he was assiduously carrying on his studies in mathematics and
oriental languages, but wrote little until 1847, when he published
anonymously a History of the Hebrew Monarchy, intended to
introduce the results of German investigation in this department
of Biblical criticism. In 1849 appeared The Soul, her Sorrows
and Aspirations, and in 1850, Phases of Faith, or Passages from
the History of my Creed-the former a tender but searching
analysis of the relations of the spirit of man with the Creator;
the latter a religious autobiography detailing the author's passage
from Calvinism to pure theism. It is on these two books that
Professor Newman's celebrity will principally rest; having in
both to describe his personal experience, his intense earnestness
has kept him free from the eccentricity which marred most of his
other writings, excepting his contributions to mathematical
research and oriental philology. There was, indeed, scarcely
a crotchet, except "spiritualism," of which he was not at one
time or another the advocate. His versatility was amazing: he
wrote on logic, political economy, English reforms, Austrian
politics, Roman history, diet, grammar, the most abstruse
departments of mathematics, Arabic, the emendation of Greek
texts, and languages as out of the way as the Berber and as
obsolete as the dialect of the Iguvine inscriptions. In treating all
these subjects he showed signal ability, but, wherever the theme
allowed, an incurable crotchetiness; and in his numerous metrical
translations from the classics, especially his version of the Iliad,
he betrayed an insensibility to the ridiculous which would almost
have justified the irreverent criticism of Matthew Arnold, had
this been conveyed in more seemly fashion. His miscellaneous
essays, some of much value, were collected in several volumes
before his death: his last publication, Contributions chiefly to
the Early History of Cardinal Newman (1891), was generally
condemned as deficient in fraternal feeling. He was far from
possessing his brother's subtlety of reasoning, but he impresses
by a transparent sincerity and singleness of mind not always dis-
played by the more celebrated writer; his style is too individual
to be taken as a model, but is admirable for its simplicity and
clearness. His character is vividly drawn by Carlyle in his life
of Sterling, of whose son Newman was guardian: “a man of
fine attainments, of the sharpest-cutting and most restlessly
advancing intellect and of the mildest pious enthusiasm."
It was his great misfortune that this enthusiasm should have been
correlated, as is not unfrequently the case, with an entire in-
sensibility to the humorous side of things. After his retirement
from University College, Professor Newman continued to live
for some years in London, subsequently removing to Clifton, and
eventually to Weston-super-Mare, where he died on the 7th of
October 1897. He had been blind for five years before his death,
but retained his faculties to the last. He was twice married.
See T. G. Sieveking, Memoir and Letters of Francis W. Newman
(1909).
(R. G.)
NEWMAN, JOHN HENRY (1801-1890), English Cardinal,
was born in London on the 21st of February 1801, the eldest
son of John Newman, banker, of the firm of Ramsbottom,
Newman and Co. The family was understood to be of Dutch
extraction, and the name itself, spelt "Newmann " in an earlier
generation, further suggests Hebrew origin. His mother,
Jemima Fourdrinier, was of a Huguenot family, long established
in London as engravers and paper manufacturers. John Henry
was the eldest of six children. The second son, Charles Robert,
a man of ability but of impracticable temper, a professed atheist
and a recluse, died in 1884. The youngest son, Francis William
(q.v.), was for many years professor of Latin in University College,
London. Two of the three daughters, Harriett Elizabeth and
Jemima Charlotte, married brothers, Thomas and John Mozley;
ind Anne Mozley, a daughter of the latter, edited in 1892 New-
man's Anglican Life and Correspondence, having been entrusted
by him in 1885 with an autobiography written in the third
person to form the basis of a narrative of the first thirty years
of his life. The third daughter, Mary Sophia, died unmarried in
1828.

by diligence and good conduct, as also by a certain shyness and aloofness, taking no part in the school games. He speaks of himself as having been" very superstitious "in these early years. He took great delight in reading the Bible, and also the novels of Scott, then in course of publication. At the age of fifteen, during his last year at school, he was "converted," an incident that throughout life remained to him "more certain than that he had hands or feet." It was in the autumn of 1816 that he thus fell under the influence of a definite creed, and received into his intellect impressions of dogma never afterwards effaced. The tone of his mind was at this date evangelical and Calvinistic, and he held that the pope was anti-Christ. Matriculating at Trinity College, Oxford, 14th December 1816, he went into residence there in June the following year, and in 1818 he gained a scholarship of £60, tenable for nine years. But for this he would have been unable to remain at the university, as in 1819 his father's bank suspended payment. In that year his name was entered at Lincoln's Inn. Anxiety to do well in the final schools produced the opposite result; he broke down in the examination, and so graduated with third-class honours in 1821. Desiring to remain in Oxford, he took private pupils and read for a fellowship at Oriel, then "the acknowledged centre of Oxford intellectualism." To his intense relief and delight he was elected on the 12th of April 1822. E. B. Pusey was elected a fellow of the same society in 1823.

