Fate, får, fåll, fât; mẻ, mit; plne or pine, pin; nô, nôt; õõ as in good;

CRAWFORD, a co. in the N. part of Ohio, intersected by the Sandusky r. Pop. 13,152. Co. t. Bucyrus.

CRAWFORD (Shawano), a co. in the N. or N. central part of Mich. CRAWFORD, a Co. in the S. part of Ind., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 5,282. Co. t. Fredonia.

CRAWFORD, a co. in the E. part of Ill., bordering on the Wabash r. Pop. 4,422. Co. t. Palestine

CRAWFORD, a co. in the S. E. central part of Mo., intersected by the Maramec r. Pop. 3,561. Co. t. Steelville.

CRAWFORD, a Co., or rather territory, in the N. central part of Wisconsin. Pop. 1,502.

CREEK INDIANS, formerly a numerous and powerful tribe dwelling in Ga. and Ala. Their number was much reduced by the war of 1814; and of those who survived, most have removed beyond the Mississippi. Some of them have made considerable progress in civilization.

CREFELD, kral-filt, a walled t. of Germany, belonging to Prussia, the cap. of a circle of the same name. It is a handsome and flourishing place, and has extensive manufactories. Lat. 51° 20′ N., Lon. 6° 32′ E. Pop. about 19,000. (P. C.)

CREMA,kra/-må, a commercial t. of Austrian Italy, 25 m. E. S. E. of Milan. Lat. 45° 21' N., Lon. 9° 42′ E. Pop. near 9,000. (B.)

CRE-MO-NA (It. pron. krå-mo/-nå), an ancient t. of Austrian Italy, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on the N. bank of the Po, and surrounded by walls, flanked with towers. This town was known to the ancient Romans under its present name, and is mentioned by Virgil in his Bucolics (Eclogue IX.) It was the birth-place of the poet Vida, who flourished during the reign of Leo X. Lat. 45° 8' N., Lon. 10° 2′ E. Pop. about 27,000. (B.)—Adj. and inhab. CREM`-0

NESE.

CREUSE, kruz, a dep. in the S. central part of France, deriving its name from the r. Creuse, a small stream which rises near the S. border, and, flowing through almost the whole length of the dep., falls into the Vienne. Pop. 276,234. (B.) Capital, Guéret.

CREUTZNACH. See KREUZNACH.

CRIM-E-A (Russ. Krim; Anc. Chersone'sus Tau/rica); a four-sided peninsula in the S. E. part of European Russia, formed by the Black Sea and the See of Azof, between 44° 22′ and 46° 10′ N. Lat., and 32° 36' and 36° 30′ E. Lon. Its extreme length is above 190 m.; its greatest breadth about 130. The area is estimated at 8,600 sq. m. Pop. estimated at near 300,000. (P. C.)--Adj. and inhab. CRIM-E-AN. CRIT-TEN-DEN, a co. in the E. part of Ark., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 1,561. Co. t. Marion.

CRITTENDEN, a co. in the N. W. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio. CROATIA, kro-al-she-a, (called by the natives Horváth Ország, hoRvååt OR-sååg,) a country of Europe, belonging to the empire of Austria, and constituting the S. W. division of Hungary. It lies between 44° 5' and 46° 25′ N. Lat., and 14° 20′ and 17° 25′ E. Lon. The Croatians are a rude and warlike people, but are said to possess great fidelity

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng.

towards their sovereign.—Adj. CROATIAN, kro-à'-she-an. -Inhab. CROATIAN and CRO-AT.

CROIX, ST. See SANTA CRUZ.

CROIX, ST., sent-kroiꞌ, or Pas`-sA-MA-QUOD'-DY, a r. which forms a part of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick.

CROIX, ST., a Co. in the N. part of Wisconsin, on a river of the same name, which flows into the Mississippi. Pop. 809.

CROM-AR-TY, a co. of Scotland, formed of several detached portions within the co. of Ross, which see.

CROMARTY, a seaport t. of Scotland, cap. of the above, on the S. side of a frith of the same name, about 16 m. N. N. E. of Inverness. Pop. 1,938.

