Captain O. C. Dietrichson (b. 1856), a third compatriot, and two Lapps. The expedition started in May 1888, proceeding from Leith to Iceland, and there joining a sealing-ship bound for the east coast of Greenland. On the 17th of July Nansen decided to leave the ship and force a way through the ice-belt to the land, about 10 m. distant, but the party encountered great difficulties owing to ice-pressures, went adrift with the ice, and only reached the land on the 29th, having been carried far to the south in the interval. They made their way north again, along the coast inside the drift ice, and on the 16th of August began the ascent of the inland ice. Suffering severely from storms, intense cold, and other hardships, they reached the highest point of the journey (8920 ft.) on the 5th of September, and at the end of the month struck the west coast at the Ameralik Fjord. On reaching the settlement of Godthaab it was found that the party must winter there, and Nansen used the opportunity to study the Eskimos and gather material for his book, Eskimo Life (English translation, London, 1893). The party returned home in May 1889, and Nansen's book, The First Crossing of Greenland (English translation, London, 1890), demonstrates the valuable scientific results of the journey. A report of the scientific results was published in Petermanns Mitteilungen (Gotha, 1892). On his return from Greenland Nansen accepted the curatorship of the Zootomic Museum of Christiania university. In September 1889 he married Eva, daughter of Professor Michael Sars of Christiania university, and a noted singer (d. 1907).

his party of the Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, and returned to Norway in his ship, the "Windward," reaching Vardö on the 13th of August. A week later the " Fram " also reached Norway in safety. She had drifted north after Nansen had left her, to 85° 57', and had ultimately returned by the west coast of Spitsbergen. An unprecedented welcome awaited Nansen. In England he gave the narrative of his journey at a great meeting in the Albert Hall, London, on the 8th of February 1897, and elsewhere. He received a special medal from the Royal Geographical Society, honorary degrees from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and a presentation of books (the " Challenger" Reports) from the British government, and similar honours were paid him in other countries. The English version of the narrative of the expedition is entitled Farthest North (London, 1897), and the scientific results are given in The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893–1896; Scientific Results (London, &c., 1900 sqq.).