On Trinity Sunday, 13th June 1824, Newman was ordained, and became, at Pusey's suggestion, curate of St Clement's, Oxford. Here for two years he was busily engaged in parochial work, but he found time to write articles on "Apollonius of Tyana," on "Cicero " and on "Miracles " for the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana. In 1825, at Whately's request, he became vice-principal of St Alban's Hall, but this post he held for one year only. To his association with Whately at this time he attributed much of his "mental improvement" and a partial conquest of his shyness. He assisted Whately in his popular work on logic, and from him he gained his first definite idea of the Christian Church. He broke with him in 1827 on the occasion of the re-election of Peel for the University, Newman opposing this on personal grounds. In 1826 he became tutor of Oriel, and the same year R. H. Froude, described by Newman as one of the acutest, cleverest and deepest men" he ever met, was elected fellow. The two formed a high ideal of the tutorial office as clerical and pastoral rather than secular. In 1827 he was a preacher at Whitehall. The year following Newman supported and secured the election of Hawkins as provost of Oriel in preference to Keble, a choice which he later defended or apologized for as having in effect produced the Oxford Movement with all its consequences. In the same year he was appointed vicar of St Mary's, to which the chapelry of Littlemore was attached, and Pusey was made regius professor of Hebrew. At this date, though still nominally associated with the Evangelicals, Newman's views were gradually assuming a higher ecclesiastical tone, and while local secretary of the Church Missionary Society he circulated an anonymous letter suggesting a method by which Churchmen might practically oust Nonconformists from all control of the society. This resulted in his being dismissed from the post, 8th March 1830; and three months later he withdrew from the Bible Society, thus completing his severance from the Low Church party. In 1831-1832 he was select preacher before the University. In 1832, his difference with Hawkins as to the "substantially religious nature" of a college tutorship becoming acute, he resigned that post, and in December went with R. H. Froude, on account of the latter's health, for a tour in South Europe. On board the mail steamship " Hermes they visited Gibraltar, Malta and the Ionian Islands, and subsequently Sicily, Naples and Rome, where Newman made the acquaintance of Dr Wiseman. In a letter home he described Rome as "the most wonderful place on earth," but the Roman Catholic religion as "polytheistic, degrading and idolatrous." It was during the course of this tour that he wrote most of the short poems which At the age of seven Newman was sent to a private school a year later were printed in the Lyra Apostolica. From Rome conducted by Dr Nicholas at Ealing, where he was distinguished | Newman returned to Sicily alone, and was dangerously ill with

519

later, in a letter to Sir William Cope, admitted to have been | of doubts as to the thoroughness of his knowledge of history largely feigned-Newman published in bi-monthly parts his Apologia pro vita sua, a religious autobiography of unsurpassed interest, the simple confidential tone of which "revolutionized the popular estimate of its author," establishing the strength and sincerity of the convictions which had led him into the Roman Catholic Church. Kingsley's accusation indeed, in so far as it concerned the Roman clergy generally, was not precisely dealt with; only a passing sentence, in an appendix on lying and equivocation, maintained that English Catholic priests are as truthful as English Catholic laymen; but of the author's own personal rectitude no room for doubt was left.

In 1870 he put forth his Grammar of Assent, the most closely reasoned of his works, in which the case for religious belief is maintained by arguments differing somewhat from those commonly used by Roman Catholic theologians; and in 1877, in the republication of his Anglican works, he added to the two volumes containing his defence of the via media a long preface and numerous notes in which he criticized and replied to sundry anti-Catholic arguments of his own in the original issues. the time of the Vatican Council (1869-1870) he was known At to be opposed to the definition of Papal infallibility, and in a private letter to his bishop (Ullathorne), surreptitiously published, he denounced the “insolent and aggressive faction" that had pushed the matter forward. But he made no sign of disapproval when the doctrine was defined, and subsequently, in a letter nominally addressed to the duke of Norfolk on the occasion of Mr Gladstone's accusing the Roman Church of having " equally repudiated modern thought and ancient history," Newman affirmed that he had always believed the doctrine, and had only feared the deterrent effect of its definition on conversions on account of acknowledged historical difficulties. In this letter, and especially in the postscript to the second edition of it, Newman finally silenced all cavillers as to his not being really at ease within the Roman Church. In 1878 his old college (Trnity), to his great delight, elected him an honorary fellow, and he revisited Oxford after an interval of thirty-two years. At the same date died Pope Pius IX., who had long mistrusted him; and Leo XIII. was encouraged by the duke of Norfolk and other distinguished Roman Catholic laymen to make Nevman a cardinal, the distinction being a marked one, because he was a simple priest and not resident in Rome. The offer was made in February 1879, and the announcement of it was recaved with universal applause throughout the English-speaking word. The 44 creation took place on 12th May, with the title of St George in Velabro, Newman taking occasion while in Rone to insist on the lifelong consistency of his opposition to liberalism in religion." After an illness that excited apprehension he returned to England, and thenceforward resided at the Oratory until his death, 11th August 1890, making occasional visit to London, and chiefly to his old friend, R. W. Church, dear of St Paul's, who as proctor had vetoed the condemnation of îract go in 1841. As cardinal Newman published nothing beyond a preface to a work by A. W. Hutton on the Anglican Minstry (1879) and an article on Biblical criticism in the Nineteenk Century (February 1884).