CRONSTADT, krön/-stått, or KRUH-NEN, the largest and most commercial t. in Transylvania, and the cap. of a co. of the same name. It is well built and strongly fortified, being surrounded with towers, walls, and ditches. Lat. 45° 41' N., Lon. 25° 33′ E. Pop. above 25,000. (B.) CRONSTADT, a town, fortress, and port of Russia, situated on an island in the Bay of Cronstadt, about 20 m. W. by N. of St. Petersburg. It is the great naval station of the Russian fleet; and vessels which are too large to ascend to St. Petersburg, here unload their cargoes, to be transported in smaller craft. Lat. 60° N., Lon. 29° 49′ E. Pop., during the summer, upwards of 40,000, (P. C.); but the town seems almost deserted in winter.

CROOKED LAKE, a small lake in the W. central part of N. Y., situted in the counties of Steuben and Yates.

CRO-TON, a r. of N. Y., which rises on the borders of Conn., and, running south-westerly, falls into that part of the Hudson which is called the Tappan Sea. The waters of this stream have been recently employed for supplying the city of New York. (See NEW YORK.)

CROY-DON, a manufacturing t. of England, in the co. of Surrey, 10m. S. of London. Pop. of the parish, 13,627.

CSABA, chob-bōh', a large and flourishing market t. of Hungary, 63 m. S. S. W. of Debreczin. Pop. above 20,000. (B.)

CSONGRA'D, chon-grååd', a t. of Hungary, formerly cap. of the county of this name, 31 m. N. of Szegedin. Pop. 10,613. (M.)

Cul-BA (Sp. pron. kool-bå), the largest of the West India islands, is situated between 19° 47′ and 23° 9′ N. Lat., and 74° and 85° W. Lon. Length, following the curve of the island, about 790 m.; greatest breadth 127 m. The area is computed at 42,212 sq. m. Cuba was discovered by Columbus, on his first voyage, in 1493; in 1511 the Spaniards made their first settlement, since which time it has remained in their possession. Pop. in 1831, 830,000. (P. C.) Havana is the chief t., and seat of government.-Adj. and inhab. Cu/-BAN. (Sp. Cubano, koobå/-no.)

CUENCA, kwen/-kå, a walled t. of Spain, in New Castile, the cap. of a prov. of the same name. Lat. 40° 4' N., Lon. 2° 12′ W. Pop. 9,000. (B.)

CULM, kŏŏlm, a walled t. of West Prussia, cap. of a circle of the

Fåte, får, fåll, fàt; mẻ, mêt; pine or pine, pin; n', nôt; õõ, as in good;

same name, situated near the right bank of the Vistula. Lat. 53° 21′ N., Lon. 18° 25′ E. Pop. 5,300. (B.)

CUL-PEP-PER, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., on the head waters of the Rappahannock. Pop. 11,393. Seat of justice, Culpepper c. h. CUL-ROSS, a small t. of Scotland, on the N. shore of the Frith of Forth, 5 m. W. of Dunfermline.

CUMANA, koo-må-nå', a fortified t. of S. America, in the republic of Venezuela, cap. of the dep. of Maturin. It is situated above a mile from the sea, at the entrance of the Gulf of Cariaco, with a capacious and safe harbour. Lat. 10° 28' N., Lon. 64° 9′ W. Though it is much decayed, its pop. still amounts to near 10,000. (B.)

CU-MA-N-IA, GREAT, (see Int. XI.) or KUMANIA, (Hung. Nagy Kunság, nody* koon-shååg,) an independent dist. of Hungary, in the prov. "beyond the Theiss," between 47° and 47° 40′ N. Lat., and 20° 30′ and 21° 10' E. Lon. (P. C.) The area is about 424 sq. m. The whole surface is a low plain, and rendered so swampy by the inundations of the rivers, that nearly one-half of Cumania is a mere bog. There are here no large land proprietors or feudal lords, as in most parts of Hungary; the people have an independent jurisdiction of their own, and send representatives to the Hungarian diet. The Cumanians are a robust, athletic race, and very fond of rural pursuits, and are altogether a rich, happy, and independent people. The pop. amounts to about 43,000, of whom 37,000 are Protestants. Great Cumania contains one market town, Kardzag-uj-Szállás (kõrd-zòg-oo-e-såål-låås). Lat. 47° 20′ N., Lon. 20° 55′ E. Pop. 11,100. (P. C.)