In 1905, in connexion with the crisis between Norway and Sweden, which was followed by the separation of the kingdoms, Nansen for the first time actively intervened in politics. He issued a manifesto and many articles, in which he adopted an attitude briefly indicated by the last words of a short work published later in the year: "Any union in which the one people is restrained in exercising its freedom is and will remain a danger" (Norway and the Union with Sweden, London, 1905). On the establishment of the Norwegian monarchy Nansen was appointed minister to England (1906), and in the same year he In 1890 he propounded his scheme for a polar expedition was created G.C.V.O.; but in 1908 he retired from his post, before the Norwegian Geographical Society, and in 1892 he and became professor of oceanography in Christiania university. laid it before the Royal Geographical Society in London (see NANSEN, HANS (1598-1667), Danish statesman, son of the "How can the North Polar Region be crossed ?" Geogr. Journal, burgher Evert Nansen, was born at Flensburg on the 28th of vol. i.), by which time his preparations were well advanced. November 1598. He made several voyages to the White Sea His theory, that a drift-current sets across the polar regions and to places in northern Russia, and in 1621 entered the service from Bering Strait and the neighbourhood of the New Siberia of the Danish Icelandic Company, then in its prime. For Islands towards the east coast of Greenland, was based on a many years the whole trade of Iceland, which he frequently number of indications, notably the discovery (1884), on drift visited, passed through his hands, and he soon became equally ice off the south-west coast of Greenland, of relics of the American well known at Glückstadt, then the chief emporium of the north polar expedition in the ship "Jeannette," which sank | Iceland trade, and at Copenhagen. In February 1644, at the N.E. of the New Siberia Islands in 1881. His intention was express desire of King Christian IV., the Copenhagen burgesses therefore to get his vessel fixed in the ice to the north of Eastern elected him burgomaster. During his northern voyages he had Siberia and let her drift with it. His plan was adversely criticized learnt Russian, and was employed as interpreter at court when. by many Arctic authorities, but it succeeded. The Norwegian ever Muscovite embassies visited Copenhagen. His travels had parliament granted two-thirds of the expenses, and the rest was begotten in him a love of geography, and he published in 1633 obtained by subscription from King Oscar and private indi- a Kosmografi," previously revised by the astronomer Longoviduals. His ship, the " Fram" (i.e. " Forward "), was specially montanus. During the siege of Copenhagen by the Swedes in built of immense strength and peculiar form, being pointed at 1658 he came prominently forward. At the meeting between the bow and stern and having sloping sides, so that the ice-floes, | king and the citizens to arrange for the defence of the capital, pressing together, should tend, not to crush, but merely to slip Nansen urged the necessity of an obstinate defence. It was he beneath and lift her. She sailed from Christiania on the 24th of who on this occasion obtained privileges for the burgesses of June 1893. Otto Sverdrup was master; Sigurd Scott Hansen, Copenhagen which placed them on a footing of equality with a Norwegian naval lieutenant, was in charge of the astronomical the nobility; and he was the life and soul of the garrison till and meteorological observations; Henrik Greve Blessing was the arrival of the Dutch fleet practically saved the city. These doctor and botanist; and among the rest was Frederik Hjalmar eighteen months of storm and stress established his influence Johansen, lieutenant in the Norwegian army, who shipped as in the capital once for all and at the same time knitted him fireman. On the 22nd of September the "Fram" was made closely to Frederick III., who recognized in Nansen a man fast to a floe in 78° 50′ N., 133° 37′ E.; shortly afterwards she after his own heart, and made the great burgomaster his chief was frozen in, and the long drift began. She bore the pressure instrument in carrying through the anti-aristocratic Revolution of the ice perfectly. During the winter of 1894-1895 it was of 166a Nansen used all the arts of the agitator with decided that an expedition should be made northward over extraordinary energy and success. His greatest feat was the the ice on foot in the spring, and on the 14th of March 1895 impassioned speech by which, on October 8th, he induced the Nansen, being satisfied that the "Fram" would continue to burgesses to accede to the proposal of the magistracy of Copendrift safely, left her in 84° N., 101° 55′ E., and started northward hagen to offer Frederick III. the realm of Denmark as a purely accompanied by Johansen. On the 8th of April they turned hereditary kingdom. How far Nansen was content with the back from 86° 14′ N., the highest latitude then reached by man; result of the Revolution-absolute monarchy-it is impossible and they shaped their course for Franz Josef Land. They to say. It appears to be pretty certain that, at the beginning, suffered many hardships, including shortage of food, and were he did not want absolutism. Whether he subsequently regarded compelled to winter on Frederick Jackson Island (so named the victory of the monarchy and its corollary, the admittance by Nansen) in Franz Josef Land from the 26th of August 1895 of the middle classes to all offices and dignities, as a satisfactory to the 19th of May 1896. They were uncertain as to the locality, equivalent for his original demands; or whether he was so but, after having reached 80° N. on the south coast of the islands, overcome by royal favour as to sacrifice cheerfully the political they were travelling westward to reach Spitsbergen, when, on liberties of his country, can only be a matter for conjecture. the 17th of June 1896, they fell in with Frederick Jackson and After the Revolution Nansen continued in high honour, but

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-Oluf Nielsen, Kjöbenhavns Historie, iii. (Copenhagen, 1877); Julius Albert Fridericia, Adel svaeldens sidste Dage (Copenhagen, 1894); Danmarks Riges Historie, v. (Copenhagen, 1897-1905). (R. N. B.)