Newman's influence as controversialist and preacher (i.e. as reacer of his written sermons, for he was never a speaker) was very great. For the Roman Church his conversion secured great prestige and the dissipation of many prejudices. Within it his nfluence was mainly in the direction of a broader spirit and of a recognition of the important part played by development bot in doctrine and in Church government. And although he never called himself a mystic, he showed that in his judgment spirtual truth is apprehended by direct intuition, as an antecedent necessity to the professedly purely rational basis of the Ronan Catholic creed. Within the Anglican Church, and even within the more strictly Protestant Churches, his influence was grater, but in a different direction, viz. in showing the necessity of dogma and the indispensableness of the austere, ascetic, chistened and graver side of the Christian religion. If his teaching as to the Church was less widely followed, it was because

and as to his freedom from bias as a critic. Some hundreds of clergymen, influenced by the movement of which for ten or twelve years he was the acknowledged leader, made their submission to the Church of Rome; but a very much larger number, belief in the Church involves belief in the pope. The natural who also came under its influence, failed to learn from him that tendency of his mind is often (and correctly) spoken of as sceptical. He held that, apart from an interior and unreasoned conviction, there is no cogent proof of the existence of God; and in Tract 85 he dealt with the difficulties of the Creed and of the canon of mountable unless overridden by the authority of an infallible Church. In his own case these views did not lead to scepticism, Scripture, with the apparent implication that they are insurviction; and in writing Tract 85 his only doubt would have been because he had always possessed the necessary interior conthe world is concerned, his teaching amounts to this: that the where the true Church is to be found. But, so far as the rest of man who has not this interior conviction has no choice but to remain an agnostic, while the man who has it is bound sooner or later to become a Roman Catholic.

in the significance of his own career; and his character may be He was a man of magnetic personality, with an intense belief described as feminine, both in its strength and in its weakness. As a poet he had inspiration and genuine power. Some of his short and earlier poems, in spite of a characteristic element of fierceness and intolerance in one or two cases, are described by R. H. Hutton as " unequalled for grandeur of outline, purity of taste and radiance of total effect "; while his latest and longest, "The Dream of Gerontius," is generally recognized as made since the time of Dante. the happiest effort to represent the unseen world that has been Catholic days, is fresh and vigorous, and is attractive to many who do not sympathize with his conclusions, from the apparent His prose style, especially in his candour with which difficulties are admitted and grappled with, while in his private correspondence there is a charm that places it sensitive and self-conscious to be altogether successful as a at the head of that branch of English literature. He was too but he had many of the gifts that go to make a first-rate journalist, leader of men, and too impetuous to take part in public affairs; for," with all his love for and his profound study of antiquity, there was something about him that was conspicuously modern." Nevertheless, with the scientific and critical literature of the years 1850-1890 he was barely acquainted, and he knew no German. There are a few passages in his writings in which he admitted that there was "something true and divinely revealed seems to show some sympathy with a broader theology. Thus he in every religion." He held that "freedom from symbols and articles is abstractedly the highest state of Christian communion," but was "the peculiar privilege of the primitive Church." And even in 1877 he allowed that "in a religion that embraces large and separate classes of adherents there always is of necessity to a certain extent an exoteric and an esoteric doctrine." These admissions, together with his elucidation of the idea of doctrinal development and his cloquent assertion of the supremacy of conscience, have led some critics to hold that, in spite of all his protests to the contrary, he was himself somewhat of a Liberal. accepted every item of the Roman Catholic creed, even going But it is certain that he explained to his own satisfaction and beyond it, as in holding the pope to be infallible in canonization; and while expressing his preference for English as compared with Italian devotional forms, he was himself one of the first to introduce such into England, together with the ritual peculiarities of the local Roman Church. The motto that he adopted for lequitur, and that which he directed to be engraved on his use with the arms emblazoned for him as cardinal-Cor ad cor memorial tablet at Edgbaston-Ex umbris et imaginibus in of the secret of a life which, both to contemporaries and to veritatem-together seem to disclose as much as can be disclosed later students, has been one of almost fascinating interest, at once devout and inquiring, affectionate and yet sternly self-restrained.

