Fåte, får, fåll, fât; mẻ, mêt; pine or pine, pin; nò, nôt; ŏõ as in good;

JACKSON, a co. in the N. part of Tenn., bordering on Ky., and intersected by the Cumberland r. Pop. 12,872. Co. t. Gainesborough. JACKSON, a co. in the S. S. E. part of Ohio, a little E. of the Scioto r. Pop. 9,744. Co. t. Jackson.

JACKSON, a co. in the S. part of Mich., intersected by the Central Railroad. Pop. 13,130. Co. t. Jackson.

JACKSON, a co. in the S. part of Ind., on the E. fork of the White r. Pop. 8,961. Co. t. Brownstown.

JACKSON, a co. in the S. W. part of Ill., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 3,566. Co. t. Brownsville.

JACKSON, a co. on the western frontier of Mo., bordering on the Missouri r. Pop. 7,612. Co. t. Independence.

JACKSON, à co. in the E. part of lowa, bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 1,411. Co. t. Bellevue.

JACKSON, the cap. of the state of Miss., is a small t. situated in Hinds co., on Pearl r. A railroad, 45 m. in length, connects it with Vicksburg. Lat. 32° 23′ N., Lon. 90° 8'′ W.

JACK-SON-VILLE, the cap. of Morgan co., Ill., situated about 17m.W. of Springfield, with which town it is connected by a railroad. It is the seat of the Illinois College, founded in 1829.

JAEN, Hå-en', a city of Spain, in Andalusia, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on the Jaen, a tributary of the Guadalquivir, 37 m. N. of Granada. Pop. 19,000. (B.)

JAF-FA, or, more properly, yåf-fa, (Anc. Jop'pa,) a sea port t. of Palestine, 32 m. N. W. of Jerusalem. It is said to have been utterly destroyed by an earthquake in 1837. (B.) From the manner in which Joppa is spoken of in the Bible, it appears to have once been a place of considerable importance. Lat. 32° 3′ N., Lon. 34° 46′ E. Pop., previously to 1837, from 4,000 to 5,000. (B.)

JAF-NA-PA-TAM', a fortified t. on an island of the same name, which is situated at the N. extremity of Ceylon. Lat. 9° 36′ N., Lon. 60° 9' E.

JAGO, ST. See SANTIAGO.

JAIK OF YAIK. See URAL.

JAMAICA, ja-ma-ka, the largest and most valuable of the British W. India Islands, is situated between 17° 44' and 18° 30′ N. Lat., and 76° 12 and 78° 25′ W. Lon. Its length is about 150 m.; its greatest breadth is near 50 m. The area is estimated variously, but is probably between 4,000 and 5,000 sq. m. As no complete census has ever been taken, the population is not accurately known. It is, however, estimated at near 400,000. In 1834 there were 297,186 negro slaves (P. C.), all of whom were set free on the 1st of August, 1838. Spanish Town is the capital.

JAMES' BAY. See HUDSON'S BAY.

JAMES CITY, a co. in the E. part of Va., between James and York rivers. Pop. 3,679. Co. t. Williamsburg.

JAMES RIVER, a r. in Va., which rises in the Alleghany Mountains, and flowing easterly, falls into the Chesapeake Bay, a little S. of the

1

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng.

37th parallel of N. Lat. Its whole length is estimated at near 600 m. It is navigable for sloops 120 m.; for boats, 230 m. farther.

JAMES, ST., a parish in the S. E. part of La., N. of, and bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 8,548. Seat of justice, Bringiers.

JAMES'-TOWN, the oldest European settlement in the U. S., situated on James r., in the co. of James City. It was founded in 1608, but is said to be now entirely deserted.

JANINA, ya-ne-nå, often written YANINA, formerly an important t. of European Turkey, the cap. of Albania, situated on the W. bank of the lake of the same name, 80 m. W. by N. from Larissa. Twentyfive years ago, under the administration of the able, though tyrannical Ali Pasha, its population amounted to 40,000 (B.), but it is said to be now reduced to about 12,000. Lat. 39° 47′ N., Lon. 21° E.