he chiefly occupied himself with commerce, and was less and less | collection of paintings, modern French masters being well consulted in purely political matters. He died on the 12th of represented; it also has a natural history museum, a large library November 1667. rich in manuscripts and a botanical garden to the east. The Pommeraye Passage; which connects streets on different levels and is built in stages connected by staircases, dates from 1843Between the Loire and the Erdre run the Cours St Pierre and the Cours St André, adorned at the two ends of the line by statues of Anne of Brittany and Arthur III., Bertrand du Guesclin and Olivier de Clisson, and separated by the Place Louis XVI., with a statue of that monarch on a lofty column. The Place Royale, to the west of the Erdre, the great meetingplace of the principal thoroughfares of the city, contains a monumental fountain with allegorical statues of Nantes and the Loire and its affluents. A flight of steps at the west end of the town leads up from the quay to the colossal cast-iron statue of St Anne, whence a splendid view may be obtained over the valley of the Loire. Several old houses of the 15th and 16th centuries, the fish market and the Salorges (a vast granite building now used as a bonded warehouse) are of interest. Nantes has two great hospitals-St Jacques on the left bank of the Loire, and the Hotel-Dieu in Gloriette Island. It is the seat of a bishopric and a court of assizes, and headquarters of the XI, army corps; it has tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a board of trade-arbitrators a chamber of commerce and a branch of the Bank of France. The educational institutions include lycées for both sexes, a training college for girls schools of medicine and pharmacy and law, a preparatory school to higher instruction, science and letters, schools of music, art and navigation, technical and commercial schools, and a school for deaf-mutes and the blind.

NANTERRE, a town of northern France, with a port on the Seine, in the department of Seine, at the foot of Mount Valerien, 8 m. N.W. of Paris on the railway to St Germain. Pop. (1906), town, 11,874; commune, 17,434. The principal manufactures are chemicals, tallow and aluminium; stone quarried in the vicinity; the town is noted also for its cakes. The combined prison and mendicity depôt for the department is a large institution, about 2 m. from the town. Nanterre (the ancient Nemplodurum or Nemetodurum) owes its origin to the shrine of Ste Geneviève (420–512), the patron-saint of Paris, whose name is still associated with various places in the town and district. The shrine is the object of a pilgrimage in September. NANTES, a city of western France, capital of the department of Loire-Inférieure, on the right bank of the Loire, 35 m. above its mouth, at the junction of the Orleans, Western and State railways, 55 m. W.S.W. of Angers by rail. In population (town, 118,244; commune, 133,247, in 1906) Nantes is the first city of Brittany. The Loire here divides into several branches forming islands over portions of which the city has spread. It receives on the left hand the Sèvre Nantaise, and on the right the Erdre, which forms the outlet of the canal between Nantes and Brest. The maritime port of Nantes is reached by way of the Loire and the ship canal between the island of Carnet and La Martinière (9 m.). Vessels drawing as much as 20 ft. 8 in., and at spring tides, 22 ft., can reach the port, which extends over a length of about 1 m. The outer port as far as the industrial suburb of Chantenay has a length of over half a mile. The principal quays extend along the right bank of the branch which flows past the town, and on the western shore of the island of Gloriette. Their total length used for trading purposes is 5 m., and warehouses cover an area of 17 acres. A slipway facilitates the repairing of ships. The river port occupies the St Félix and Madeleine branches, and has quays extending for half a mile. Finally, on the Erdre is a third port for inland navigation. The quays are bounded by railway lines along the right bank of the river, which the railway to St Nazaire follows. The older quarter of Nantes containing the more interesting buildings is situated to the east of the Erdre.

