian period Armenia became a dependency of Persia and Media. Subsequently it was conquered by Alexander the Great, and later it passed under the nominal supremacy of Parthia and Rome. Then it was ruled by Persian, Byzantine, and Arabic governors until the dynasty of the Bagratides, which came to an end in 1045. The last vestige of Armenian independence was destroyed by the Mamelukes in 1375. Since that date they have been without an independent state, their country being divided between Persia, Turkey, and Russia. They still have an independent church, with the seat of government at Constantinople. In 1894 the greatest cruelties were visited upon Armenians in Turkey, in part because they were Christians. These atrocities were so great as to shock the civilized world. It was claimed that some of those upon whom outrages were committed were persons who had declared their intention to become citizens of the United States. Our consuls were sent there to make investigation of these atrocities and cruelties, and important diplomatic correspondence followed. Ships were sent as far toward the point of actual disturbance as it was possible for them to go, that refuge might be offered our citizens and missionaries. Assurances were given by Turkey that our countrymen should be secured and protected in all their rights (IX, 557, 637, 663, 715). Armenians: Cruelties and atrocities committed upon, in Turkey discussed, IX, 557, 637, 715. Investigation of, by American consul discussed, IX, 557, 637. Referred to, IX, 658. Obtaining citizenship in United States and returning to Turkey expelled, discussed, IX, 440, 530: Χ. 210. Treatment of naturalized citizens of United Armistead, George, mentioned, II, 132. Discussed, IX, 324, 450, 540. Manufacture of, in United States recommended, VIII, 515. Tests of, discussed, IX, 117,200. Arms and Ammunition. The use of firearms followed close upon the invention (about 1320) of gunpowder. The use of gunpowder in military operations in England dates from 1346. Gibbon writes of a cannon used at the siege of Adrianople by Mahomet II in 1543. During that year the first English cannon was cast at Uckfield, Sussex. The arquebuse and musket were evolved by successive improvements on the large guns. The Swiss are said to have had 10,000 arquebusiers in 1471. At the battle of Pavia, in 1525, the Spaniards, under Emperor Charles V, with a force of 2,000 arquebusiers and 800 musketeers, defeated Francis I of France, the effectiveness of the firearms turning the tide of battle. The flintlock came into use in 2630, was introduced into England under William III, and was effectively used as late as 1840 in the British army. The Landgrave of Hesse armed his followers with rifles in 1631. The Fergusson breech-loading rifle was in use throughout the entire Revolutionary War, though the flintlock was the principal weapon used. The first practical breech-loading fire arm made in the United States was that natented by Hall in 1811. About 10,000 were made for the Government, the inventor superintending their manufacture at the Harpers Ferry Arsenal until his death in 1844. In 1854 Congress made an appropriation for breech-loading rifles, and experiments in this arm were conducted until the breaking out of the Civil War, during the progress of which the Government manufactured and purchased at home and abroad over 4,000,000 small arms of between 25 and 30 different patterns. Among these were breech-loading rifles and carbines and a magazine gun-the Henry. In 1866, 1869, and 1872 boards of officers were appointed to report upon a desirable small arm, and their investigations led to the adoption in 1873 of the Springheld rifle, which remained in use for 20 years. The decade between 1880 and 1890 witnessed a further development in small arms in the substitution of magazines for the single breech-loading apparatus, a decrease in the caliber of the ball, and the adoption of smokeless powder. The different forms of gunpowder used in military operations in America as well as in foreign countries until within the last few years were essentially the same as those used a century or more ago. Ever since the invention of gun cotton by Schönbein in 1845 scientific attention has been directed to the manufacture of smokeless powder. The French seem to have been the first to compound a successful smokeless powder for use in small arms. The material used is a form of melinite and belongs to the nitrocellulose or nitro-gun-cotton preparations. The powder is not absolutely smokeless, but the film of smoke arising