resolved itself into a mass of spores, traversed by the strands of the capillitium and enclosed in a sporangium-wall, connected with the substratum by a stalk. As ripening proceeds, the wall becomes membranous and readily ruptures, and the dry spores may be carried abroad on the currents of air or washed out by rain, had ei viqque

similar material occurs along branching and anastomosing tracts | spores. A spore-wall is soon secreted and the sporangium has now through the protoplasm of the sporangium, giving rise to the capillitium. The greater part of the lime granules pass out of the protoplasm and are deposited in the capillitium, which in the ripe sporangia of Badhamia is white and brittle with the contained lime (cf. fig. 8). In this genus some granules are found also in the sporangium-wall. Strasburger concludes that the sporangium-wall of Trichia is a modification of cellulose (29). b od al basequib tublin to

insub Toul aid ni ei mergoton adt to wolt ! FIG. 13,-Chondrioderma testa- FIG. 14-Craterium pedunculaung dsiwceum.mobod of hone his memol n lum. (notingar a, Group of three Sporangia,va, Two Sporangia, in one the lid b, Capillitium, fragment of spor- has fallen away.imb and met angium-wall and spores.b, Capillitium with lime knots 189/19900 Fah on to cromono and spores,nado pdf giv We may now review some of the main differences in structure once presented by the sporangia. They may be stalked or sessile (fig. 13). If the former, the stalk is usually, as in Badhamia utricularis,

FIG. 16.-Lepidoderma tigrinum.
a, Sporangium; the crystal-line
disks of lime are seen attached
to the sporangium-wall.
b, Capillitium and spores.

the continuation of the sporangium-walls (figs. 11 and 12), but in Stemonitis and its allies (figs. 17 and 18) it is an axial structure. A central columella may project into the interior of the sporangium, either in stalked (fig. 15) or sessile (fig. 13) forms,

b, A Sporangium deprived of spores, showing the capillitium and remains of the sporangiumwall. asdi ni itachaids but st The sporangium-wall may be most delicate and evanescent (fig. 17), or consist of a superficial network of threads (fig. 18), which in omaala Dictydium (fig. 19) present a beautifully regular arrangement. Smos a

bas batogio wabool od dw an FIG. 12.-Physarum nutans.
FIG. 11. Badhamia utricularis,a, Sporangia.
a, Sporangia. sage ses ab, Capillitium threads, with frag
b, Capillitium and cluster of Dument of the sporangium-wall
spores.
aydin attached, lime knots at the
junctions and spores.

mbre
is in progress the protoplasm of the sporangium divides, into succes-
sively smaller masses, until each daughter nucleus is the centre of a
single mass of protoplasm. These nucleated masses are the young
1 In some genera such as Arcyria and Trichia (illustrated in figs. 9
and 10) the division of the protoplasm does not occur until the nuclei
have undergone this division. The protoplasm then divides up
about the daughter nuclei to form the spores.

The condition of the capillitium is very various. In the Calcari- | (fig. 23, 6) Each of these masses now grows out perpendicularly neae the lime may be generally distributed through it (fig. 11), or to the surface of the sporophore. As it does so an envelope is aggregated at the nodes of the network in "lime-knots" (figs. 12 and secreted, which, closing in about the base forms a slender stalk. 14) or it may be absent from the capillitium altogether. The The minute mass, borne on the stalk, becomes the ellipsoid spore, capillitium attains its highest development in the Calonemineae surrounded by the spore-wall. In this manner the whole of the in which the threads, distinct (in which case they are known as protoplasmic substance of the plasmodium is converted into spores, elaters, figs. 9 and 10) or united into a network (fig. 20), present borne on supporting structures (stalks and sporophores), which are regular thickenings in the form of spiral bands or transverse bars. formed by secretion of the protoplasm. These threads, altering their shape with varying states of moisture, are efficient agents in distributing the spores. In another group, the Anemineae, the capillitium is absent altogether.bay auditu The Didymiaceae are characterized by the fact that the lime, though present in a granular form in the plasmodium, is deposited on the sporangium-wall in the form of crystals, either in radiating groups (fig. 15) or in disks (fig. 16).

In most Endosporeae the sporangia are separate symmetrical -bodies, but in many genera a form of fructification occurs in which gurdeguA wald no tamis

comparison of the life-history of the Mycetozoa with those of other Review of the Life-Histories of the Mycelozea. The data for a Protozoa in respect of nuclear changes are at present incomplete. Jahn (14) described two mitotic divisions at this stage, but in Myxomycetenstudien 7-Ceratiomyxa," Ber. deut. bot. Gesellsch. maturing sporophore prior to cleavage. Olive gives a preliminary xxvi. a (1908) he shows that only one mitotic division occurs in the account of a fusion of nuclei prior to cleavage, but as he has not seen the mitotic division which certainly occurs at this stage his results cannot be accepted as secure.