JAP-AN' (called Niph-on' by the Japanese; Yang-hoo, and Je-pen or Je-poon by the Chineset), an empire in the E. part of Asia, consisting of three large and a great number of smaller islands. It is situated between the 30th and 48th parallels of N. Lat, and the 129th and 150th meridians of E. Lon. The three principal islands are Niphon or Nipon, Keooseoo (Kiousiou), and Sitkokf. Keooseoo, the most western, is perhaps 200 m. long, with an average breadth of about 80 m. It is separated by the channel of Boongo, from Sitkokf. This island is estimated to be about 150 m. in length, and 70 m. in its average breadth. Niphon is by far the largest and most important of the Japanese islands. It is situated between 33° 30′ and 41° 20′ N. Lat., and 131° 20′ and 142° 30′ E. Lon. Its form is somewhat curved, and has been compared to the jaw-bone of an animal. Its length, following the curve, is nearly 900 m., and its mean breadth is estimated at above 100 m. Among the dependencies of Japan is the large island of Yesso (Jesso), lying N. of Niphon, between 41° and 45° 30′ N. Lat., and 140° and 147 E. Lon. It is above 250 m. in length, with a mean breadth of perhaps 100 m. Balbi estimates the area of the Japanese empire at about 240,000 sq. m., and the pop. at 25,000,000. All these islands are very imperfectly known: not even the coasts are laid down with any degree of correctness. This is owing partly to natural and partly to political causes. Nearly all the coasts are very difficult of access, being surrounded by numerous rocks and islands, and by a very shallow sea. On the other hand, the Japanese government and laws are less favourable to intercourse with foreigners than those of any other country on the globe, China not excepted. The Chinese and the Dutch are the only foreign nations with whom the Japanese have any commercial intercourse. Of the three principal islands which constitute Japan Proper, Niphon is the best known. It contains a regular mountain chain, of which the highest summit is said to rise more than 12,000 ft. above the level of the sea. The climate, in a country extending over so

"Unseen is YANINA, though not remote."-Childe Harold, Canto II.

Yang-hoo signifies the "workshop of the sun;" Je-poon, the "country of the rising run." (M. B.)

Fåte, får, fåll, fåt; mẻ, mêt; pine or pine, pln; nỏ, nôt; õõ, as in good; many parallels of latitude, must of course vary extremely. As a general remark, the weather in the Japanese islands may be said to be exceedingly changeable; rains are abundant all the year round, but especially so in the months of June and July. Violent gales and thunder-storms are common, and water-spouts are stated to be of frequent occurrence in the adjoining seas. Earthquakes have at different times destroyed a great part of the most populous towns. Only a few spots appear to be exempt from these terrible phenomena. Japan abounds in mineral wealth. Gold appears to be very plentiful in some of the provinces. Copper is extensively worked, and supplies the most important article of export. In no part of the world is agriculture carried to a higher degree of perfection than in Japan. The raising of rice is the principal object, but wheat, barley, and rye are also cultivated, though to a much smaller extent. The orchards are stocked with the fruittrees of southern Europe, such as oranges, lemons, figs, chesnuts, pears, peaches, cherries, and grapes. Apples are not mentioned among the number of Japanese fruits. In their physical character, the people of Japan resemble the Chinese, belonging to the Mongolian race. Their complexion is yellowish; their hair is black, thick, and shining, and their eyes are small, oblong, and deeply sunk in the head. In point of capacity and industry, they appear to be inferior to none of the Asiatic nations. In education, especially in institutions for the instruction of the lower classes, they are perhaps equal to any people on the globe. Unlike the Chinese, whose unreasonable pride contemns all knowledge which has not originated with themselves, the Japanese adopt with willingness, and even avidity, the arts and sciences of Europe; but, unhappily, the government seems to do all in its power to check this tendency in the people. The higher classes appear generally to understand the Dutch language, and, through the newspapers of Holland, they become acquainted with the important occurrences as they transpire in Europe. The Japanese have adopted the European method in the projection and graduation of their maps and charts. They construct excellent clocks and watches; they also make telescopes and thermometers. Their lacker-ware is superior to that of every other country, and hence the name of "Japan," by which this manufacture is so generally known. As an evidence of the superior civilization of the Japanese, we may adduce the great attention which is paid to female education, and the general respect shown to that sex-a respect which is without a parallel among the nations of Asia. In their moral charac ter, the people of Japan are represented as manly, honest, and brave, and as entertaining a high sense of honour. The prevailing religion is Boodhism, variously modified by other superstitions. The govern ment is despotic; but the emperor himself is considered as subject to the laws, which are of long standing and cannot be easily changed. Yeddo (Jeddo) on the island of Niphon, is the capital.-Adj. and inhab. JAP-AN-ESE'.

