248. In the locution that of the word that takes the place of a Noun preceding; care should be taken that there always is a Noun preceding for which that may stand. sentence is defective in this respect :— The following What Mr. Burke considers as a reproach to the French Revolution, that of bringing it forward under a reign more mild than the preceding ones, is one of its highest honours. That must stand for reproach, but 'the reproach of bringing it forward' is nonsense. For that we may substitute the fact, but the sentence is still very loose in construction. Exercise 98. Re-write the following sentences without using that (or those) of: I see another great man whose mind is a more abject slave to his own greatness and is more tortured and racked by it than those of all his vassals. [Those is here equivalent to minds, but no such word occurs in the sentence.] No man shall ever receive a favour at my hands who is guided by any other law than that of my will. There is one thing the loss of which I should deplore infinitely more than that of liberty and life also, I mean that of a good conscience. He likewise produced some baked flesh, a little resembling that of venison. [What is the baked flesh of venison?] The world hath this reason at least to honour such characters as that of Wild. The number of the metals is much larger than that of the non-metals. The most triumphant death is that of the martyr; the most awful that of the martyred patriot; the most splendid that of the hero in the hour of victory. We heard many notes resembling those of the blackbird. Henry's letters will bear comparison with those of Wolsey. The manner of Addison is as remote from that of Swift as from that of Voltaire. I consider it to be a similar place of amusement to that of the Crystal Palace. Pronouns in -self. 249. The Pronouns formed by the addition of self or selves to some of the Personal Pronouns can be used (1) Reflexively; as I hurt myself. (2) Emphatically; as I myself wrote that letter; but they cannot be used as Personal Pronouns. Exercise 99. Substitute Personal Pronouns for the words in -self or -selves. Yourself and many others were discontented. Brown and myself met our friends in the park. After parting from Jones, we again met himself and his sister. Themselves and their wives were all invited. A short time ago a letter from myself appeared in your valuable journal. Herself and friend paid us a long visit. George and myself spent a month at Brighton. The visit gave great pleasure to myself and himself. Yourself alone are to blame. My brother and myself had a beautiful walk. Cases of Pronouns. 250. Mistakes in the Cases of Pronouns generally arise from gross carelessness only. 251. When a Pronoun is joined to a Noun or to another Pronoun by a Co-ordinating Conjunction, the two words have the same Case; as My brother and I had a game. Between you and me, I do not believe him. These presents are for you and me. May Mary and I go for a walk? 252. Take care that an Interrogative Pronoun governed by a Preposition is put in the Objective Case; as Whom is that for? Whom are you going to send that to? Read again Pars. 76-81 and work Ex. 52-55. Exercise 100. Correct the following sentences: (a) It was not her but her niece Mary that was going to be married. Everyone present except he guessed why. 'Is it me?' cried the boy. There is but one man that she can have, and that is me. Thou partial nature I arraign. Did you never see the picture of we three? You who he was always like a father to. I cannot tell who to compare them to. Earth hath swallowed up all my hopes but she. He who had always inspired in her a respect which almost overcame her affection, she now saw the object of open pleasantry. At each of the places named I had seen men very like him, but not he himself. Mont Blanc is the monarch of mountains, They crowned him long ago But who they got to put it on Nobody seems to know.' In this state Frank Churchill found her, she trembling, they loud and insolent. If there is anyone embarrassed, it will not be me. (b) A thousand weary miles now stretch Between my love and I. His wealth and him bid adieu to each other. Here's none but thee and I. This life hath joys for you and I. All debts are cleared between you and I. Let you and I look at these. There is a painful difference between the founder of a style and he who imitates it. (c) Who is it that the goose lays golden eggs for? Who did that come from? He's married. To who? Who did they ride with? (d) I thought that had only been for naughty ones such as me I think Lindore would be more eloquent than me. I see you can laugh at your friends as well as me. 1 These lines were written in a lady's album by Albert Smith. Thackeray, being requested to write in the same album, saw them, and wrote under : I know that Albert wrote in a hurry, To criticise I scarce presume; If they rob only such as thee, who rob all the world, I should hold them right honest folk. me. I will not learn my duty from such as thee. And hock itself is less esteemed than thee. I will have no such son-in-law that [say as] thinks himself better than Then Phoebe started. 'Why,' thought she, The babe is near as fair as me.' Then finish, dear Chloe, this pastoral war The nations not so blest as thee Must in their turns to tyrants fall. Who counted the money? Both the clerk and me. They know that as well as me. He must be a wiser man than me. The work of national ruin was pretty effectually carried on by the ministers, but more effectually by the paper-money makers than they. 253. A Gerund in the Objective Case sometimes has a Pronoun in the Objective Case wrongly placed before it; as I heard of him running away. The error is at once apparent if we substitute a Noun for the Gerund I heard of him flight; or if we change the form of the sentence Him running away was reported to me. The Possessive his is, of course, the word to precede running. 254. Nouns similarly used before Gerunds should also be in the Possessive Case; as I heard of John's running away. Exercise 101. Correct the following sentences:· (a) Do you remember me speaking to you about this book? He was angry at me distrusting him. I did not see him in consequence of me being abroad. What is the use of you whipping a dead horse? I am sorry to own that he failed through me neglecting to help him. Our early arrival was caused by us taking the train. I am delighted at you having succeeded. No good can come of me doing that. I am annoyed at him being excluded from the party. (b) This may lead to your ladyship quitting this house. Vico observes that the wife bringing a dowry is evidence of her freedom. Her knowledge of the Emperor having left nothing to his son induced her to make such a will. The fact of William having arrived was unknown to me. 255. In the sentence That is a man whom I know to be faithful and true there are two Finite Verbs, is and know; and two Subjects, he and I. Whom is governed in the Objective by know. 256. If we change the sentence to That is a man who I know is faithful and true we have three Finite Verbs, is, know, and is; and three Subjects, that, I, and who. 257. That is a man whom I know is faithful and true is wrong (1) Because the second is has no Subject. (2) There is nothing to govern whom in the Objective, the Object to know being the complex clause, 'That is a man who is faithful and true.' 258. The error is at once detected if we change the order; thus: (1) I know that is a man whom is faithful and true. or if we omit the parenthetical 'I know'; thus : That is a man whom is faithful and true. 259. The errors in the following sentences may be detected in the same way : (1) He is the man whom I believe did it. Three Finite Verbs, is, believe, and did; only two Subjects, he |