The cathedral, begun in 1434 in the Gothic style, was unfinished till the 19th century when the transept and choir were added. There are two interesting monuments in the transept-on the right Michel Colomb's tomb of Francis II., duke of Brittany, and his second wife Marguerite de Foix (1507), and on the left that of General Juchault de Lamoricière, a native of Nantes, by Paul Dubois (1879). Of the other churches the most interesting is St Nicolas, a modern building in the style of the 13th century, on the right bank of the Erdre. Between the cathedral and the Loire, from which it is separated only by the breadth of the quay, stands the castle of Nantes, founded in the 9th or 10th century. Rebuilt by Francis II. and the duchess Anne, it is flanked by huge towers and by a bastion erected by Philip Emmanuel duke of Mercœur in the time of the League. A fine façade in the Gothic style looks into the courtyard. From being the residence of the dukes of Brittany, the castle became a state prison in which Jean-François Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de Retz, Nicholas Fouquet, and Marie Louise of Naples, duchess of Berry, were at different times confined; it is now occupied as the artillery headquarters. The chapel in which the marriage of Louis XII. with Anne of Brittany was celebrated was destroyed by an explosion in 1800. The Exchange (containing the tribunal and chamber of commerce), the Grand Theatre, the Prefecture and the town hall are buildings of the last half of the 18th or early 19th century; the law courts date from the middle of the 19th century. Nantes has an archaeological collection in the Dobrée Museum, and in the museum of fine arts a splendid

Among the more important industries of Nantes are sugarrefining, flour-milling, rice-husking, the manufacture of oil, soap, flour pastes and biscuits, and the preparation of tinned provisions (sardines, vegetables, &c.); the manufacture of tin boxes, tiles, chemical manures, acid from chestnut bark, tobacco, leather, wood-pulp for paper, rope, boots and shoes, brushes and glass; saw-milling, shipbuilding, metal founding and the construction of engineering material; and wool and cottonspinning and the manufacture of cotton and other fabrics, hosiery and knitted goods. Coal and patent fuel (chiefly from Great Britain) are the most important imports; next come phosphates and pyrites; other imports are timber and pulp-wood. The principal exports are bunker-coal (to French colonies), pyrites, slate, hoops and provisions. In the ten years 18981907 the average annual value of the imports was £2,657,000; of the exports £795,000. In 1907 there entered from foreign countries 738 vessels (209 British) with tonnage of 584,850, and cleared 778 with 154,720 tons of cargo, and 458,538 tons of ballast. Reckoning ships carrying cargo only the figures for the first and last years of the decade 1898-1907 were: 1898, ships entered, French 209 (tonnage 75,249), foreign 250 (tonnage 154,936); ships cleared, French 173 (tonnage 32,591), foreign 97 (tonnage 27,836): 1907, ships entered, French 186 (tonnage 127,635), foreign 419 (tonnage 361,002); ships cleared, French 126 (tonnage 81,299), foreign 128 (tonnage 45,181).

Before the Roman occupation Nantes was the chief town of the Namnetes and consisted of Condovicnum, lying on the hills away from the river, and of Portus Namnetum, on the river. Under the Romans it became a great commercial and administrative centre, though its two parts did not coalesce till the 3rd or 4th century. In the middle of the 3rd century Christianity was introduced by St Clair. Clotaire I. got possession of the city in 560, and placed it under the government of St Félix the bishop, who executed enormous works to cause the Loire to flow under the walls of the castle. After being several times subdued by Charlemagne, Brittany revolted under his successors, and Nominoé, proclaimed king in 842, ordered the fortifications of Nantes to be razed because it had sided with Charles the Bald. The Normans held the town from 843 to 936. About this time began the rivalry between Nantes and Rennes, whose counts disputed the sovereignty of Brittany. Pierre de Dreux, declared duke of Brittany by Philip Augustus, made Nantes his capital,

surrounded it with fortifications and defended it valiantly against John of England. During the Breton wars of succession Nantes took part first with Jean de Montfort, but afterwards with Charles of Blois, and did not open its gates to Monfort till his success was assured and his English allies had retired. In 1560 Francis II. granted Nantes a communal constitution. In the course of the 15th and 16th centuries the city suffered from several epidemics. Averse to Protestantism, it joined the League along with the duke of Mercœur, governor of Brittany, who helped to raise the country into an independent duchy; and it was not till 1598 that it opened its gates to Henry IV., who here signed on the and of May of that year the famous Edict of Nantes which until its revocation by Louis XIV. in 1685 was the charter of Huguenot liberties in France. It was at Nantes that Henry de Talleyrand, count of Chalais, was punished in 1626 for plotting against Richelieu, that Fouquet was arrested in 1661, and that the Cellamare conspirators were executed under the regent Philip of Orleans. Having warmly embraced the cause of the Revolution in 1789, the city was in 1793 treated with extreme rigour by J. B. Carrier, envoy of the Committee of Public Safety, whose noyades or wholesale drownings of prisoners became notorious. Nantes on more than one occasion vigorously resisted the Vendeans. It was here that the duchess of Berry was arrested in 1832 while trying to stir up La Vendée against Louis Philippe.