At some stage or other we are led by analogy to expect that a division of nuclei would occur in which the number of chromosomes would be reduced by one half, that this would be followed by the formation of gametes, and that the nuclei of the latter would subse quently fuse in karyogamy.

former has undergone two mitotic divisions.

T. 20,

rise to proud uses of the word as it appears in various places in the Vulgate, whereas Myconius, from the island Myconus, was a proverb for meanness. His schooling was in Lichtenfels and at Annaberg, where he had a memorable encounter with It is clear that both in the Endosporeae and Exosporeae a mitotic the Dominican, Tetzel, his point being that indulgences should division of nuclei immediately precedes spore-formation. This is be given pauperibus gratis. His teacher, Staffelstein, persuaded regarded by Jahn as a reduction division. If this is the case, the zoospores or the amoebulae must in some way represent the gametes. him to enter (July 14, 1510) the Franciscan cloister. That same The fusion of the latter to form plasmodia appears to offer a pro- night a pictorial dream turned his thoughts towards the cess comparable with the conjugation of gametes, but though the religious standpoint which he subsequently reached as a fusion of the protoplasm of the amoebulae has been often observed no Lutheran. From Annaberg he passed to Franciscan commufusion of their nuclei (karyogamy) has been found to accompany it. A fusion of nuclei has indeed been described as occurring in the nities at Leipzig and Weimar, where he was ordained priest plasmodium, or at stages in the development of the sporangia or (1516); he had endeavoured to satisfy his mind with scholastic sporophores, but in no case can the evidence be regarded as satis-divinity, but next year his " eyes and ears were opened" by . factory. Until we have clear evidence on this point the nuclear the theses of Luther, whom he met when Luther touched at history of the mycetozoa must remain incomplete. Jahn's observation of the mitotic division of nuclei preceding Weimar on his way to Augsburg. For six years he preached spore-formation in Ceratiomyxa gives a fixed point for comparison his new gospel, under difficulties, in various seats of his order, of the Exosporeae with the Endosporeae. Starting from this divi- lastly at Zwickau, whence he was called to Gotha (Aug. 1524) sion it seems clear that the spore of Ceratiomyxa is comparable by Duke John at the general desire. Here he married Margaret with the spore of the Endosporeae except that the nucleus of the Jacken, a lady of good family. He was intimately connected LITERATURE.(1) A. de Bary," Die Mycetozoen," Zeitschr.fwiss. with the general progress of the reforming movement, and Zool., x. 88 (1860). (2) "Die Mycetozoen," (2nd ed., Leipzig, was especially in the confidence of Luther. Twice he was 1864). (3) Comparative Morphology and Biology of the Fungi, entrusted (1528 and 1533) with the ordering of the churches and Mycetozoa and Bacteria, translation (Oxford, Clarendon Press, schools in Thuringia. In all the religious disputations and 1887). (4) O. Bütschli, Protozoa, Abth. g, Sarcodina," Bronn's Thierreich, Bd. i. (5) L. Cienkowski, "Die Pseudogonidien," Pring- conferences of the time he took a leading part. At the Consheim's Jahrbücher, i. 371. (6) “Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der vention of Smalkald (1537) he signed the articles on his own Myxomyceten," Pringsheim's Jahrbücher, iii. 325 (pub. 1862). behalf and that of his friend Justus Menius. In 1538 he was in (7)" Das Plasmodium," ibid. p. 400 (1863). (8)" Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Monaden," Arch. f. mikr. Anat. i. 203 (1865). (9) J. C. England, as theologian to the embassy which hoped to induce Constantineanu," Ueber die Entwicklungsbedingungen der MyxoHenry VIII. on the basis of the Augsburg Confession, to make myceten," Annales mycologici, Vierter Jahrg. (Dec. 1906). (10) A. common cause with the Lutheran reformation; a project which Famintzin and M. Woronin," Ueber zwei neue Formen von Schleim- Myconius caustically observed might have prospered on conpilzen Ceratium hydnoides, A. und Sch., and C. porioides, A. und dition that Henry was allowed to be pope. Next year he was Sch.," Mém. de l'acad. imp. d. sciences de St Petersburg, series 7, No. 3 (1873). (11) M. Greenwood and E. R. Saunders," On the Rôle employed in the cause of the Reformation in Leipzig. Not of Acid in Protozoan Digestion," Jour. of Physiology, xvi. 441 (1894). the least important part of his permanent work in Gotha was (12) R. A. Harper, "Cell and Nuclear Division in Fuligo varians," the founding and endowment of its gymnasium. In 1541 his Botanical Gazette, vol. 30, No. 4, p. 217 (1900). (13) E. Jahn," Myxo-health was failing, but he lived till the 7th of April 1546. He mycetenstudien 3. Kernteilung u. Geisselbildung bei den Schwärmern von Stemonitis flaccida, Lister," Bericht d. deutschen botanischen had nine children, four of whom were living in 1542. Gesellschaft, Bd. 22 p. 84 (1904). (14) "Myxomycetenstudien 6. Kernverschmelzungen und Reduktionsteilungen,' ibid. Bd. 25, p. 23 (1907). (15) W. Saville Kent," The Myxomycetes or Mycetozoa; Animals or Plants?" Popular Science Review, n.s., v. 97 (1881). (16) H. Kränzlin, " Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Sporangien bei den Trichien und Arcyrien," Arch. f. Protistenkunde, Bd. ix. Heft. 1. p. 170 (1907). (17) Á. Lister." Notes on the Plasmodium of Badhamia utricularis and Brefeldia maxima," Ann. of Botany, vol. ii. No. 5 (1888). (18)" On the Ingestion of Food Material by the Swarm-Cells of the Mycetozoa," Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot) xxv. 435 (1889). (19)" On the Division of Nuclei in the Mycetozoa," Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) vol. xxix. (1893). (20) "A Monograph of the Mycetozoa," British Museum Catalogue (London, 1894). (21) "Presidential Address to the British Mycological Society," Trans. Brit. Mycological Soc. (1906). (22) A. and G. Lister, " Synopsis of the Orders, Genera and Species of Mycetozoa," Journal of Botany, vol. xlv. (May 1907). (23) E. W. Olive, Monograph of the Acrasiae," Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. History, vol. xxx. No. 6 (1902). (24) Evidences of Sexual Reproduction in the Slime Moulds," Science, n.s., xxv. 266 (Feb. 1907). (25) “Cytological Studies in Ceratiomyxa, Trans. Wisconsin Acad. of Sciences, Arts and Letters, vol. xv., pt. ii. p. 753 (Dec. 1907). (26) E. Pinoy," Rôle des bactéries dans le développement de certains Myxomycètes." Ann. de l'institut Pasteur, T. xxi. pp. 622 and 686 (1907). (27) H. Plenge, "Ueber die Verbindungen zwischen Geissel u. Kern bei den Schwärmerzellen d. Mycetozoen," Verh. d. naturhist.-med. Vereins su Heidelberg, N.F. Bd. vi. Heft 3 (1899). (28) S. von Prowazek "Kernveränderungen in Myxomycetenplasmodien," Oesterreich. botan. Zeitschr. Bd. liv. p. 278 (1904). (29) E. Strasburger, "Zur Entwickelungs geschichte d. Sporangien von Trichia fallax," Botanische Zeitung (1884). (30) R. Thaxter, "On the Myxobacteriaceae, a new order of Schizomycetes," Botanical Gazette, xvii. 389 (1892). (31) W. Zopf, "Die Pilzthiere oder Schleimpilze," Schenk's Handbuch der Botanik (1887). (J. J. LR.)

