slumbers in the citadel: but if the latter sink into a lethargy, the former will quickly erect a standard for herself. Philosophy, wisdom, and liberty, support each other; he who will not reason, is a bigot; he who cannot, is a fool; and he who dares not, is a slave," Preface, p. xiv. xv. vol. i. 1805.

Note 58, page 159, lines 2 and 3.

" Great Nemesis!

Here, where the ancient paid thee homage long.

We read in Suetonius that Augustus, from a warning received in a dream, counterfeited, once a year, the beggar, sitting before the gate of his palace with his hand hollowed and stretched out for charity, A statue formerly in the Villa Borghese, and which should be now at Paris, represents the Emperor in that posture of supplication, The object of this self degratation was the appeasement of Nemesis, the perpetual attendant on good fortune, of whose power the Roman conquerors were also reminded by certain symbols attached to their cars of triumph. The symbols were the whip and the crotalo, which were discovered in the Nemesis of the Vatican.. The attitude of beggary made the above statue pass for that of Belisarius: and until the criticism

1 Sueton. in vit. Augusti. cap. 91. Casaubon, in the note, refers to Plutarch's Lives of Camilles and Aemilius Paulus, and also to his apothegms, for the character of this deity. The hollowed hand was reckoned the last de gree of degratation: and when the dead body of the praefect Rufinus was borne about in triumph by the people, the indignity was increased by putting his hand in that position.

of Winkelmann had rectified the mistake, one fiction was called in to support another. It was the same fear of the sudden termination of prosperity that made Amasis king of Egypt warn his friend Polycrates of Samos, that the gods loved those whose lives were chequered with good and evil fortunes. Nemesis was supposed to lie in wait particularly for the prudent; that is, for those whose caution rendered them accessible only to mere accidents and her first altar was raised on the banks of the Phrygian Aesepus by Adrastus, probably the prince of that name who killed the son of Croesus by mistake. Hence the goddess was called Adrastea. 2

3

The Roman Nemesis was sacred and august: there was a temple to her in the Palatine under the name of Rhamnusia: 3 so great indeed was the propensity of the ancients to trust to the revolution of events, and to believe in the divinity of Fortune, that in the same Palatine there was a temple to the Fortune of the day. This is the last superstition which retains its hold over the human heart; and from concentrating in one object the credulity so natural to man, has always appeared strongest in those unembarrassed by other articles of belief. The antiquaries have supposed this goddess to be

Storia delle arti, etc. lib. xii. cap. iii. tom. ii. p. 422. Visconti calls the statue, however, a Cybele. It is given in the Museo Pio - Clement. tom. i. par. 40. The Abate Fea (Spiegazioue dei Rami. Storia, etc. tom. iii. p. 515.) calls it a Chrisippus.

2 It is enumerated by the regionary Victor.

Fortunae hujusce diei. Cicero mentions her, de legib. lib. ii.

synonymous with fortune and with fate:

but it was

in her vindictive quality that she was worshipped under the name of Nemesis.

Note 59, page 163, line 1,

I see before me the Gladiator lie,

Whether the wonderful statue which suggested this image be a laquearian gladiator, which in spite of Winkelmann's criticism has been stoutly maintained, 2 or whether it be a Greek herald, as that great antiquary positively asserted, or whether it is to be thought a

3

See Questiones Romanae. etc. Ap. Graev. Antiq. Roman. tom. v. p. 942. See also Muratori. Nov. Thesaur. Inscrip. Vet. tom. i. p. 88, 89. where there are three Latin and one Greek inscription to Nemesis, and others to Fate.

2 By the Abate Bracci, dissertazione supra un clipeo votico, etc. Preface, pag. who accounts for the cord round the neck, but not for the horn, which it does not appear the gladiators themselves ever used Note A, Storia delle arti, tom. ii. p. 205.

Either Polifontes, herald of Laius, killed by Oedipus; or Cepreas, herald of Euritheus, killed by the Athenians when he endeavoured to drag the Heraclidae from the altar of mercy, and in whose honour they instituted annual games, continued to the time of Hadrian; or An

Spartan or barbarian shield-bearer, according to the opinion of his Italian editor, it must assuredly seem a copy of that masterpiece of Ctesilaus which represented "a wounded man dying who perfectly expressed what there remained of life in him." 2 Montfaucon 3 and Maffei 4 thought it the identical statue; but that statue was of bronze. The gladiator was once in the villa Ludovizi, and was bought by Clement XII. The right arm is an entire restoration of Michael Angelo.

Note 60, page 163, lines 15 and 16.

He, their sire,

Butcher'd to make a Roman holiday.

Gladiators were of two kinds, compelled and voluntary; and were supplied from several conditions; from slaves sold for that purpose; from culprits; from barbarian captives either taken in war, and, after being, led in triumph, set apart for the games, or those seized and condemned as rebels; also from free citizens, some fighting for hire (auctorati), others from a depraved ambition: at last even knights and senators were exhibited, a disgrace of which the first tyrant was natu

themocritus, the Athenian herald, killed by the Megarenses, who never recovered the impiety. See Storia, delle arti. etc. tom. ii. pag. 203, 204, 205, 206, 207. lib. ix. cap. ii.

Storia, etc. som. ii. p. 207. Not. (A).

2 "Vulneratum deficientem fecit in quo possit intelligi quantum restat animae." Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxiv. cap. 8. Antiq. tom. iii. pag. 2. tah. 155.

4 Racc. stat. tab. 64.

• Mus, Capitol. tom. iii. p. 154. edit. 1755.

rally the first inventor. In the end, dwarfs, and even women, fought; an enormity prohibited by Severus. Of these the most to be pitied undoubtedly were the barbarian captives; and to this species a Christian writer 2 justly applies the epithet "innocent," to distinguish them from the professional gladiators. Aurelian and Claudius supplied great numbers of these unfortunate victims; the one after his triumph, and the other on the pretext of a rebellion. 3 No war, says Lipsius, 4 was ever so destructive to the human race as these sports. In spite of the laws of Constantine and Constans, gladiatorial shows survived the old established religion more than seventy years; but they owed their final extinction to the courage of a Christian. In the year 404, on the kalends of January, they were exhibiting the shows in the Flavian amphitheatre before the usual immense concourse of people. Almachius or Telemachus, an eastern monk, who had travelled to Rome intent on his holy purpose, rushed into the midst of the area, and endeavoured to separate the combatants. The praetor Alypius, a person incredibly attached to these games,

gave in

Julius Caesat, who rose by the fall of the aristocracy, brought Furius Leptinus and A. Calenus upon the

arena.

2 Tertullian, "certe quidem et innocentes gladiatores in ludum veniunt, at voluptatis publicae hostiae fiant." Just. Lips. Saturn. Sermon. lib. ii. cap. iii.

Vopiscus. in vit. Aurel. and, in vit. Claud. ibid.

4 "Credo imò scio nullum bellum tantam cladem vastitiemque generi humano intulisse, quam hos ad voluptatem ludos." Just. Lips, ibid. lib. i. cap. xii.

Augustinus, (lib. vi. confess. cap. viii.) "Alypium suum gladiatrii spectaculi inhiatu incredibiliter abreptum," scribit. ib. lib. i. cap. xii.