Fåte, får, fåll, fåt; mẻ, met; pine or pine, pln; nỏ, nôt; õõ, as in good; first in 1632, between the Swedes, under Gustavus Adolphus, and the Imperialists, under Wallenstein, in which the former were victorious, though their king was slain; the other in 1813, between the army of Napoleon and the allies, encouraged by the presence of the emperor Alexander and the king of Prussia, in which the French gained a dearly-bought victory.

LUX-EM-BURG (Fr. Luxembourg, lüx`-åм`-boor'), a prov. or grandduchy forming the S. E. extremity of the Netherlands, partitioned by the treaty of April, 1839, between Holland and Belgium; the E. portion, with an area of about 1,000 sq. m., and a pop. of 160,000, being assigned to the former, and the remainder, with an area of 1,700 sq. m., and a pop. of 168,000, to the latter kingdom. The title of the grandduke of Luxemburg, with the right of suffrage in the Germanic confederation, is enjoyed by the king of Holland.

LUXEMBURG, a city of the Netherlands, the cap. of the grand-duchy of this name, and one of the strongest fortresses in Europe, situated about 116 m. S. E. of Brussels. It is surrounded by strong walls and deep ditches, with a double line of outworks, in the form of a heptagon. As a fortress, Luxemburg belongs to the Germanic confederation, and is occupied by their troops. Lat. 49° 38′ N., Lon. 6° 10′ E. Pop. about 11,000. (B.)

LUXEUIL, lüx`-Uï', (Anc. Luxo'vium,) a t. of France, in the dep. of Upper Saône, remarkable for its warm mineral springs, which were resorted to by the Romans. Lat. 47° 50′ N., Lon. 6° 22′ E. Pop. 3,628. (M.)

LUZERN. See LUCERNE.

LU-ZERNE, a co. in the N. E. part of Pa., intersected by the E. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 44,006. Co. t. Wilkes-bar-re.

LUZON, loo-zone, or Luçon (Sp. pron. loo-thone'), the largest of the Philippine Islands, situated between 12° 20′ and 19° N. Lat., and 119° 30′ and 124° 30′ E. Lon. Its form is very irregular. The whole length, following the bend of island, is about 580 m.; the greatest breadth is about 150 in. Area estimated at 50,000 sq. m. The pop. is stated at 2,264,807. (M.) According to Balbi, the part of Luzon which is under the government of the Spaniards is divided into 16 provinces. Manilla or Manila (må-nee'-lå), situated at the head of a considerable bay in the S. W. part of the island, is the cap. of Luzon, as well as of all the Spanish possessions in the Philippine Islands. This town is regularly laid out, and some portions of it are said to be exceedingly well built, clean, and handsome, with broad and well-paved streets. Balbi estimates its pop. at near 140,000. That portion of Luzon which is not subject to the Spaniards, is inhabited by independent savages. (See PHILIPPINE Islands.)

LYCOMING, li-kom/-ing, a co. in the N. part of Pa., intersected by the W. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 22,649. Co. t. Williamsport. LYME-REGIS, lime rel-jis, a seaport t. of England, in Dorsetshire, somewhat frequented in summer as a watering-place. Lat. 50° 43′ N., Lon. 2° 55′ W. POD. 2,756.

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. LYM-FI-ORD' or lüm`-fe-ord', a remarkable arm of the sea, extending from the Cattegat, in about 57° N. Lat., westward to the German Ocean. Previously to 1825 it was separated from the ocean by a narrow strip of land, a mile or so in breadth, over which the sea occasionally broke; but the communication is now permanent. Its whole length is perhaps 100 m.; the breadth varies from 1 m. or less to about 15 m. The Lymfiord is shallow and of difficult navigation. (P. C.)

LYM-ING-TON, a seaport t. of England, in Hampshire, about 80 m. W. S. W. of London. Lat. 50° 41' N., Lon. 1° 32′ W. Pop. of the parish, 3,813.