In many ways the terms of the edict were very generous to the Protestants, but it must be remembered that the liberty to hold public worship was made the exception and not the rule; this was prohibited except in certain specified cases, and in this respect they were less favourably treated than they were under the arrangement made in 1576.

The edict was greatly disliked by the Roman Catholic clergy and their friends, and a few changes were made to conciliate them. The parlement of Paris shared this dislike, and succeeded in reducing the number of Protestant members of the chambre de l'édit from six to one. Then cajoled and threatened by Henry, the parlement registered the edict on the 25th of February 1599. After similar trouble it was also registered by the provincial parlements, the last to take this step being the parlement of Rouen, which delayed the registration until 1609.

The strong political position secured to the French Protestants by the edict of Nantes was very objectionable, not only to the ardent Roman Catholics, but also to more moderate persons, and the payments made to their ministers by the state were viewed with increasing dislike. Thus about 1660 a strong movement began for its repeal, and this had great influence with the king. One after another proclamations and declarations were issued which deprived the Protestants of their rights under the edict; their position was rendered intolerable by a series of persecutions which culminated in the dragonnades, and at length on the 18th of October 1685 Louis revoked the edict, thus depriving the Protestants in France of all civil and religious liberty. This gave a new impetus to the emigration of the Huguenots, which had been going on for some years, and England, Holland and Brandenburg received numbers of thrifty and industrious French families.

NANTES, EDICT OF, the law promulgated in April 1598 by which the French king, Henry IV., gave religious liberty to his Protestant subjects, the Huguenots. The story of the struggle for the edict is part of the history of France, and during the thirty-five years of civil war which preceded its grant, many treaties and other arrangements had been made between the contending religious parties, but none of these had been satisfactory or lasting. The elation of the Protestants at the accession of Henry IV. in 1589 was followed by deep depression, when it was found that not only did he adopt the Roman Catholic faith, but that his efforts to redress their grievances were singularly ineffectual. In 1594 they took determined measures to protect themselves; in 1597, the war with Spain being practically over, long negotiations took place between the king and their repre-historique et littéraire of the Société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme sentatives, prominent among whom was the historian J. A. de Thou, and at last the edict was drawn up. It consisted of 95 general articles, which were signed by Henry at Nantes on the 13th of April 1598, and of 56 particular ones, signed on the 2nd of May. There was also some supplementary matter.

The main provisions of the edict of Nantes may be briefly summarized under six heads: (1) It gave liberty of conscience to the Protestants throughout the whole of France. (2) It gave to the Protestants the right of holding public worship in those places where they had held it in the year 1576 and in the earlier part of 1577; also in places where this freedom had been granted by the edict of Poitiers (1577) and the treaties of Nérac (1579) and of Félix (1580). The Protestants could also worship in two towns in each bailliage and sénéchausée. The greater nobles could hold Protestant services in their houses; the lesser nobles could do the same, but only for gatherings of not more than thirty people. Regarding Paris, the Protestants could conduct worship within five leagues of the city; previously this prohibition had extended to a distance of ten leagues. (3) Full civil rights were granted to the Protestants. They could trade freely, inherit property and enter the universities, colleges and schools. All official positions were open to them. (4) To deal with disputes arising out of the edict a chamber was established in the parlement of Paris (le chambre de l'édit). This was to be composed of ten Roman Catholic, and of six Protestant members. Chambers for the same purpose, but consisting of Protestants and Roman Catholics in equal numbers, were established in connexion with the provincial parlements. (5) The Protestant pastors were to be paid by the state and to be freed from certain burdens, their position being made practically equal to that of the Roman Catholic clergy. (6) A hundred places of safety were given to the Protestants for eight years, the expenses of garrisoning them being undertaken by the king.