CUMANIA, LITTLE, (Hung. Kis Kunság, kish koon-shååg,) ↑ dist. of Hungary, in the prov. "this side the Theiss." It consists of several detached portions of land, with an aggregate area of about 1.000 sq. m., so that it is more than twice as large as Great Cumania. Pop. about 53,000. (P. C.) The general character of the country, as well as of the inhabitants, corresponds with that given under the head of Great Cumania. Their largest town is Felegyháza (fà-lády*-håå-zõh). Lat. about 46° 43′ N., Lon. 19° 54' E. Pop. 12,970. (P. C.)-Adj. and inhab., relating to both districts, CU-MA-NI-AN.

CUM-BER-LAND (Lat. Cum/bria), a co. in the N. of England, bordering on Scotland and Solway Frith. Pop. 178,038.-Adj. and inhab. CUMBRI-AN.

CUMBERLAND, a co. in the S. W. part of Me., bordering on the sea. Pop. 68,660. Co. t. Portland.

CUMBERLAND, a co. in the S. W. part of N. J., bordering on the Delaware Bay. Pop. 14,374. Co. t. Bridgetown.

CUMBERLAND, a co. in the S. part of Pa., bordering on the Susque hanna r. Pop. 30,953. Co. t. Carlisle.

* See Introduction, XXII., 16 and 17.

The origin of the distinctive epithets of Little and Great, as applied to these districts, is not known. The relative size of the two territories may possibly have changed since the names were first bestowed.

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. CUMBERLAND, a co. in the S. E. central part of Va., on the Appomattox and James r. Pop. 10,399. Seat of justice, Cumberland c. h.

CUMBERLAND, a co. in the central part of N. C., intersected by Cape Fear r. Pop. 15,284. Co. t. Fayetteville.

CUMBERLAND, a co. in the S. part of Ky., intersected by the Cumberland r., and bordering on Tenn. Pop. 6,090. Co. t. Burkesville.

CUMBERLAND MOUNTAINS, a chain which extends along the S. E. border of Kentucky, forming a part of the boundary between that state and Virginia, and afterwards running across Tennessee, terminates near its southern border. It divides the state into two sections, called E. and W. Tennessee.

CUMBERLAND RIVER rises in the Cumberland Mountains of Ky., and, passing into Tenn., makes a circuit, and, returning into Ky., empties itself into the Ohio. It is about 600 m. in length, and is navigable for steamboats of the largest size to Nashville. Small boats can ascend 300 m. further.

CUPAR, kool-per, a t. of Scotland, the cap. of Fifeshire. Lat. 56° 19 N., Lon. 3° W. Pop. 3,567.

CURACOA commonly pronounced in English, ku`-ra-so'; (Sp. Curaçao, koo-rå-sa̸/-o); an i. in the Caribbean Sea, situated in Lat. about 12° 6' N., and Lon. 69° W. Its length is 35 m.; its greatest breadth 6 m. Curacoa was originally settled by the Spaniards, but at present it belongs to Holland.

CURISCHE HAFF. See KURISCHE HAFF.

CUR/-RI-TUCK, a co. forming the N. E. extremity of N. C. Pop. 6,703 Co. t. Currituck.

CURZOLA, koord-zo/-lå, an i. in the Adriatic, belonging to Dalmatia. The area is about 231 sq. m.: the pop. 6,500. Curzola, the chief town, is in 42° 57' N. Lat., and 16° 50′ E. Lon., and has about 1,800 inhabitants. (P. C.)

CUSTRIN OF KUSTRIN, küs-treen', a t. and fortress of Prussia, in Brandenburg, the cap. of a circle of the same name, situated at the confluence of the Wartha and Oder, and encompassed on all sides by marshes and water. Pop. 4,700. (B.)

CUTCH, a principality in the W. part of Hindostan, between 22° and 25° N. Lat., and 68° and 72° E. Lon., and bordering on a gulf of the

same name.