from individual rifle firing is not visible for more than 300 yards. Among the latest explosives produced in the United States are cannonite, fulgurite, progressite, Americanite, and Schnebelite. The Army has several depots for the storage of powder, the principal one of which is near Dover, N. J. Powder for both branches of the service is supplied by private firms. Projectiles for the naval guns are made at the Naval Gun Foundry at Washington, D.C. The armorpiercing shells are carefully machined and tempered, and are much more expensive to make than ordinary projectiles. In 1892 the United States adopted the Krag-Jörgensen cut-off model magazine rifle. It weighs 8.7 pounds. Its barrel is 30 inches long and has a caliber of 0.3 of an inch. The magazine holds 5 cartridges, and Wetterin smokeless powder gives an initial velocity of 2,000 feet per second to the bullet. (See also Arsenals; Artillery.) Arms and Ammunition: Contract for, referred to, VI, 597. State arsenals referred to, V, 306. Territories and District of Columbia to receive supplies not to exceed the quota of a state with least representation in Congress, VIII, 574; IX, 27. Exportation of, order prohibiting, VI, 125. Gunpowder manufactory, erection of, recom mended, III, 391, 497. Loans of, to private citizens inquired into, II, 67. Manufactory for small arms recommended, III, 391, 497. Manufacture of Progress made in, I, 311, 486. Should be encouraged, I, 265, 307, 455. Statement of, II, 28. Patent rifle, expenditures relating to procurement and properties of, II, 370. Statement of, II, 198, 201, 221. Armstrong, John : Communicating letter from the French minister of foreign relations showing disposition of the French people towards the people of the United States, I, 446, 449. Army. The earliest American military establishment consisted of two parts, the Continental Army, organized by the Continental Congress June 15, 1775, and the militia, organized by the States, averaging between the years 1775 and 1781 about 60,000 men, though often not more than half that number were in active service. The War Department was established by act of Congress Aug. 7, 1789. Nov. 5, 1783, the Army was disbanded and 1,000 men retained until the peace establishment could be organized. Though temporarily increased by Indian wars and troubles with France, the Federal forces numbered only from 3,000 to 5,000 men at the outbreak of the War of 1812. During that war the number of regular troops was more than 30,000, and 470,000 militia were enlisted. Up to the time of the Mexican War the Army averaged 9,000 men. During that war the regular troops enrolled numbered 27,000 and the volunteers 74,000. With the return of peace the regular forces were reduced to 10,000, and later increased to 12,000. During the first year of the Civil War the Regular Army was increased to 35,000 by the addition of 11 regiments, viz: One of cavalry, 1,189 officers and men; I of artillery, 12 batteries, 6 pieces each, 1,909 men; 9 of infantry, consisting of 3 battalions of 8 companies each, 22,068 officers and men; but the number of militia and volunteers was very much larger. President Lincoln's first call, issued Apr. 15, 1861, was for 75,000 men for 3 months' service (VI, 13). Later enlistments were mostly for 3 years. At the beginning of 1862 the number of volunteers in the Army was 550,000, and during the next three years it was 900,000. At the close of the war the Federal Army numbered 1,000,000. The total number of enlistments was 2,688,523 (VII, 202). In 1867 the "peace est.blishment" of the Regular Army was fixed at 4,641 men. It was then reduced by successive enactments to 25,000 enlisted men in 1875. As the beginning of 1898 the peace establishment of the Army consisted of to regiments cavalry, 8,410; 5 regiments artillery, 2,900; 25 regiments infantry, 13,525; I engineer battalion, 216; total, 25,051. This did not include brigade and staff officers. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War 2 additional regiments of artillery were added to the regular forces and the line of the Army was reorganized on the basis of 2 battalions of 4 companies each to the regiment, and 2 skeleton companies. In case of a declaration of war these skeleton companies are to be manned, and, with 2 other companies for which authority to raise is granted, are to form the third battalion in each infantry regiment. Under the provisions of a law approved Mar. 2, 1899, the Regular Army establishment was fixed at about 27,700 officers and men. To meet the exigencies of the service in the newly acquired possessions, the President was authorized to maintain the Regular Army at a strength of 65,000 enlisted men and to raise a force of 35,000 volunteers, to be recruited from the country at large or from the localities where their services are needed, "without restriction as to citizenship or educational qualifications." This act provided that from and after its approval the Army should consist of 3 majorgenerals, 6 brigadier-generals, 10 regiments of cavalry, 7 regiments of artillery, 25 regiments of infantry, an Adjutant-General's Department, an Inspector-General's Department, a Judge-Advocate-General's Department, Quartermaster's Department, a Subsistence Department, a Medical Department, a Pay Department, a Corps of Engineers, an Ordnance Department, a Signal Corps, 30 chaplains to be assigned to regiments or posts in the discretion of the Secretary of War, the officers of the Record and Pension Office, the officers and enlisted men of the Army on the retired list, the professors, corps of cadets, an army service detachment and band at the United States Military Academy, and such other officers and enlisted men as might thereafter be provided for. The law further provided for the reduction of the Army to its normal strength not later than July 1, 1901. Following is a list of the commanders of the Army since 1775, together with their respective ranks and the period of command: Gen. George Washington, June 15, 1775, to Dec. 23, 1783; Maj. Gen. Henry Knox, Dec. 23, 1783, to June 20, 1784; Capt. John Doughty (artillery), June 20, 1784, to Aug. 12, 1784; Lieut. Col. Josiah Harmar (infantry), Aug. 12, 1784, to Mar. 4, 1791; Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair, Mar, 4, 1791, to Mar. 5, 1792; a Maj. Gen. Anthony Wayne, Apr. 13, 1792, to Dec. 15, 1796; Brig. Gen. James Wilkinson, Dec. 15, 1796, to July 13, 1798; Lieut. Gen. George Washington, July 13, 1798, to Dec. 14, 1799; Maj. Gen. Alexander Hamilton, Dec. 14, 1799, to June 15, 1800; Brig. Gen. James Wilkinson, June 15, 1800, to Jan. 27, 1812; Maj. Gen. Henry Dearborn, Jan. 27, 1812, to June 15, 1815; Maj. Gen. Jacob Brown, June 15, 1815, to Feb. 24, 1828; Maj. Gen. Alexander Macomb, May 29, 1828, to June 25, 1841; Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott, July 5, 1841, to Nov. 1, 1861; Maj. Gen. George Brinton McClellan, Nov. 1, 1861, to Mar. 11, 1862; Maj. Gen. Henry Wager Halleck, July 23, 1862, to Mar. 9, 1864; Gen. Ulysses Simpson Grant, Mar. 9, 1864, to Mar. 4, 1869; Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, Mar. 8, 1869, to Nov. 1, 1883; Gen. Philip Henry Sheridan, Nov. 1, 1883, to Aug. 5, 1888; Lieut. Gen. John McAllister Schofield, Aug. 14, 1888, to Sept. 29, 1895; Maj. Gen. Nelson Appleton Miles, Oct. 5, 1895, to present time (1902). Army (see also Militia; War Department): Absence of soldiers of, orders and proclama tion regarding, VI, 119, 163. Act Depriving President of command of, dis- Repeal of, recommended, VI, 673. pay recommended, VIII, 85. Annuities for families of deceased soldiers recommended, VII, 473. Appointments in, IV, 281. Appropriations for. (See War Department.) Artillery tactics for use of, prepared, II, 361. Asylum for aged and disabled members of. (See Soldiers' Home.) Barracks, permanent, for, recommended, III, 537 Battalion formation in, recommendations regarding, IX, 196, 446, 535. Brevet appointments in, referred to, VI, 384. Brevet rank Conferred for services in Indian wars, IV, 155. Discussed, II, 439; V, 21. Cavalry tactics for use of, prepared, II, 361. Certificate of merit granted enlisted men, additional pay to, recommended, VIII, 148. Chaplains for hospitals, recommended, VI, 48. Clothing accounts of enlisted men in, referred to, VIII, 73. Manufactured in United States referred to, II, 66, 116. Command and rank in. (SeeOfficers of.post.) Commanders of. (See Enc. Art., Army.) Commanding officers and men praised by President Roosevelt X, 497. Commanders of. (See Enc. Art., Army.) Conduct of, in Mexican War discussed, IV, 631. Courts-martialin. (See Courts-Martial; Courts, Military.) Army-Continued. Pardons granted. (See Pardons.) Shot, referred to, IV, 437. Desertions in Discussed, VIII, 348. Legislation regarding military statute of limitations as applied to, recommended, VII, 572. Portion of pay withheld so as to prevent, II, 305. Reduction in, IX, 115, 196. Cleveland, VIII, 347, 514, 788; IX, 445, 534, 726. McKinley, X, 95, 116, 160, 224. Madison, I, 476, 486, 494, 505,528, 548, 553. 