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The history of the French Protestants, to which the edict of Nantes belongs, is dealt with in the articles FRANCE: History,and HUGUENOTS. For further details about the edict see the papers and documents N. A. F. Puaux, Histoire du Protestantisme français (Paris, 1894); published as Le Troisième centenaire de l'édii de Nantes (1898); H. M. Baird, The Huguenots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (London, 1895); C. Benoist, La Condition des Protestants sous le Edit de Nantes devant le parlement de Paris (1899); and the Bulletin régime de l'édit de Nantes et après sa révocation (Paris, 1900); A. Lods, Français.

NANTEUIL, ROBERT (1623-1678), French line-engraver, was born about 1623, or, as other authorities state, in 1630, the son of a merchant of Reims. Having received an excellent classical education, he studied engraving under his brother-inlaw, Nicholas Regnesson; and, his crayon portraits having attracted attention, he was pensioned by Louis XIV. and appointed designer and engraver of the cabinet to that monarch. It was mainly due to his influence that the king granted the edict of 1660, dated from St Jean de Luz, by which engraving was pronounced free and distinct from the mechanical arts, and its practitioners were declared entitled to the privileges of other artists. He died at Paris in 1678. The plates of Nanteuil, several of them approaching the scale of life, number about three hundred. In his early practice he imitated the technique of his predecessors, working with straight lines, strengthened, but not crossed, in the shadows, in the style of Claude Mellan, and in other prints cross-hatching like Regnesson, or stippling in the manner of Jean Boulanger; but he gradually asserted his full individuality, modelling the faces of his portraits with the utmost precision and completeness, and employing various methods of touch for the draperies and other parts of his plates. Among the finest works of his fully developed period may be named the portraits of Pomponne de Bellièvre, Gilles Ménage, Jean Loret, the duc de la Meilleraye and the duchess de Nemours. A list of his works will be found in Dumesnil's Le Peintre-graveur français, vol. iv.

NANTICOKE, a borough of Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on the North Branch of the Susquehanna river, opposite West Nanticoke, and 8 m. S.W. of Wilkes-Barre. Pop. (1880), 3884; (1890), 10,044; (1900), 12,116, of whom 5055 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 18,877. It is served by the Pennsylvania, the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western and the

Central of New Jersey railways, and by an interurban electric | collection of relics. Nantucket was the home of Benjamin line. Nanticoke is situated in the anthracite coal region, is surrounded by mines, and its industries consist chiefly in mining and shipping coal; it also has various manufactures, and in 1905 the factory product was valued at $358,091. Nanticoke was laid out in 1793, and was incorporated as a borough in 1874. The name is that of an Algonquian tribe of Indians, conspicuous for their dark complexion, who originally lived in Maryland, were conquered by the Iroquois in 1678 and subsequently scattered; the main body removed to lands along the eastern branch of the Susquehanna, where some of them became merged with the Iroquois, and others removed to the Ohio and became merged with the Delaware.