JAPAN, SEA OF, is situated between the Japanese islands and the E. coast of Asia, extending from about 34° to 52° N. Lat. (if we include

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng.

the Gulf of Tartary, at the N. extremity), and from 127° 20′ to 142° E. Lon. Its length is about 1,400 m.; greatest breadth above 500 m. JAPURA, Hå-poo/-rå, (sometimes written Hyapura and Yupura; called also, in the upper part of its course, the Caqueta, kå-ka-tå,) a large r. of S. America, which rises in New Granada, and, flowing south-easterly into Brazil, empties itself into the Amazon, in about 3° 30′ S. Lat., and 75° W. Lon. Its whole length may be estimated at 1,200 m.

JAROSLAW, yår/-o-slåv`, a manufacturing and commercial t. of Austrian Galicia, situated on the San, a branch of the Vistula, 16 m. N. N. W. of Przemysl. Pop. 8,000. (B.)

JAROSLAW (Russia). See YAROSLAF.

JAS-PER, a co. near the centre of Ga., bordering on the Ocmulgee. Pop. 11,111. Co. t. Monticello.

JASPER, a co. in the S. E. central part of Miss. Pop. 3,958. Co. seat, Paulding.

JASPER, a co. in the N. W. part of Ind., bordering on Ill. Pop. 1,267. JASPER, a co. in the S. E. part of Ill., N. W. of Vincennes. Pop. 1,472. Co. t. Newton.

JASPER, a co. near the S. W. extremity of Mo., bordering on the Indian Territory.

JASSY, yås-se (Ger. Jasch, yåsh), a t. of European Turkey, cap. of Moldavia, situated about 12 m. W. of the Pruth, on a small stream which flows into that river. Before the late war, and the two conflagrations of 1827, its population was estimated at near 40,000 (B.); at present it is said to amount to scarcely half this number. Jassy possesses considerable trade: it is, moreover, the seat of a Greek archbishopric. Lat. 47° 8' N., Lon. 27° 30′ E.

JÁSZBERÉNY, yååss-bà-raiñ, a t. of Hungary, about 40 m. E. of Pesth. Pop. 15,530. (M.)