CUT-TACK', (from the Sanscrit Cåtåk, a "royal residence,") a t. of Hindostan, in the prov. of Orissa, cap. of a dist. of the same name. Lat. 20° 25′ N., Lon. 85° 51' E. Pop. in 1822, 40,000. (P. C.)

CUXHAVEN, kõŎx`-hål-fẹn, a small t. of Germany, belonging to the free city of Hamburg, situated on the left bank of the Elbe, at its entrance into the German Ocean. It is chiefly important on account of its secure and capacious harbour. It has, by means of packets and steamboats, regular communication with England. Lat. 53° 52′ N., Lon. 8° 43′ E. Pop. about 800. (B.)

CUYAHOGA, ki-a-ho-ga, a co. in the N. E. part of Ohio, bordering on L. Erie. Pop. 26,506. Co. t. Cleveland.

Fåte, får, fåll, fåt; me, m't; plne or pine, pin; nỏ, nôt; ŏŏ as in good,

Cuzco, koos'-ko, an ancient t. of S. America, in Peru, about 250 m. from the coast of the Pacific. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, it was the cap. of the extensive empire of the Incas, and is said to have been built by the founder of the empire, Manco Capac, in the 10th or 11th century of our era. Upon a lofty hill, a little N. of the city, are the ruins of a great fortress erected by the Incas, for the protection of their capital. Many parts of it are still in a state of perfect preservation. They consist of stones of extraordinary size, placed one upon another, without cement, but fitted with such nicety as not to admit the insertion of a knife between them. It would appear that Cuzco exceeds Arequipa in population, though some of the most respectable geographers call the latter the second town of Peru. It is the seat of a university. Lat. 13° 33′ S., Lon. 72° 4′ W. Pop. above 40,000. (P. C.)

CY-PRUS, (Gr. Kungos; Turk, Kib`-ris',) a large i. in the Mediterranean, situated near the coasts of Syria and Asia Minor, between 34° 32′ and 35° 44′ N. Lat., and 32° 16' and 34° 41′ E. Lon. Its length is about 140 m.; its greatest breadth about 56 m. In 1571, Cyprus was wrested from the Venetians by the Turks, in whose possession it has remained ever since. Two-thirds of the inhabitants are Christians, who are cruelly oppressed by their Turkish masters; under whom, Cyprus, from being one of the most fertile and beautiful spots in the world, has been converted almost into a desert. Pop. estimated at above 60,000. (E. G.)—Adj. and inhab. CYP-RI-AN and CYP-RI-OT'. The former should be employed only when ancient Cyprus is referred to.

CZERNIGOW. See TCHERNIGOF.

CZERNOWICE, cheR`-no-vit'-sêh, or TSCHERNOWITZ (cher'-no-Wits', sometimes improperly written Czernorvicz), a t. of Austrian Galicia, cap. of a circle of the same name, on the Pruth. Lat. 48° 15′ N., Lon. 26° 10' E. Fop. about 7,300. (P. C.)

CZIRKNICZ OF ZIRKNITZ, t-ěĕrk'-nits, a small t. of Illyria, near a lake of the same name about 20 m. in circumference, and intersected by the parallel of 45° 45′ N. Lat., and the meridian of 14° 23′ E. Lon. This lake is remarkable for the great variation in the height of its waters. The bottom, which is formed of limestone rock, is full of clefts and fissures, through which the water passes at about forty different openings, into subterraneous channels and caverns, and goes to supply the neighbouring streams. Frequently, during the dry season, the bottom of the lake is covered with luxuriant herbage, which is made into hay. Some parts are sown with millet and buckwheat. The depth of the Lake of Czirknicz, in the deepest part, is only about 56 ft. In Jan., 1834, the waters left the lake, and did not return till March, 1835; an occurrence which, for the long cessation of the waters, is said to be unprecedented.

DAC'-CA, a large manufacturing t. of Hindostan, formerly the cap. of Bengal, on a branch of the Ganges, called Booree Gunga or Old Ganges. Lat. 23° 44' N., Lon. 90° 29′ E. Pop. estimated by Hamilton