LYNCH-BURG, a flourishing t. of Va., the cap. of Campbell co., on James r., about 90 m., in a direct line, W. by S. of Richmond. Lat. 37° 36′ N., Lon. 79° 22′ W. Pop. 6,395.

LYNN, a flourishing and pleasant t. of Mass., in Essex co., on the seacoast, about 9 m., in a straight line, N. E. of Boston, chiefly remarkable for its extensive manufacture of shoes. It stands on the Eastern Railroad, which connects Boston with Portsmouth, in New Hampshire. Lat. 42° 28′ N., Lon. 70° 57′ W. Pop. of the township, 9,369.

LYNN-REGIS (rel-jis), a seaport t. of England, in the co. of Norfolk, on the Ouse, near its mouth. Lat. 52° 46′ N., Lon. 0° 24′ E. Pop. of the borough, which includes an area of about 4 sq. m., 16,039.

LYONNAIS, le-on'-na', or LYONAIS, a former prov. of France, deriving its name from its cap., the city of Lyons; now divided into the deps. of Rhone and Loire.

LYONS (Fr. Lyon, le'bn'; Anc. Lugdu'num); the second city of France, as regards population, wealth, and commerce, is situated on the Rhone, at its junction with the Saône, 275 m. E. N. E. of Bordeaux, and 245 m. S. S. E. of Paris. Much the greater part of the town is built on the tongue of land between the Saône and the Rhone, which is about 3 m. in length, with an average breadth of about 3 furlongs; Solne extensive and important quarters, however, are situated on the W. or right bank of the Saône. South of the city is a new and handsome suburb, on a tract of land gained by altering the bed of the Rhone, called, from the architect who planned it, the Presqu'ile Perrache (presk eel per-råsh'), or the " peninsula Perrache." Lyons is the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishopric, and a Protestant consistory; it also possesses a great number of institutions for the advancement of literature and science, among which we may name the Académie Universitaire, the Royal College, the Royal Academy of Science, Belles-lettres, and Arts, and the Public Library, containing 92,000 vols., besides nearly 1,000 manuscripts. Lyons is the greatest manufacturing town in France; indeed, as regards the manufacture of silk, it is unequalled in Europe. The greater part of the silk produced in France is worked in the looms of this city, besides a large quantity imported from Italy. Lat. 45° 46′ N., Lon. 4° 50′ E. Pop. 147,223. (B.)-Adj. and inhab. LYONAIS, le'-o'-nà'; feminine, LYONAISE, le-o-naze'.

Lys, leece, (Dutch pron. lice,) a small r. which rises in France, in the dep. of Pas-de-Calais, and, flowing north-easterly into Belgium, joins the Scheldt at Ghent.

Fåte, får, fåll, fåt; mẻ, mit; plne or pine, pln; nò, nôt; õõ as in good;

MAASLUYS, måå/-slois, or MAASLANDSLUYS, måås/-lånt-slois`, a t. of Holland, on an arm of the Maas or Meuse, about 10 m. W. by N. of Rotterdam. Lat. 51° 55' N., Lon. 4° 10' E. Pop. near 5,000. (B.) MAASTRICHT. See MAESTRICHT.

MACAO, ma-cal-o, or ma-kou', a seaport t. and Portuguese settlement in China, on an i. of the same name, forming a part of the Chinese prov. of Quang-tong. This town is remarkable as having been the centre of European trade in the E., during the time that the Portuguese had the sway in those seas; and may be regarded as the cradle of that extensive commerce which is now concentrated at Canton. Lat. 22° 13' N., Lon. 113° 35′ E. Pop. about 30,000. (B.)

MAC-CLES-FIELD, a manufacturing t. of England, in Cheshire, 16 m. S. by E. of Manchester. It is regarded as the centre of the silk manufacture in England: to this branch of industry it is chiefly indebted for its prosperity, which, however, has received some severe checks within the last few years. Pop. 24,137.

MCCRACK-EN, a co. in the W. part of Ky., bordering on the Ohio r. Pop. 4,745. Co. t. Paduca.

MCDON'-QUGH, a co. in the W. part of Ill., midway between the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. Pop. 5,308. Co. t. Macomb.