564 Pierce, V, 215, 286, 408. Van Buren, III, 390, 537. Washington, I, 60, 65, 83, 122, 126, 184. Education in, discussed, VII, 618; IX, 447Elections, interference in, by, inquired into, III, 96. Prohibited, VI, 668. Enlisted men in, orders establishing limits of punishment for, IX, 167, 602. Eulogy on the army of the United States by President Roosevelt, won by their gallantry and efficiency in the Cuban and Philippine campaigns, X, 497. Executionsin, contrary to law referred to, II.66. Expenditures of. (See War Department.) Imprisonment of American citizens by offi cers in, referred to, VII, 55. Increase in, III, 497; V, 15. Recommended, I, 441, 549, 553; III, 254, 389; Indian campaigns. (See Indian Wars.) Inspector-General of. (See Inspector-General of Army.) Intoxicating liquors, order prohibiting sale of, in, VII, 640. Lands granted persons who have served in. (See Lands, Bounty.) Large standing, unnecessary in time of peace, Medical corps for, recommended, VII, 194. Army-Continued. Medical Department of, reorganization of, referred to, VI, 81. Mileage system, repeal of law abolishing, 111; IV, 603; VI, 363, 683. Military statute of limitatious against desertions recommended, VII, 572. Modern rifles for, recommended, IX, 196. Correspondence regarding, IV, 419, 517, 518, 586. Reasons therefor, III, 556; IV, 446, 517, 518, 520. Withdrawn, II, 126. Northwestern, referred to, II, 33. Number of men and officers in, referred to, VI, 380. Office of Inspector-General in. (See Inspector-General of Army.) Officers and soldiers of temporary, discharged, І, зоб. Officers of Absence of, orders and proclamation regarding, VI, 119, 163. Accounts of, referred to, II, 237. mended, VII, 350, 408, 499. Appointments and promotions, brevet rank discussed, II, 439; V, 21. Appointments and promotions of, III, 556; IV, 419, 446, 517, 518, 587. Recommendations regarding, VIII, 514, 789. Assignments of, to duty referred to, VI, 67. Brevet rank conferred upon, for service in Indian wars, IV, 155. Brevetted, II, 242. Commissions of brevet and staff, referred to, V, 21. Details of, to colleges and universities from retired list recommended, VII, 618. Increase in number of, recommended, I, 122, 505, 519. Law authorizing retirement of, when incompetent recommended, V, 88. Letter of John Randolph, jr., demanding that certain, be punished for insulting, I, 301. Pay of Equalization of, with naval officers discussed, III, 35 Inequality in, between naval officers and, discussed, II, 460. Question of restraining, from usurping powers of civil functionaries referred to, V, 96. Relative rank of Referred to, III, 556; V, 97. With officers of Navy referred to, V, 88, 97, 133, 178; VI, 39. Retired list of Details for colleges and universities from, recommended, VII, 618. Recommended, V, 88, 178, 338; VIII, 137. Repeal of act limiting number on, recommended, VII, 473. Army-Continued. Organization of, report relating to, transmitted, II, 429. Pardons granted deserters. (See Pardons.) Partial reorganization of, recommended, V, 339. Pay of In depreciated paper inquired into, III, 96. Increase in, discussed, V, 286. Revision of, recommended, III, 256. Payment of, resolution providing for, approved, VI, 149. Provision for support of. (See War Department.) Punishment for enlisted men in, orders establishing limits of, IX, 167, 602. Quartermaster-General of, fireproof building for records in office of, recommended, VII, 572. Quartermaster's Department, appointments in, referred to, III, 556. Rank and command in. (See Officers of, ante.) Reading matter for, recommendations regarding, VII, 473, 499. Reduction in, referred to and discussed, I, 564; Referred to, II, 62; VI, 380, 387. Compiled by Gen. Scott, II, 226. Reorganization of Commission to report upon- Referred to, VII, 422. Time to report, extension of, recommended, VII, 407. Recommended, V, 339. Report regarding, transmitted and investigation into referred to with a view to proper action in the matter, I, 301. Repeal or amendment of act forbidding use of as posse comitatus recommended, VII, 500. Rifle for use of, IX, 727. Adoption of, recommended, IX, 196. Rules and regulations compiled by General School buildings for posts of, recommended, Smokeless powder recommended, IX, 196. Subsistence of, referred to, II, 25, 137. Sunday, observance of, by, enjoined by President Lincoln, VI, 125. Surgeon-General of. (See Surgeon-General of Army.) Transportation of, from Council Bluffs to Oregon River referred to II, 226. Volunteers for, acceptance of, encouraged, I, 428, 441. Army Medical Museum, building for, recom mended, VII, 620; VIII, 193, 246. |