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1855, and Patti made her début in 1859. The hall was managed in 1855 by Laura Keene and in 1856-1858 by William E. Burton, and in it in 1864 the three Booths played Julius Caesar, and Edwin Booth played Hamlet for one hundred nights. It was burned in March 1867. In Booth's Theatre (1869-1882; managed and afterwards leased by Edwin Booth), Sarah Bernhardt made her American début (November 1880); and in the Park Theatre (Broadway and 21st Street; 1875-1882) Stuart Robson and William H. Crane first played together. Light opera was first introduced in 1864, opera bouffe in 1867, and Gilbert and Sullivan light opera in 1879; and The Pirates of Penzance was produced in New York before it was seen in London. Most of the older theatres still in existence have become houses of vaudeville, melodrama or moving pictures, as, for example, the Academy of Music (14th Street and Irving Place; opened in 1854), until about 1883 the home of the best opera, in which Christine Nilsson, Parepa-Rosa, Salvini and Emma Nevada made their American débuts. The Broadway (1888) was the scene of Edwin Booth's last performance, as Hamlet, in March 1891. In connexion with the Empire Theatre (1893) is the Empire Dramatic School. The two largest places of amusement are the Madison Square Garden (opened in 1890) and the Hippodrome (Sixth Avenue and 43rd44th Streets). The principal concert halls are Carnegie Music Hall (1891; built by Andrew Carnegie for the Symphony and Oratorio Societies) and Mendelssohn Hall. The Metropolitan Opera House (1882; burnt 1892; immediately rebuilt) gave in 1884 the first season of German opera in America, under the direction of Leopold Damrosch. The Manhattan Opera House (built in 1903 by Oscar Hammerstein as the Drury Lane) was opened as an opera-house in December 1906. In 1910 grand opera ceased to be given except in the Metropolitan. Grand opera in New York has always been dependent for financial success on season subscriptions, and (like the great museums and the zoological and botanical gardens) has been supported by millionaires. The New Theatre (1909) is practically an endowed house. Music.-Musical societies were formed in the 18th century, an Apollo Society as early as 1750, a St Cecilia Society, which lasted less than ten years, in 1791, and the Euterpean Society, which lived a half century, in 1799. A New York Choral Society was established in 1823, a Sacred Music Society in the same year and a Philharmonic Society in 1824, succeeded in 1828 by the Musical Fund Society. The present Philharmonic Society, composed of professional players, was organized in 1842 by a New York violinist, Uriah C. Hill (d. 1875). In 1847 was formed the Deutscher Liederkranz, which has given much classical German music; a secession from the Liederkranz in 1854 formed the Arion Society, which has been more modern than the Liederkranz, furnished in 1859 the choruses for Tannhäuser, the first Wagner opera performed in America, and brought from Breslau in 1871 Leopold Damrosch (1832-1885) as its conductor. He founded the Oratorio Society in 1873 and the Symphony Society in 1877, and was succeeded as conductor of each of these societies by his son Walter (b. 1862). Musical instruction in the public schools has been under the supervision of Frank Damrosch (b. 1859), another son of Leopold, who formed in 1892 the People's Singing Classes, picked voices from which form the People's Choral Union. Art. Many private collections have been given or lent to the public galleries of the city, in which are held from time to time excellent loan collections. The largest public art gallery is the Metropolitan Museum of Art, for which a committee, including art patrons and members of the National Academy of Design, drew up a plan in 1869, and which was chartered in April 1870. General Luigi Palma di Cesnola (q.v.) became its director in 1879 and was succeeded (1905-1910) by Sir Caspar Purdon Clarke, director of the South Kensington Museum, and in 1910 by Edward Robinson (b. 1858). In April 1871 the legislature appropriated $500,000 for a building for the Museum in Central Park: in 1878 the trustees took possession of the building in a tract of 184 acres in Central Park on Fifth Avenue between 80th and 85th Streets; and in March 1880 this building was opened. Additions were made to the south (1888) and the north (1894). In 1902 the central part of the E. front of a new building was opened, and under an appropriation of $1,250,000 in 1904 the building was again enlarged in 1908. Among the benefactors of the Museum have been: its presidents, John Taylor Johnston (1820-1893). Henry G. Marquand (q.v.), who gave it his collection (old masters and English school), and J. Pierpont Morgan, and Miss Catharine Lorillard Wolfe, who gave the Museum $200,000 and her collection of paintings, Jacob S. Rogers (1823-1901) who left the Museum about $5,000,000, Frederick T. Hewitt, who gave more than $1,600,000, and John S. Kennedy (1830-1909), who left it $2,500,000. Besides paintings and statuary the Museum has collections of glass, Egyptian antiques, Babylonian and Assyrian seals and cylinders, tapestries, ancient gems, porcelain and pottery, armour, musical instruments, laces and architectural casts. The New York Historical Society since 1858 has had the collection of the New York Gallery of the Fine Arts; in its art gallery are several examples of Van Dyck and Velazquez, the best collection in the United States (except the Jarves collection at Yale) of the primitives and the early Renaissance of Italy and the Low Countries, and a good American collection, rich in portraits and in the work of Thomas Cole. There is a small collection of paintings with some statuary in the Lenox Library and there are many private collections of note. The National Academy of Design (organized in