McDow-ELL, a co. in the W. part of N. C., on the sources of the Catawba.

MACERATA, må-cha-rå/-tå, a city of Italy, in the Papal state, cap. of a prov. of the same name, 21 m. S. by W. of Ancona. It is a neat, wellbuilt town, and has a university, with a library of 20,000 vols., a college, and other literary institutions. Lat. 43° 19′ N., Lon. 13° 26′ E. Pop. 15,000. (P. C.)

MCHENRY, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ill., bordering on Wis consin. Pop. 2,578. Co. t. McHenry.

MACHIAS, match-il-as, a small t. and port of entry of Maine, cap. of Washington co., on a bay of the same name. Lat. 44° 38′ N., Lon. 67° 25' W.

MACK-IN-AW, formerly MICHILIMACKINAC, mish'-il-e-mack'-in-aw', a strait which connects L. Huron with L. Michigan. In the narrowest part, it is from 2 m. to 4 m. wide.

MACKINAW OF MICHILIMACKINAC, a co. of Mich., N. of and bordering on L. Michigan. Pop. 923.

MACKINAW, a port of entry, cap. of the above co., situated on the S. E. extremity of an island of the same name. Lat. about 45° 55′ N., Lon. 84° 40′ W.

Mc'-IN-TOSH', a Co. in the S. E. part of Ga., bordering on the Altamaha and the sea. Pop. 5,360. Co. t. Darien.

MAC-KEN -ZIE'S RIVER, a large r. of N. America, which originates in the Great Slave Lake, and, flowing north-westerly, empties itself into the Arctic Ocean, in about 69° N. Lat., and 135° W. Lon. Its length is estimated at 1,600 m.

MCLEAN, mac-lane, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ill., a little E. of the Illinois r. Pop. 6,565. Co. t. Bloomington.

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. MCMINN, a co. near the S. E. extremity of Tenn. Pop. 12,719. Co. t. Athens.

MCNAI-RY, a co. in the S. W. part of Tenn., bordering on Miss. Pop. 9,355. Co. t. Purdy.

MACOMB, ma-koom, a co. in the S. E. part of Mich., bordering on L. St. Clair. Pop. 9,716. Co. t. Mt. Clemens.

MACON, mâ`-kon, formerly written MASCON, (Anc. Matis'co,) a t. of France, cap. of the dep. of Saône and Loire, on the Saône. This is a very ancient place, and contains several interesting ruins; among others, the remains of the temple of Janus and of a triumphal arch. There is a bridge over the Saône, which some suppose to have been built by Cæsar. Lat. 46° 18′ N., Lon. 4° 50′ E. Pop. 11,944. (B.) Mal-con, a co. near the W. extremity of N. C., bordering on Tenn. and Ga. Pop. 4,869. Co. t. Franklin.

MACON, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ga., intersected by Flint r. Pop. 5,045.

MACON, a Co. in the E. S. E. part of Ala., bordering on the Tallapoosa r. Pop. 11,247. Co. t. Tuskegee.

MACON, a co. near the centre of Ill., intersected by the Sangamon r. Pop. 3,039. Co. t. Decatur.

Pop. 6,034.

MACON, a co. in the N. part of Mo. MACON, a city of Ga., cap. of Bibb co., on the Ocmulgee, at the head of steamboat navigation, 30 m. S. W. of Milledgeville. Pop. 3,927. MACOUPIN, ma-koo/-pin, a co. in the W. part of Ill., S. W. of Springfield. Pop. 7,826. Co. t. Carlinville.

MAC-QUAR/-RIE, the name of a river and small lake in the E. part of the Australian continent.

