alone, even at a greatly accelerated pace, it would take far too long to abate even the gross cases of interstate pollution throughout the country.

Recognizing that this approach will not give us the answer we need in the time we need it, Congress provided the broader gaged, more organized approach, of the 1965 Water Quality Act. This is what we will be seeking to accomplish during the next year, as we work with the States in determining the quality of water which should flow in the interstate rivers of America.

A similar coordinated approach covering the building and operation of sewage treatment facilities is needed in many parts of our country. Congress recognized this need 10 years ago, when it authorized the development of comprehensive programs for the control of pollution in an entire river basin.

Comprehensive studies for this purpose are now underway in 10 river basins, but they will remain no more than academic exercises unless we devise new social, economic, and political approaches that will translate this detailed knowledge into effective corrective action aimed at cleaning our major rivers and keeping them clean. This is the thrust of title I of S. 2987.

Mr. Chairman, as you know, the question of organization responsibility for the Federal water pollution control program is now pending before the Congress. That question will be resolved by May 10. Regardless of how it is answered, we can be certain that this will be a growing responsibility. Much more must be done if we are to be successful in controlling pollution of our waters. Our Department is prepared to make our full contribution to this national effort.

We have already begun to develop plans for the program and resources that will be necessary to enable us to carry out our responsibility under Reorganization Plan 2 and 1966.

Specifically, I anticipate that the Public Health Service of our Department will be responsible for four important types of activities.

1. We will conduct the research necessary to define the health effects of water pollution. This will involve various parts of the Public Health Service, including the proposed National Environmental Health Sciences Center in North Carolina, the Communicable Disease Center in Atlanta, the National Institutes of Health, as well as other laboratory resources. It also will involve the use of research grants and contracts.

2. We will participate in health surveillance of water supplied to determine the presence of such contaminants as disease-producing organisms, pesticides and other chemicals, and radioactive substances. This will involve cooperative arrangements among several PHS divisions and offices, as well as with Federal, State and local health agencies.

3. We will carry out epidemiological investigations of specific water-borne disease outbreaks. The Epidemic Intelligence Service in our Communicable Disease Center is the primary focus for this activity.

4. We will provide technical assistance and training to assist State and local health agencies and the waterworks industry to continue to assure this Nation the world's safest water supplies. These activities while centered in our Division of Environmental Engineering and Food Protection, also involve other organizational units.

In addition, Mr. Chairman, the Public Health Service has certain traditional responsibilities, under the interstate quarantine regulations, for the Nation's drinking water supplies that will complement our responsibilities for the health aspects of water pollution.

Although the Service function under the interstate quarantine regulations is to regulate water supplies furnished to interstate carriers, its leadership in this role has had significant impact on the drinking water standards promulgated by the Public Health Service have been recognized as the national standard for protection of health through the provision of safe drinking water supplies.

These standards are updated from time to time with the assistance of numerous highly qualified consultants and advisers.

There are a number of other activities that we plan to continue, such as consultation with the Corps of Engineers in connection with the regulation of impoundments for health purposes, and advice and consultation to other Government agencies on drinking water supplies, recreational water quality requirements, and shellfish-growing water requirements.

Through participation in the Water Resource Council and the Water Pollution Advisory Board, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare will continue our interest in the field, and will work very closely with the Department of Interior. We are looking forward to a cooperative and constructive relationship with the Interior Department in fulfilling our national responsibilities.

In this and other appropriate ways, the Department of Health Education, and Welfare hopes to be able to contínue to make its contribution to the right for clean water. Because we may no longer be on the front lines does not mean that we are any less devoted to the cause.

Thank you, Mr. Chairman. We are prepared to respond to any questions.

Senator MUSKIE. Thank you very much, Mr. Secretary, for your excellent statement. I particularly appreciate the definition of the role that the Public Health Service will play after the reorganization plan takes effect. I don't know that we had that definition in the hearings before.

Secretary GARDNER. We did not.

Senator MUSKIE. That is very helpful. I think I will confine my questions to the time being just to the three of four informational points and then get into the more thorough examination of the administration's bill after Secretary Udall has testified.

Mr. Secretary, you refer to the 37 enforcement actions which you have undertaken and the 10 comprehensive pollution control programs which have been initiated.

I think it would be helpful to the record of this hearing if we could have a summary of those in sufficient detail to give us a picture of the scope of the work that has been done.

Could you supply that for us?

Secretary GARDNER. Would you like that for the record?

Senator MUSKIE. For the record.

Secretary GARDNER. Yes, sir; we will gladly do that.

Senator MUSKIE. I say that because in our last hearing we had a summary up to that point. I think it is well to keep that record complete.