1826; incorporated in 1828) has an art library, and students' classes. The Society of American Artists (1877) was a secession from the League (1875), and the Architectural League of New York (1881) formed in 1889 the American Fine Arts Society. In its building on Academy which it rejoined in 1906. This Society with the Art Students' W. 57th Street there are good galleries, it is the headquarters of the American Water Color Society (1866), the New York Water Color Club, the National Sculpture Society (1893), the National Society of Mural Painters and the New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects; and the exhibitions of the National Academy of Design and of the Society of American Artists are held here. The National Arts Club and the Municipal Art Society (1893) have club houses in Gramercy Park. The Decorative Art Association (1878) has classes and sales-rooms for women artists. There are art classes at Cooper Union (g.v.). Columbia University has a School of Architecture (1881). 1897 established an art commission consisting of the mayor, the president of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the president of the Municipal Art, Monuments, Statuary, &c.-The city charter of New York Public Library, the president of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, one painter, one sculptor, one architect and three lay members, the last six to be appointed by the mayor from a list presented by the Fine Arts Federation of New York. Without the approval of this commission no work of art can become the property of the city either by purchase or by gift. Whenever requested by the mayor and board of aldermen it must act in a similar capacity with respect to the design of any municipal building, bridge or other structure, and no municipal structure that is to cost more than one million dollars can be erected until it has approved the design. The City Hall contains a valuable collection of portraits. In front of the Custom House are groups symbolical of the continents by D. C. French. The Hall of Records has historic and allegorical statues by Philip Martiny, H. K. Bush-Brown and Albert Weinert. Clarke, K. F. T. Bitter, M. M. Schwartzott, D. C. French, F. W. In the Criminal Courts Building are mural decorations by Edward Ruckstuhl, C. H. Niehaus and others; and it has excellent mural Simmons. The statuary of the Appellate Court House is by T. S. paintings by E. H. Blashfield, Kenyon Cox, C. Y. Turner, H. S. Mowbray and others. Of the city's great monuments the greatest is the tomb (1897; designed by John H. Duncan) of General U. S. Grant (q.v.); this mausoleum is in Riverside Park, commanding the North river, at 122nd Street. In the same park at 90th Street is the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (1900; C. W. Stoughton, A. A. Stoughton and P. E. Duboy), a memorial to those who fought in the Union army during the Civil War; it has marble and granite stairways leading up to a pedestal on which are twelve fluted Corinthian pillars arranged in a circle and covered with a white marble canopy. On Bedloe's Island in the harbour is the colossal bronze "Liberty Enlightening the World" (F. Bartholdi; dedicated 1886; presented to the people of the United States by the people of France), which is hand of the female figure. On the N. side of Washington Square at the foot of Fifth Avenue is the granite Washington Arch (1389; by 151 ft. 5 in. from its base to the top of the torch held in the uplifted Stanford White) commemorating the hundredth anniversary of the president of the United States. Among other public statues and monuments are: Augustus St Gaudens's W. T. Sherman (1903), an inauguration in New York City of George Washington as first equestrian statue in gilt bronze on a polished granite pedestal in (1880; with a granite exedra for pedestal, designed by Stanford White) in Madison Square, and his Peter Cooper (1894), a seated Fifth Avenue at the S.E. entrance to Central Park, his D. G. Farragut figure on a marble pedestal and beneath a marble canopy (designed by Stanford White) immediately below Cooper Union on the Bowery; F. W. MacMonnies's Nathan Hale (1893) in City Hall Park; J. Q. A. Ward's William Shakespeare (1870), Seventh Regiment Memorial (1873)," Indian Hunter" (1868), and " Pilgrim" (1885) in Central Park, his George Washington (1882) on the steps of the sub-treasury, his Greeley in front of the Tribune building, and his William Earl Dodge (1885) at Broadway and 34th Street; E. Plassmann's Benjamin Franklin (1872) in Printing House Square: Alexander Doyle's Horace Greeley (1890) in Greeley Square; K. F. T. Bitter's Franz Sigel (1907) in Riverside Park at 106th Street, D. C. French's Memorial to R. M. Hunt (1900), a bust with a semicircular granite entablature at Fifth Avenue and 70th Street; and a Columbus Memorial (1894; by Gaetano Russo; erected by the Italian residents), a tall shaft with a statue of Columbus, at 59th Street and Seventh Avenue. There are many other statues in the city, especially in Brooklyn (q.v.) and in Central Park. In Central Park on a knoll S.W. of the Metropolitan Museum stands the Egyptian obelisk, of rose-red Syene granite, the companion of that on the Thames embankment, London, and like it popularly called "Cleopatra's Needle," but actually erected by Thothmes III.; it was presented to the city by Ismail Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, in 1877, was brought to New York at the expense of W. H. Vanderbilt in 1880, and was erected in the park in 1881.