MYCONIUS, FRIEDRICH (1490-1546), Lutheran divine, was born on the 26th of December 1490, at Lichtenfels on the Main, of worthy and pious parents, whose family name. Mecum, gave In the work cited in the last footnote Jahn described a fusion of auclei as occurring in Ceratiomyxa at the stage at which the plasmodium is emerging to form sporophores. Jahn was at first inclined to regard this fusion as the sexual karyogamy of the lifecycle, but the writer learns by correspondence (July 1910) that he is inclined to regard this fusion as pathological, and to look for the essential karyogamy elsewhere.

Though he published a good many tracts and pamphlets, Myconius was not distinguished as a writer. His Historia reformalionis, referring especially to Gotha, was not printed till 1715. See Mel chior Adam, Vitae theologorum (1706); J. G. Bosseck, F. Myconii Memoriam... (1739); C. K. G. Lommatzsch, Narratio de F. Myconio (1825); K. F. Ledderhose, F. Myconius (1854); also in Allgemeine deutsche Biog. (1886); O. Schmidt and G. Kawerau in Hauck's Realencyklopädie (1903). (A. Go.*)

MYCONIUS, OSWALD (1488-1552), Zwinglian divine, was born at Lucerne in 1488. His family name was Geisshüsler; his father was a miller; hence he was also called MOLITORIS. The name Myconius seems to have been given him by Erasmus. From the school at Rottweil, on the Neckar, he went (1510) to the university of Basel, and became a good classic. From 1514 he obtained schoolmaster posts at Basel, where he married, and made the acquaintance of Erasmus and of Holbein, the painter. In 1516 he was called, as schoolmaster, to Zürich, where (1518) he attached himself to the reforming party of Zwingli. This led to his being transferred to Lucerne, and again (1523) reinstated at Zürich. On the death of Zwingli (1531) he migrated to Basel, and there held the office of town's preacher, and (till 1541) the chair of New Testament exegesis. His spirit was comprehensive; in confessional matters he was for a union of all Protestants; though a Zwinglian, his readiness to compromise with the advocates of consubstantiation gave him trouble with the Zwinglian stalwarts. He had, however, a distinguished follower in Theodore Bibliander. He died on the 14th of October 1552.

Among his several tractates, the most important is De H. Zwinglii vita et obitu (1536), translated into English by Henry Bennet hofer, O. Myconius (1813); K. R. Hagenbach, J. Ockolampad und (1561). See Melchior Adam, Vita theologorum (1620); M. KirchO. Myconius (1859); F. M. Ledderhose, in Allgemeine deutsche Biog. (1886); B. Riggenbach and Egli, in Hauck's Realencyklopädie (1903). (A. Go.)

MYDDELTON (or MIDDLETON), SIR HUGH,.BART. (c. 15601631), contractor of the New River scheme for supplying London with water, was a younger son of Sir Richard Myddelton, governor of Denbigh Castle. Hugh became a successful London

goldsmith, occupying a shop in Bassihaw, or Basinghall Street; | he made money by commercial ventures on the Spanish main, being associated in these with Sir Walter Raleigh; and he was also interested in cloth-making. He was an alderman, and then recorder of Denbigh, and was member of parliament for this borough from 1603 to 1628. In 1609 Myddelton took over from the corporation of London the projected scheme for supplying the city with water obtained from springs near Ware, in Hertfordshire. For this purpose he made a canal about 10 ft. wide and 4 ft. deep and over 38 m. in length, which discharged its waters into a reservoir at Islington called the New River Head. The completion of this great undertaking put a severe strain upon Myddelton's financial resources, and in 1612 he was successful in securing monetary assistance from James I. The work was completed in 1613 and Myddelton was made the first governor of the company, which, however, was not a financial success until after his death. In recognition of his services he was made a baronet in 1622. Myddelton was also engaged in working some lead and silver mines in Cardiganshire and in reclaiming a piece of the Isle of Wight from the sea. He died on the 10th of December 1631, and was buried in the church of St Matthew, Friday Street, London. He had a family of ten sons and six daughters.

One of Sir Hugh's brothers was Sir Thomas Myddelton (c. 1550-1631), lord mayor of London, and another was William Myddelton (c. 1556-1621), poet and seaman, who died at Antwerp on the 27th of March 1621.

Sir Thomas was a member of parliament under Queen Elizabeth and was chosen lord mayor on the 29th of September 1613, the day fixed for the opening of the New River. Under James I. and Charles I. he represented the city of London in parliament, and he helped Rowland Heylyn to publish the first popular edition of the Bible in Welsh. He died on the 12th of August 1631. Sir Thomas's son and heir, Sir Thomas Myddelton (1586-1666), was a member of the Long Parliament, being an adherent of the popular party. After the outbreak of the Civil War he served in Shropshire and in north Wales, gaining a signal success over the royalists at Oswestry in July 1644, and another at Montgomery in the following September. In 1659, however, he joined the rising of the royalists under Sir George Booth, and in August of this year he was forced to surrender his residence, Chirk Castle. His eldest son, Thomas (d. 1663), was made a baronet in 1660, a dignity which became extinct when William the 4th baronet died in 1718.