NANTWICH, a market town in the Crewe parliamentary | short. The word nap also means a short sleep or doze (O. Eng. division of Cheshire, England, 161 m. N.W. of London, on the hnappian). In "napkin," a square of damask or other linen, London & North-Western and Great Western railways. Pop. used for wiping the hands and lips or for protecting the clothes of urban district (1901) 7722. It lies on the river Weaver, in the at meals, the second part is a common English suffix, sometimes upper part of its flat, open valley. The church of St Mary and of diminutive force, and the first is from "nape," 1 Low Lat. St Nicholas is a cruciform building in red sandstone, of the napa or nappa, a corrupt form of mappa, table-cloth. Nape still Decorated and Perpendicular periods, with a central octagonal survives in "napery," a name for household linen in general. tower. The fine old carved stalls are said to have belonged to NAPHTALI, in the Bible, the name of an Israelite tribe, the Vale Royal Abbey, near Winsford in this county. Nantwich re- son" of Jacob by Bilhah, Rachel's maid, and the uterine tains not a few old timbered houses of the 16th and 17th centuries, brother of Dan (Gen. xxx. 8). It lay to the south of Dan in the but the town as a whole is modern in appearance. The grammar eastern half of upper Galilee (Josh. xix. 32-39), a fertile mountainschool was founded in 1611. The salt industry, still the staple of ous district (cf. Gen. xlix. 21; Deut. xxxiii. 23), open to the several towns lower down the vale of the Weaver, was so surrounding influences of Phoenicia and Aram. Apart from its important here in the time of Henry VIII. that there were three share in the war against Sisera (Judg. iv. seq., see DEBORAH), hundred salt-works. Though this industry has lapsed, there are little is known of it. It evidently suffered in the bloody conflicts brine baths, much used in cases of rheumatism, gout and general of Damascus with Israel (1 Kings xv. 20), and was depopulated debility, and the former private mansion of Shrewbridge Hall is by Tiglath-Pileser IV. (2 Kings xv. 29; Isa. ix. 1). Naphtali and converted into a hotel with a spa. Nantwich has tanneries, a Dan are "brothers," perhaps partly on geographical grounds, manufacture of boots and shoes, and clothing factories; and but Dan also had a seat in the south (south-west of Ephraim), corn-milling and iron-founding are carried on. The town is one and the name of the "mother" Bilhah is apparently connected of the best hunting centres in the county, being within reach with Bilhan, an Edomite and also a Benjamite name (Gen. of several meets. xxxvi. 27; 1 Chron. vii. 10).

From the traces of a Roman road between Nantwich and Middlewich, and the various Roman remains that have been found in the neighbourhood, it has been conjectured that Nantwich was a salttown in Roman times, but of this there is no conclusive evidence. The Domesday Survey contains a long account of the laws, customs and values of the salt-works at that period, which were by far the most profitable in Cheshire. The salt-houses were divided between the king, the earl of Chester and certain resident freemen of the neighbourhood. The name of the town appears variously as Wych Manbank, Wie Malban, Nantwich, Lache Mauban, Wysmanban, Wiens Malbanus, Namptewiche. About the year 1070 William Malbedeng or Malbank was created baron of Nantwich, which barony he held of the earl of Chester. In the 13th century the barony fell to three daughters and co-heiresses, and further subdivisions followed. This probably accounts for the lack of privileges belonging to Nantwich as a corporate town. The only town charter is one of 15671568, in which Queen Elizabeth confirms an ancient privilege of the burgesses that they should not be upon assizes or juries with strangers, relating to matters outside the town. It is stated in the charter that the right to this privilege had been proved by an inguisition taken in the 14th century, and had then already been held from time immemorial. There was a gild merchant and also a town bailiff, but the latter office was of little real significance and was soon dropped. There is documentary evidence of a castle at Nantwich in the 13th century. There is a weekly market on Saturday, held by prescription. In 1283 a three-days' fair to be held at the feast of St Bartholomew was granted to Robert Burnell, bishop of Bath and Wells (then holder of a share of the barony of Nantwich). This is the "Old Fair" or Great Fair now held on the 4th of September. Earl Cholmondeley received a grant of two fairs in 1723. Fairs are now held on the first Thursday in April, June, September and December, and a cheese fair on the first Thursday in each month except January. The salt trade declined altogether in the 18th century, with the exception of one salt-works, which was kept open until 1856. There was a shoe trade in the town as early as the 17th century, and gloves were made from the end of the 16th century until about 1863. Weaving and stocking trades also flourished in the 18th century. The one corn-mill of Nantwich was converted into a cotton factory in 1789, but was closed in 1874.