Aquarium in Battery Park has excellent exhibits of marine life: since 1902 it has been under the direction of the New York Zoological Scientific Collections and Learned Societies.-The New York Society (organized 1895), a private corporation which has relations with the Park Department and the city like those of the corporations in control of the Botanical Gardens, the Natural History Museum

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and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Its Zoological Park (opened 1899) forms the southern part of Bronx Park, in which the animals (5528 individuals, 1146 species-246 mammals, 644 birds and 256 reptiles in 1910) are almost perfectly housed-in large houses, flying cages, pools, dens and ranges. The Botanical Gardens (incorporated in 1891 and 1894), occupying the N. part of Bronx Park, contains two large conservatories (the largest in America), the largest botanical museum in the world (1900), with lecture hall and museum of fossil botany in the basement, a collection of economic plants on the main floor, and a library, herbarium, laboratories, type exhibits of vegetation on the upper floors, and a natural hemlock grove and bog garden, pinetum, herbaceous grounds, flower garden, fruticetum and deciduous arboretum. The American Museum of Natural History was incorporated in 1869, and is governed by a board of trustees. On the ground floor of its building (77th-81st Streets; Eighth-Ninth Avenues) are a lecture hall, meteorites, the Jesup collections of the woods of North America and of building stones, and anthropological and ethnological collections, particularly rich in specimens from the North Pacific region, collected by an expedition sent out by Morris K. Jesup (q.v.). On the main floor are the mammals, insects and butterflies; on the second floor the palaeontological collections, the Cope collection of fossils and (presented by J. P. Morgan) the Bement collection of minerals and the Tiffany collection of gems; and on the top floor are a collection of shells and the library, including that of the New York Academy of Sciences, which was founded in 1817 and incorporated in 1818 as the Lyceum of Natural History, received its present name in 1876, and publishes Annals (1824 sqq.) and Transactions (1881 sqq.). Other learned societies are: the New York Historical Society (founded in 1804 and incorporated in 1809), which has a library rich in Americana, the Lenox collection of Assyrian marbles, and the Abbott collection of Egyptian antiquities; the American Geographical Society (founded in 1852; incorporated in 1854), which issues a Bulletin (1859 sqq.); the American Numismatic Society (1858), with an excellent numismatic library and collection; the American Society of Civil Engineers (1852; with a club house and library); the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1880), which occupies with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the American Institute of Mining Engineers (1871) a building given by Andrew Carnegie; and the New York Academy of Medicine (1847), with a technical library. Literature. In literature1 New York's position in America is largely due to the city's being the home of the principal publishing houses and, as the American metropolis, the home of many authors. Charles Brockden Brown, the first American professional "man-ofletters," although a Philadelphian by birth, was connected with New York City throughout his literary career; after him came the brilliant Knickerbocker school, including Irving, Cooper, Bryant, James Rodman Drake, Fitz Greene Halleck, Charles Fenno Hoffman (who in 1833 established the Knickerbocker Magazine), N. P. Willis, Edgar Allan Poe, J. K. Paulding, George P. Morris and Gulian C. Verplanck. In this early period New York literature centred largely about the Knickerbocker and the Mirror; and in the later period the monthlies Harper's (1850), the Century (founded in 1870 as Scribner's; present name 1881), and Scribner's (1887) were great literary influences under the editorship of such men as George William Curtis, Josiah Gilbert Holland, William Dean Howells, Henry Mills Alden (b. 1836) and Richard Watson Gilder. Richard Henry Stoddard, Richard Grant White, Bayard Taylor, Edmund Clarence Stedman, H. C. Bunner and John Bigelow are other literary names connected with New York City and with its periodical press. The success of the older magazines has brought into the field lowerpriced monthlies. The oldest religious weekly still published is the New York Observer (1823; Presbyterian); its great editors were Samuel Irenaeus Prime from 1840 to 1885 and afterwards his son-inlaw Charles Augustus Stoddard. Others are the Churchman (1844: Protestant Episcopal), the Christian Advocate (1826; Methodist Episcopal), the Examiner (1823; Baptist), the Christian Herald (1878) famous for its various charities under the control (1892-1910) of Dr Louis Klopsch (1852-1910), the Outlook (founded in 1870 as the Christian Union by Henry Ward Beecher and carried on as a household magazine by Lyman Abbott), and the Independent (1846) after 1870 edited by William Hayes Ward. The city's cosmopolitan character is suggested by the great number of its newspapers published in other languages than English: in 1905 of all the periodical publications in New York City almost one-seventh (127 out of 893) were printed in languages other than English, 20 languages or dialects being represented. German, Yiddish and Italian newspapers have large circulations, and there are Bohemian, Greek, French, Croatian, Hungarian and Slavonic dailies. To a degree the New York press is metropolitan, also; but the American press is not dominated by the newspapers of New York as the English press is by that of London (see NEWSPAPERS: United States). Education. The Dutch West India Company was bound by its charter to provide schoolmasters. Its first schoolmaster emigrated 1 See Charles Hemstreet, Literary New York, Its Landmarks and Associations (New York, 1903).