(Subsequently, the following two exhibits were submitted:)

SUMMARY OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS

JANUARY 1957-APRIL 1966

Actions initiated under Federal authority on the basis of reports, surveys, or

Action area

studies

Date of first conference 1. Corney Creek drainage system (Arkansas-Louisiana) - Jan. 16, 1957. 2. Big Blue River (Nebraska-Kansas)

3. Missouri River-St. Joseph, Mo., area (Missouri-Kansas) 4. Missouri River-Omaha, Nebr., area (Nebraska-Kansas

Iowa-Missouri)

5. Potomac River, Washington metropolitan area (District of Columbia-Maryland-Virginia).

6. Missouri River-Kansas Citys metropolitan area (Missouri-Kansas)

7. Lower Columbia River (Washington-Oregon). 8. Raritan Bay (New Jersey-New York).......

9. Mississippi River-Clinton, Iowa, area (Illinois-Iowa)

10. Androscoggin River (New Hampshire-Maine). 11. Coosa River (Alabama-Georgia).

12. Pearl River (Louisiana-Mississippi).

13. Menominee River (Michigan-Wisconsin)

14. Connecticut River (Massachusetts-Connecticut)

15. Monongahela River (Maryland-West Virginia-Pennsylvania)_

16. Snake River-Lewiston, Idaho and Clarkston, Wash., area (Idaho-Washington)---

17. Upper Mississippi River (Minnesota-Wisconsin) (also called at Governors' request) ---

18. Merrimack-Nashua Rivers (New Hampshire-Massachusetts) (also called at Governor's request).

19. Lower Mississippi River (Arkansas-Tennessee-Mississippi-Louisiana)

20. Blackstone and Ten Mile Rivers (Massachusetts-Rhode Island).

21. Lower Savannah River (South Carolina-Georgia) ---. 22. Mahoning River (Ohio-Pennsylvania) –.

23. Grand Calumet River, Little Clumet River, Calumet River, Wolf Lake, Lake Michigan, and their tributaries (Illinois-Indiana) -

24. Lake Erie (Michigan-Indiana-Ohio-Pennsylvania-New
York) (also called at Governors' request).

25. Red River of the North (North Dakota-Minnesota).
26. Hudson River (New York-New Jersey) (also called at
Governors' request).

1 Reconvened Aug. 10, 1965.

May 3, 1957.
June 11, 1957.

June 14, 1957.

Aug. 22, 1957.

Dec. 3, 1957.
Sept. 10, 1958.
Aug. 22, 1961.
Mar. 8. 1962.
Sept. 24, 1962.
Aug. 27, 1963.

Oct. 22, 1963.

Nov. 6, 1963.
Dec. 2, 1963.

Dec. 17, 1963.

Jan. 15, 1964.

Feb. 7, 1964.

Feb. 11, 1964.

May 5, 1964.

Jan. 26, 1965.
Feb. 2, 1965.
Feb. 16, 1965.

Mar. 2, 1965.

Aug. 3, 1965.1
Sept. 14, 1965.

Sept. 28-30, 1965.

STATUS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS TAKEN UNDER THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT

1. Corney Creek (Arkansas-Louisiana).-A public hearing under the procedures of the 1948 Water Pollution Control Act was held January 16-17, 1957, at Homer, La. Seventy-five oil wells were involved. All are in compliance with recommendations made at the conference, and surveillance of water quality is being maintained.

2. Big Blue River (Nebraska-Kansas).—Conference held May 3, 1957, at Beatrice, Nebr. Eleven municipalities and one institution were involved. All have now provided waste treatment, and substantial improvement in water quality has resulted.

3. Missouri River-St. Joseph, Mo., area (Missouri-Kansas).—Conference held June 11, 1957, at St. Joseph involving 8 municipalities, 4 institutions, and 18 industries. Public hearing held on city of St. Joseph and 18 associated industries on July 27-30, 1959; suit filed by the United States against the city of St. Joseph in the Federal District Court at St. Joseph, Mo., September 29, 1960, court order issued October 31, 1961. Substantial progress has been made.

4. Missouri River-Omaha, Nebr., area (Nebraska-Kansas-Missouri-Iowa).— Conference held June 14, 1957, at Omaha involving Omaha, 13 other municipalities, 5 sewer districts, 2 institutions, and 5 industries. A second conference session was held July 21, 1964. Most of the smaller municipalities are now treating their wastes, and final plans for treatment for Omaha's wastes have been submitted. Progress evaluation meetings were held February 11-12, 1965, and March 29, 1966.