nerve-substance being replaced by connective tissue. Myelitis may affect any portion of the spinal cord, and its symptoms and progress will vary accordingly. Its most frequent site is in the lower part, and its existence there is marked by the sudden or gradual occurrence of weakness of motor power in the legs (which tends to pass into complete paralysis), impairment or loss of sensibility in the parts implicated, nutritive changes affecting the skin and giving rise to bed-sores, together with bladder and bowel derangements. In the acute form, in which there is at first pain in the region of the spine and much constitutional disturbance, death may take place rapidly from extension of the disease to those portions of the cord connected with the muscles of respiration and the heart, from an acute bed-sore, which is very apt to form, or from some intercurrent disease. Recovery to a certain extent may, however, take place; or, again, the disease may pass into the chronic form. In the latter the progress is usually slow, the general health remaining tolerably good for a time, but gradually the strength fails, the patient becomes more helpless, and ultimately sinks exhausted or is cut off by some complication. The chief causes of myelitis are injuries or diseases affecting the spinal column, extension of inflammation from the membranes of the cord to its substance (see MENINGITIS), exposure to cold and damp, and occasionally some pre-existing constitutional morbid condition, such as syphilis or a fever. Any debilitating cause or excess in mode of life will act powerfully in predisposing to this malady. The disease is most common in adults. The treatment for myelitis in its acute stage is similar to that for spinal meningitis. When the disease is chronic the most that can be hoped for is the relief of symptoms by careful nursing and attention to the condition of the body and its functions. Good is sometimes derived from massage and the use of baths and douches to the spine.

MYERS, FREDERIC WILLIAM HENRY (1843-1901), English poet and essayist, son of Frederic Myers of Keswick-author of Lectures on Great Men (1856) and Catholic Thoughts (first collected 1873), a book marked by a most admirable prose style-was born at Keswick, Cumberland, on the 6th of February 1843, and educated at Cheltenham and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he won a long list of honours and in 1865 was appointed classical lecturer. He had no love for teaching, which he soon discontinued, but he took up his permanent abode at Cambridge in 1872, when he became a school inspector under the Education Department. Meanwhile he published, in 1867, an unsuccessful MYELAT, a division of the southern Shan States of Burma, essay for the Seatonian prize, a poem entitled St Paul, which met including sixteen states, none of any great size, with a total at the hands of the general public with a success that would be area of 3723 sq. m., and a population in 1901 of 119,415. difficult to explain, for it lacks sincerity and represents views The name properly means "the unoccupied country," but it which the writer rapidly outgrew. It was followed by small has been occupied for many centuries. All central Myelat and volumes of collected verses in 1870 and 1882: both are marked great parts of the northern and southern portions consist of by a flow of rhetorical ardour which culminates in a poem of rolling grassy downs quite denuded of jungle. It has a great real beauty, "The Renewal of Youth," in the 1882 collection. variey of different races, Taungthus and Danus being perhaps His best verse is in heroic couplets. Myers is more likely to the most numerous. They are all more or less hybrid races. The be remembered by his two volumes of Essays, Classical and chiefs of the Myelat are known by the Burmese title of gwegunh- Modern (1883). The essay on Virgil, by far the best thing he mu, i.e. chiefs paying the revenue in silver. The amount ever wrote, represents the matured enthusiasm of a student and paid by the chiefs to the British government is Rs. 99,567. a disciple to whom the exquisite artificiality and refined culture The largest state, Loi Lông, has an area of 1600 sq. m., a great of Virgil's method were profoundly congenial. Next to this in part of which is barren hills. The smallest, Nam Hkon, had no value is the carefully wrought essay on Ancient Greek Oracles more than 4 sq. m., and has been recently absorbed in a neigh- (this had first appeared in Hellenica). Scarcely less delicate bouring state. The majority of the states cover less than in phrasing and perception, if less penetrating in insight, is the 100 sq. m. Under British administration the chiefs have powers monograph on Wordsworth (1881) for the "English Men of of a magistrate of the second class. The chief cultivation Letters" series. In 1882, after several years of inquiry and besides rice is sugar-cane, and considerable quantities of crude discussion, Myers took the lead among a small band of explorers sugar are exported. There is a considerable potato cultivation, (including Henry Sidgwick and Richard Hodgson, Edmund which can be indefinitely extended when cheaper means of Gurney and F. Podmore), who founded the society for Psychical export are provided. Wheat also grows very well. Research. He continued for many years to be the mouthpiece of the society, a position for which his perfervidum ingenium. still more his abnormal fluency and alertness, admirably fitted him. He contributed greatly to the coherence of the society by steering a mid-course between extremes (the extreme sceptics on the one hand, and the enthusiastic spiritualists on the other), and by helping to sift and revise the cumbrous mass of

MYELITIS (from Gr. uveλós, marrow) a disease which by inflammation induces destructive changes in the tissues composing the spinal cord. In the acute variety the nerve clements in the affected part become disintegrated and softened, but repair may take place; in the chronic form the change is slower, and the diseased area tends to become denser (sclerosed), the