See A. Emerson Palmer, The New York Public School (New York, 1905).

character of the text-books used in these public schools, and in 1840, The Roman Catholic parochial schools opposed the Protestant secure a part of the common-school fund. In 1842, as a result of this controversy, the city was brought under the general state system, followed by Hebrew and Presbyterian schools, attempted in vain to but the Public School Society retained control of its own schools. The Board of Education opened its first schools in 1843. The right of the Public School Society to put up new buildings was definitely withdrawn in 1848; and in 1853 the Society was voluntarily dissolved, and its seventeen schools and property (valued at $454,422) were handed over to the city authorities; from its trustees fifteen commissioners were appointed to hold office through 1854, and in each ward where there had been a school of the Society three trustees hands of the Board of Education. A compulsory education law came into effect in 1875. Since 1874 the Board has controlled a Nautical were chosen. After 1856 the control of the schools was entirely in the School, a training ship being lent to the city by the Federal Navy Department. The separate schools for negroes were abolished in 1884; free lecture courses were established in 1888; in 1893 seven kindergarten classes were established, and after 1896 a supervisor of kindergartens was appointed by the Board; and in 1894 a teachers' retirement fund was established, the first in any American city.

fund. There were separate district schools until 1843 when a Board
In Brooklyn also the early Dutch schools were under the clergy.
of Education was organized.
In 1815 the schools first received a part of the state common-school

Bronx became a unit for school purposes, the former city Board of
Education becoming the School Board for these two boroughs;
By the consolidation of 1898 the Boroughs of Manhattan and the
the former Brooklyn Board remained in control in that borough;
and there was a Central Board of Education for the entire city
consisting of eleven delegates from the Manhattan and Bronx Board,
six delegates from the Brooklyn Board, and one each (the president)
from the Richmond Board and the Queens Board. The revised
single board with 46 members (22 from Manhattan, 14 from Brooklyn,
4 from the Bronx, 4 from Queens and 2 from Richmond), and 46 local
charter of 1901 abolished the borough school boards and established a
school boards (distributed as above) of seven members each, who
In the City Board there is an executive committee of 15 members.
took the place of the former inspectors in Manhattan and the Bronx.
powers of the city superintendent were increased, and a board of
superintendents (the city superintendent and eight associate super-
The borough superintendents were done away with in 1901; the
intendents) was created. A board of examiners, nominated by the
city superintendent and appointed by the Board of Education,
appointments to which are governed by rigid civil service rules.
The development of public high schools has been rapid since the
supervises examinations taken by candidates for teaching positions,
anaemic were established. There is an excellent system of evening
consolidation. In 1909-1910 trade schools and schools for the
and vacation schools or il
A Free Academy founded in 1848 for advanced pupils who had
me 2014 bns (po
left the common schools was empowered to grant degrees in 1854,