5. Potomac River—Washington Metropolitan Area (District of ColumbiaMaryland-Virginia).-First sesson of conference held August 22, 1957, at Charlottesville, Va.; second session February 13, 1958, at Washington, D.C. The conference included Washington, D.C.; Montgomery County, Md.; Prince Georges

62-611-66- -7

County, Md.; Alexandria, Arlington County, and Fairfax County, Va. A detailed schedule for abatement of sewage pollution was established, and all projects are proceeding on schedule. All bacterial hazards should be eliminated in the near future.

6. Missouri River-Kansas Cities Metropolitan Area (Kansas-Missouri).— Conference held on December 3, 1957, at Kansas City, Mo., involving 30 municipalities, 3 subdivisions, 3 institutions, 2 sewer districts, and 33 industries. Public hearing held June 13-17, 1960, at Kansas City, Mo., on Kansas City, Kans., Kansas City, Mo., North Kansas City, Mo., Fairfax Drainage District of Kansas, Kaw Valley Drainage District of Kansas, and 11 industries. By May 1, 1967, it is expected that all major waste discharges will receive treatment. 7. Mississippi River-St. Louis Metropolitan Area (Missouri-Illinois).—Conference held March 4, 1958, at St. Louis, Mo., involving St. Louis, 22 other communities and sewer districts in Missouri, and 23 communities, 17 industries, and 1 institution in Illinois. Progress meetings have been held periodically since the conference, and substantial progress toward abating pollution is being made.

8. Animas River (Colorado-New Mexico).-First session of conference held April 29, 1958, at Santa Fe, N. Mex.; second session held June 24, 1959, at Santa Fe. A mill of the Vanadium Corp. of America, abandoned mines and the municipalities of Durango and Silverton, Colo., are involved. Full compliance with conference recommendations has been achieved, and radioactivity is now well below prescribed safe levels. This river is now included in the Colorado River Basin enforcement project.

9. Missouri River-Sioux City Area (South Dakota-Iowa-Nebraska).—Conference held July 24, 1958, at Sioux City, Iowa, involving Sioux City, 11 other municipalities, 18 industries, and 1 air base. Public hearing held March 23-27, 1959, on Sioux City and 10 industries. Sioux City, Iowa, once the major source of pollution, has completed construction of a waste treatment plant, and most of the smaller waste sources have complied similarly.

10. Lower Columbia River (Washington-Oregon).—First session of conference held September 10-11, 1958, at Portland, Oreg.; second session September 3-4, 1959, at Portland. All municipal sewage is now being treated and disinfected, and recommendations for industrial waste treatment have been issued. A third session of the conference was held September 8-9, 1965, in Portland, Oreg. Recommendations and a time schedule for the treatment of industrial wastes were unanimously adopted.

11. Bear River (Idaho-Wyoming-Utah).-First session of conference held October 8, 1958, at Logan, Utah; second session July 19, 1960, at Logan. On June 27, 1963, following a detailed investigation of the problems, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, issued recommendations for remedial action, and substantial compliance has been achieved.

12. Colorado River and all tributaries (Colorado-Utah-Arizona-Nevada-California-New Mexico-Wyoming).-First session of conference held January 13, 1960, at Phoenix, Ariz.; second session May 11, 1961, at Las Vegas, Nev.; third session May 9-10, 1962, at Salt Lake City, Utah; fourth session May 27-28, 1963, San Diego, Calif.; fifth session May 26, 1964, at Las Vegas, Nev. Extent of pollution by cities and industries is under study. It is estimated that 274 municipalities and 83 industries are involved. Radioactive pollution is now well under control, and recommendations for the control of salinity will be discussed at the conclusion of the study in fiscal year 1967.

13. North Fork of the Holston River (Tennessee-Virginia).—First session of conference held September 28, 1960, at Kingsport, Tenn.; second session held June 19, 1962, at Kingsport. Discharges from a chemical plant at Saltville, Va., are involved. Advised by a technical committee, the chemical company has installed devices to regulate discharges.

14. Raritan Bay (New Jersey-New York).—Conference held August 22, 1961, at New York City; second session held May 9, 1963, at New York City. Fifty communities, forty industries, six institutions and three military installations are involved. A study of pollution sources and their effects is nearing conclusion, and a third session of the conference will be called during 1966.

15. North Platte River (Nebraska-Wyoming).-First session of conference held September 12, 1961, at Scottsbluff, Nebr.; second session March 21, 1962, at Cheyenne, Wyo.; third session November 20, 1963, at Scottsbluff, Nebr. Twelve municipalities and fifteen industries were involved. Remedial action was taken to meet the recommendations of the conferees.