(B.) between 5° Its length The island of

JAUER, you'-er, a t. of Prussian Silesia, the cap. of a circle of the same name. Lat. 51° 2′ N., Lon. 16° 13′ E. Pop. 5,400. JAVA, ja-va, a large and fertile i. of Malaisia, situated 50 and 8° 50′ S. Lat., and 105° 10′ and 114° 30′ E. Lon. is about 660 m.; its greatest breadth is above 130 m. Madura (må-doo-ra), near the N. E. extremity of Java, is commonly included with the latter. It is about 90 m. long, and 30 m. wide, and is separated from Java by the Strait of Madura, which, in the narrowest part, is only 1 m. wide. The area of both is estimated at 50,000 sq.m. The pop. in 1815, amounted to about 4,620,000 (P. C.); at present, it probably exceeds 5,000,000. The greatest part of Java is in possession of the Dutch. Batavia is their capital. The S. coast and the adjacent countries are subject to two native princes, whose dominions occupy about one-fourth of the whole island. One of these sovereigns, called Soo-soo-hoo/nån, or emperor, has his residence at Soorakerta, a town containing about 105,000 inhabitants (P. C.); Yugyakerta (or, as some write it, Djokjo-kerta), the capital of the other prince, or sultan, stands near the southern coast, in about 110° 20′ E. Lon. Pop. 90,000. The native Javanese belong to the Malay race;

Fate, får, fåll, fåt; mě, mět; plne or pine, pln; nỏ, nôt; ōō as in good; in civilization, they are much superior to all other nations of Malaisia. In some kinds of manufacture, and especially in agriculture, they possess considerable skill, though they are inferior, in these respects, to the Chinese, and perhaps to the Hindoos. Their religion is a mixture of Mahometism and Boodhism. Java is extremely well adapted for an extensive commerce. The island itself not only abounds in the various productions common to the tropics, but the northern coasts, which lie opposite to the richest countries of Asia, are accessible to vessels all the year round. Besides this, the Dutch government has made it the centre of all the trade which Holland carries on with its extensive settlements in the Indian Archipelago. Favoured by these circumstances, the commerce of Java has increased astonishingly within the last few years. From 1828 to 1837, inclusive, the amount of almost every important article exported, augmented regularly and rapidly; that of nutmegs and rice was more than doubled, that of coffee trebled, while there was more than 30 times as much indigo, and about 26 times as much sugar exported in 1837 as in 1828.-Adj. and inhab. JAV-AN-ESE'. JAY, a co. in the E. part of Ind., bordering on Ohio. Pop. 3,863. Co. t. Portland.

JEAN D'ANGELY, SAINT, sân zhản dẳnzh`-le', (Lat. Angeriacum,) an ancient t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Charente. It was, during the decline of the western Roman empire, the residence of the dukes of Aquitaine. Lat. 45° 57′ N., Lon. 0° 31′ W. Pop. 5,342. (M.)

JEDBURGH, jedi-bur-reh, a t. of Scotland, cap. of the co. of Roxburgh, on the r. Jed, 2 m. above its junction with the Teviot, and 40 m. S. E. of Edinburgh. Pop. of the parish, 5,116.

JEDDO. See YEDDO.

JEF-FER-SON, a co. in the N. part of N. Y., bordering on L. Ontario and the St. Lawrence. Pop. 60,984. Co. t. Watertown.

JEFFERSON, a co. in the N. W. part of Pa., a little E. of the Alleghany r. Pop: 7,253. Co. t. Brookville.

JEFFERSON, a co. in the N. E. part of Va., bordering on the Potomac. Pop. 14,082. Co. t. Charleston.

JEFFERSON, a co. in the E. part of Ga., intersected by the Ogeechee. Pop. 7,254. Co. t. Louisville.

JEFFERSON, a co. in the N. part of Florida, bordering on the state of Ga. and the sea. Pop. 5,713. Co. t. Monticello.

JEFFERSON, a co. in the N. central part of Ala., on the Black Warrior r. Pop. 7,131. Co. t. Elyton.

JEFFERSON, & co. in the S. W. part of Miss., bordering on the Mississippi r. Pop. 11,650. Co. seat, Fayette.

JEFFERSON, a parish in the S. E. part of La., extending from L. Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 10,470. Seat of justice, Lafayette.

JEFFERSON, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ark., intersected by the Arkansas r. Pop. 2,566. Co. t. Pinebluff.

JEFFERSON, a co. in the E. part of Tenn., on the Holston and French Broad rivers. Pop. 12,076. Co. t. Dandridge.