"

See James Hall, A History of Nantwich or Wich Milbank (1883). NAOROJI, DADABHAI (1825- ), Indian politician, was born at Nasik on the 4th of September 1825, the son of a Parsi priest. During a long and active life, he played many parts: professor of mathematics at the Elphinstone college (1854); founder of the Rast Goftar newspaper; partner in a Parsi business firm in London (1855); prime minister of Baroda (1874); member of the Bombay legislative council (1885); M.P. for Central Finsbury (1892-1895), being the first Indian to be elected to the House of Commons; three times president of the Indian National Congress. Many of his numerous writings are collected in Poverty and Un-British Rule in India (1901).

NAP, the pile on cloth, the surface of short fibres raised by special processes, differing with the various fabrics, and then smoothed and cut. Formerly the word was applied to the roughness on textiles before shearing. "Nap" in this sense appears in many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Noppe, Dutch nop, Nor. napp; the verbal form is noppen or nappen, to trim, cut

For the view connecting Naphtali (perhaps a geographical rather than a tribal term), or rather its Israelite inhabitants, with the south see the full discussion by H. W. Hogg, Ency. Bib. iii. col. 3332 sqq. with references.

NAPHTHA, a word originally applied to the more fluid kinds of petroleum, issuing from the ground in the Baku district of Russia and in Persia. It is the váp0a of Dioscorides, and the naphtha, or bitumen liquidum candidum of Pliny. By the alchemists the word was used principally to distinguish various highly volatile, mobile and inflammable liquids, such as the ethers, sulphuric ether and acetic ether having been known respectively as naphtha sulphurici and naphtha aceti.

The term is now seldom used, either in commerce or in science, without a distinctive prefix, and we thus,have the following:1. Coal-tar Naphtha.-A volatile commercial product obtained by the distillation of coal-tar (see COAL-TAR).

2. Shale Naphtha.-Obtained by distillation from the oil produced by the destructive distillation of bituminous shale (see PARAFFIN).

3. Petroleum Naphtha.-A name sometimes given (e.g. in the United States) to a portion of the more volatile hydrocarbons distilled from petroleum (see PETROLEUM).

4. Wood Naphtha.-Methyl alcohol (q.v.).

5. Bone Naphtha.-Known also as bone oil or Dippel's oil. A volatile product of offensive odour obtained in the carbonization of bones for the manufacture of animal charcoal. 6. Caoutchouc Naphtha.-A volatile product obtained by the destructive distillation of rubber. (B.R.)

NAPHTHALENE, C1oHs, a hydrocarbon discovered in the "carbolic" and "heavy oil" fractions of the coal-tar distillate (see COAL-TAR) in 1819 by A. Garden. It is a product of the action of heat on many organic compounds, being formed when the vapours of ether, camphor, acetic acid, ethylene, acetylene, &c., are passed through a red-hot tube (M. Berthelot, Jahresb., 1851), or when petroleum is led through a red-hot tube packed with charcoal (A. Letny, Ber., 1878, 11, p. 1210). It may be synthesized by passing the vapour of phenyl butylene bromide over heated soda lime (B. Aronheim, Ann., 1874, 171, p. 219); and by the action of ortho-xylylene bromide on sodium ethane tetracarboxylic ester, the resulting tetra-hydronaphthalene tetracarboxylic ester being hydrolysed and heated, when it yields hydronaphthalene dicarboxylic acid, the silver salt of which decomposes on distillation into naphthalene and other products (A. v. Baeyer and W. H. Perkin, junr., Ber., 1884, 17, p. 451):-CH2-C(CO2R):

CH1<

CH2Br+ Na C(CO2R)2
CH,BrNa-Ċ(CO2R),

> CH.<CH,Č(CO,R)

↓ CH.C(CO,H).

CH, CH-CO2HCHCH2-Č(CO2H)1

1" Nape," the back of the neck, is of doubtful origin; it may be

a variant of “knap," a knob or protuberance.