MAD-A-GAS-CAR (called by the natives Mad-e-cassel or Mad-e-gassel), a large i. in the Indian Ocean, about 240 m. from the E. coast of Africa, extending from about 12° to 25° 40′ S. Lat., and from about 43° 10' to 50° 30′ E. Lon. It is 960 m. long, with a breadth varying from 200 m. to 360 m. The area is estimated at 225,000 sq. m. Until the commencement of the present century, this island appears to have been divided among a great number of independent tribes, but, of latter times, it may be regarded as consisting of the kingdom of Madagascar, which occupies the larger portion, and several other parts under the government of independent chiefs. The whole pop. is estimated at between 4,000,000 and 5,000,000. Among the different nations into which the inhabitants of Madagascar are divided, the Ovahs, who occupy the interior of the island, are the most deserving of notice. They are the most industrious, powerful, and civilized of all the Madecasses. In height, they are rather above the European standard, portly in their person, of handsome features, and usually of a copper colour (though sometimes nearly or quite black), with dark and lank hair. The Madecasses evidently belong to the great Malay race. (B.) The prevailing religion is idolatry. The kingdom of Madagascar owes its origin to the late prince Radama, the chief of the Ovahs, who, in energy and enlightened policy, resembled Peter the Great. This ex

Fåte, får, fåll, fåt; mě, mět; plne or pine, pin; nỏ, nôt; õõ as in good; traordinary man, after conquering a great part of the island, commenced the difficult but glorious enterprise of introducing into his empire the civilization and arts of Europe. He received and protected the missionaries, and promoted the establishment of schools, which, at the time of his death, had increased to more than 100, and in which nearly 5,000 children were taught. Several young persons were sent to Mauritius, and even to England, to receive instruction. Through the intercession of the English, Radama also abolished the slave trade in his dominions. He was on the point of seeing his vast projects crowned with the most brilliant success, when his queen, a second Clytemnestra, caused him to be poisoned in July, 1828. She, with her infamous accomplice, succeeded to the throne; and it is not improbable that this great kingdom will, ere long, be resolved into its original elements, if, indeed, this has not already taken place. Since the death of Radama, Europeans have had but little if any intercourse with Madagascar, so that nothing certain is known respecting the present condition of the island.-Adj.and inhab. MAD`-E-CASSE OF MAL-GASH/(Malegache). MADDALONI, måd-då-lo/-ne, a t. of Naples, in the prov. of Terra-diLavoro, with a royal college, 14 m. N. N. E. of Naples. Pop. 10,000. (P. C.)

MADEIRA, mad-ee/-ra, (Port. pron. må-de-rå,) an i. in the N. Atlantic, between 32° 36′ and 32° 53′ N. Lat., and 16° 40′ and 17° 20′ W. Lon. It is about 37 m. in length, and 15 m. in its greatest breadth. Area computed at above 300 sq. m. Pop. estimated at 80,000. (P. C.) This island is a mass of basaltic rock; of which the highest part is 5,450 ft. above the sea, and is covered with vegetation to its summit. The cliffs on all sides are very lofty; one on the N. coast is above 1,000 ft. in height. The mountain scenery in the interior is bold and highly romantic. Every part of the island not encumbered with rocks is extremely fertile. The climate of Madeira is perhaps more equable and mild than that of any other country, not within the tropics. The thermometer seldom falls below 53° in the severest weather, while the mean temperature of the summer is between 73° and 74°; that of winter is about 63°. The place is considered very healthy, and is much resorted to by invalids, particularly those suffering from pulmonary affections. Funchal is the capital.

MADEIRA, a r. of S. America, the largest affluent of the Amazon, into which it falls in about 3° 20′ S. Lat., and 58° 30′ W. Lon.

MAD-IS-ON, a co. in the central part of N. Y., bordering on the Oneida L. Pop. 40,008. Co. t. Morrisville.

MADISON, a co. in the N. E. central part of Va., a little S. E. of the Shenandoah r. Pop. 8,107. Co. t. Madison.

MADISON, a co. in the N. E. part of Ga., bordering on Broad r., a branch of the Savannah. Pop. 4,510. Co. t. Danielsville.

MADISON, a co. in the N. part of Florida, bordering on Ga. and the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 2,644. Co. t. Madison.

MADISON, a co. in the N. part of Ala., bordering on Tenn. Pop, 25,706. Co. t. Huntsville.