There is at Oxford a bust of Newman by Woolner. His | portrait by Ouless is at the Birmingham Oratory, and his portrait by Millais is in the possession of the duke of Norfolk, a replica being at the London Oratory. Outside the latter building, and facing the Brompton Road, there is a marble statue of Newman as cardinal. (A. W. HU.)

The chief authorities for Newman's life are his Apologia and the Lellers and Correspondence, edited by Miss Mozley, above referred to. The letters and memoranda dealing with the years 1845-1890 were entrusted by Newman to the Rev. W. Neville as literary executor. Works by R. W. Church, J. B. Mozley, T. Mozley and Wilfrid Ward should also be consulted, as well as an appreciation by R. H. Hutton. Adverse criticism will be found in the writings of Dr E. A. Abbott (e.g. The Anglican Career of Cardinal Newman, 2 vols. London, 1892), while some minor traits and foibles were noted by A. W. Hutton in the Expositor (September, October and November 1890). See also P. Thureau-Dangin, La Renaissance catholique: Newman et le mouvement d'Oxford Paris, 1899); Lucie Félix-Faure, Newman, sa vie et ses œuvres (ib. 1901); MacRae, Die religiöse Gewissheit bei John Henry Newman (Jena, 1898); Grappe, John Henry Newman. Essai de psychologie religieuse (Paris, 1902); William Barry, Newman (London, 1903); Lady Blennerhassett, J. H. Kardinal Newman (Berlin, 1904); Brémond, Newman. Le développement du dogme chrétien (Paris, 1905: 4th ed., 1906), Psychologie de la foi (ib. 1906), and Essai de biographie psychologique (ib. 1906).

N.E. of New Guinea in the Pacific Ocean, about 3° S., 152° E., in the administration of German New Guinea. It is about 240 m. long but seldom over 15 wide. From St George's Channel at the south, separating it from New Pomerania, it sweeps north and then north-west, being divided from New Hanover at the other extremity by Byron Strait. It is mountainous throughout, having an extreme elevation of about 6500 ft. in the north, where the prevalent formations are sandstone and limestone, whereas in the south they are granite, porphyry and basalt. There is a white population of about forty; the natives are Papuans of a less fine type than the natives of New Pomerania, and rather resemble the Solomon islanders. Jacob Lemaire and Willem Cornelis Schouten sighted New Mecklenburg in 1616, but it was only recognized as part of an island separate from New Guinea by William Dampier in 1700, and as separate from New Pomerania in 1767 by Philip Carteret.

NEW MEXICO, a south-western state of the United States,

lying between 31° 20' and 37° N. lat., and 103° and 109° 2′ W. long. It is bounded N. by Colorado; E. by Oklahoma and Texas; S. by Texas and Mexico; and W. by Arizona. It has an extreme length N. and S. of 400 m., an extreme width E. and W. of 358 m., and a total area of 122,634 sq. m., of which 131

sq. m. are water-surface.

Physiography.-New Mexico is a region of mountains and high plateaus. Broadly speaking, its surface is a vast tableland tilted toward the S. and E., and broken by parallel ranges of mountains whose trend is most frequently N. and S. About midway between the western boundary and the Rio Grande passes the Continental Divide, which separates the waters entering the Gulf of Mexico from those that flow into the Gulf of California. In the region E. of the Continental Divide, which embraces about three-fourths of the surface of the state, the general south-eastern slope is very marked. Thus, at Santa Fé, in the north central part of the state, the elevation is 7013 ft.; at Raton, in the N.E., 6400 ft.; at Las Cruces, in the extreme S.. 3570 ft.; and at Red Bluff, in the extreme S.E., 2876 ft.

NEWMARCH, WILLIAM (1820-1882), English economist and statistician, was born at Thirsk, Yorkshire, on the 28th of January 1820. He settled in London in 1846 as an official of the Agra Bank, but resigned in 1851 on his appointment as secretary of the Globe Insurance Company. This post he held till 1862, when he became chief officer in the banking-house of Glyn, Mills & Co., in whose employ he remained until 1881. Notwithstanding the continuous pressure of an active business life he found time to contribute largely many valuable articles to the magazines and newspapers, and took an active part in the proceedings of the Royal Statistical Society (of which he was one of the honorary secretaries, editor of its journal, and in 1869-1871 president) and the Political Economy Club. He was also elected a fellow of the Royal Society. His extensive knowledge of banking was displayed in the evidence which he gave before the select committee on the Bank Acts in 1857. He collaborated with Thomas Tooke in the two final volumes of his History of Prices and was responsible for the greater part of the work in those volumes. For nineteen years he wrote an admirable survey of the commercial history of the year in the Economist. He died at Torquay on the 23rd of March 1882. After his death his friends founded, in perpetuation of his memory, a Newmarch Lectureship in economic science and statistics at University College, London. NEWMARKET, a market town in the Newmarket parliamentary division of Cambridgeshire, England, 13 m. E. by N. of Cambridge on the Bury branch of the Great Eastern railway. Pop. (1901) 10,688. A part of the town is in Suffolk, and the urban district is in the administrative county of West Suffolk. Newmarket has been celebrated for its horse-races from the time of James I., though at that time there was more of coursing and hawking than horse-racing. Charles I. instituted the first cuprace here. For the use of Charles II., during his visits to the races, a palace, no longer extant, was built on the site of the lodge of James I. There are numerous residences belonging to patrons of the turf, together with stables, and racing and trainingquently impregnated with alkali or salt, and on evaporating leave establishments. The racecourse, which lies south-west of the town, has a full extent of 4 m., but is divided into various lengths to suit the different races. The course intersects the so-called Devil's Ditch or Dyke (sometimes also known as St Edmund's Dyke), an earthwork consisting of a ditch and mound stretching almost straight for 5 m. from Reach to Wood Ditton. It is 12 ft. wide at the top, 18 ft. above the level of the country, and 30 ft. above the bottom of the ditch, with a slope of 50 ft. on the south-west side and 26 ft. on the north-east. It formed part of the boundary between the kingdoms of East Anglia and Mercia, but is doubtless of much earlier origin. Roman remains have been found in the neighbourhood.

The Rocky Mountain system enters New Mexico near the centre of the northern boundary; its main ridge, lying E. of the Rio Grande, extends as far S. as the city of Santa Fé. It forms the water-parting between the upper waters of the Canadian river and the Río Grande, and contains many of the loftiest peaks in New Mexico, among them being Truchas (13.275 ft.), Costilla (12,634 ft.) and Baldy (12,623 ft.). On the E. this ridge is bounded by the region of the Great Plains, the dissected topography of which is characterized by many broad valleys intervening. W. of the Rio Grande lies a series of lower ranges, also a part of the Rocky Mountain system, whose western slopes merge almost imperceptibly with the Plateau Region. The San Juan, Gallinas and Nacimiento ranges are anong the most notable in this group. South of the Rocky Mountains lies the so-called Basin Region, in which isolated, but sometimes lofty and massive, mountains, the result in many instances of a senes of numerous parallel faults, rise from level plains like islands fron the sea and enclose the valleys with bare walls of grey and brown rock. These valley plains, from 10 m. to 20 m. wide and sometimes DO M. long, sloping gradually toward their centres, are usually covered with detritus from the neighbouring mountains, and seldom have a distinct drainage outlet. The Spaniards called them "bolsons" (purses), a term that geologists have retained. In many of these bolsons are ephemeral lakes, in which the waters collect during the rainy season and stand for several months. These waters ar freupon the bed of the lake a thin encrustation of snowy whitness. Such beds, locally known as alkali flats," are especially numerous in Valencia, Socorro, Dona Ana and Otero counties, and a number of them furnish all the salt needed by the cattle ranges in their vicinity. East of the San Andreas Range, in the south centra part of New Mexico, lies the basin of the extinct Lake Otero, in which are found the remarkable "white sands," consisting of dures of almost pure granular gypsum and covering the area of 300 sq. m. In this region many species of reptiles and insects are almost perectly white an interesting example of protective coloration. Boh E. and W. of the central portion of the Basin Region the bolson flains soon lose their distinctive character, the valleys become wider and broader and the mountains less lofty and more isolated. East of the Pecos and S. of the Canadian rivers lies the great arid tableland krown as the Staked Plains (Llano Estacado), a vast stretch of barren wastes, with almost nothing to break the monotony of its landscape. This NEW MECKLENBURG (Ger. Neu-Mecklenburg, formerly New is a part of the Great Plains and a continuation of the high plains Ireland, native Tombara), an island of the Bismarck Archipelago, | region of Texas. The Plateau Region includes most of the area N.