New York College of Dentistry (1865); and the College of Dental
and Oral Surgery of New York (1892). Among the normal schools
are: the Teachers' College of Columbia University (g.v.); the
School of Pedagogy and the kindergarten training school of New York
University; the kindergarten training school of Pratt Institute in
Brooklyn (q.v.); the Kraus Seminary for Kindergarteners; and the
Kindergarten Normal Department of the Ethical Culture School
under the Ethical Culture Society. Of the many private secondary
schools in New York the oldest are the Collegiate School and Trinity
School (see above). The Columbia Grammar School (1764) was
originally a preparatory department of Columbia College.
Other educational institutions of a popular character are Cooper
Union (q.v.) and the People's Institute (incorporated in 1897).
which holds its meetings and lectures in the Cooper Union Building.
Its most active promoter and long its managing director was Charles
Sprague Smith (1853-1910), who was professor of modern languages
at Columbia University in 1880-1891, and in 1896 organized the
Comparative Literature Society; he was especially assisted by
Richard Heber Newton (b. 1840), a Protestant Episcopal clergyman
of broad and radical religious and social views, and by Samuel
Gompers. The aim was to supply a "continuous and ordered
education in social science, history, literature and such other subjects
as time and demand shall determine " and " to afford opportunities
for the interchange of thought upon topics of general interest
to assist in the solution of present problems." The Institute is
primarily a free evening school of social science and a forum for the
discussion of questions of the day. There are, besides, Sunday
evening ethical services, "a people's church," which has attracted
much attention, and several Institute Clubs "of a social nature,
some of them for children. The People's Institute organized a
censorship of "moving pictures" to which most American manu-
facturers of these films voluntarily submit. Cheap concerts are
given in Cooper Union by the People's Symphony Concert Associa-
tion in conjunction with the People's Institute.

and in 1866 became the College of the City of New York, with the Board of Education as its Board of Trustees. In 1900 a separate Board of Trustees (nine members appointed by the mayor) was created. Before 1882 no one was eligible for entrance unless he had attended the city's public schools for one year. In 1907 the College removed to new buildings on St Nicholas Heights between 138th and 140th Streets, the old buildings at Lexington Avenue and 23rd Street being used for some of the lower classes of the seven years' course. The retention of the secondary school in connexion with college, although there are now well-equipped public high schools, is one of the anomalies of the New York educational system. In 1871 a Normal School for Girls, since 1910 the Woman's College of the City of New York, was established as a part of the public system. Since 1888 public lectures for adults have been given under the auspices of the Board of Education, usually in school-houses; and in 1899 the Board opened evening recreation centres in school-houses, in which literary, debating and athletic clubs meet. For the charitable schools see Charities. The oldest institution of higher education is Columbia University (q.v.). New York University was chartered in 1831 as the University of the City of New York, and in 1896 received its present name. The University Council is the corporation; it consists of 32 members, eight going out of office annually. The University Senate has immediate control; it is composed of the chancellor, two professors of the University College, and the dean and a professor from each of the following schools-law, medicine, pedagogy, graduate and applied science. The work of the collegiate department was begun in 1832; a university building at Washington Square was erected in 1832-1835; a law school, on a plan submitted by B. F. Butler of New York, was established in 1835, a medical school in 1841, the School of Applied Science in 1862, a graduate school in 1886, a school of pedagogy in 1890, a veterinary college (formed by the union of two previously existing schools) in 1899, and a School of Coinmerce, Accounts and Finance in 1900. In 1894 the College of Arts and Pure Science and the School of Applied Science were removed For the Brooklyn Institute sce BROOKLYN. The Young Men's to a commanding and beautiful site on Washington Heights (about and Young Women's Christian Associations have classes, especially E. 181st Street) above the Harlem river, the schools of law and for working people. pedagogy remaining at Washington Square where a Collegiate Libraries." The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Division was opened in 1903; in 1895 the Metropolis Law School Tilden Foundations," was the result of the consolidation in May was consolidated with the University; in 1898 the Bellevue Hospital 1895 of the Astor Library (founded by the bequest of $400,000 by Medical College became a part of the University school of medicine. John Jacob Astor; incorporated in 1849; opened in 1854; further On the Washington Heights Campus the principal buildings are the endowed by William B. Astor, who gave it about $550,000 and by library (1900), around a part of which extends an open colonnade, John Jacob Astor, the younger, who gave it about $800,000 and 500 ft. long, which is known as the Hall of Fame for Great Americans, built the hall in Lafayette Street in which the library, for general and in which the names of great Americans (chosen at intervals by reference, was housed until 1911), the Lenox Library (originally the ballots of 100 prominent educators, historians, &c.) are inscribed the private collection, particularly rich in incunabula, Americana, on memorial tablets; and Gould Hall, a dormitory, which like the genealogy and music, of James Lenok (1800-1880), a bibliophile library and the Hall of Fame was the gift of Miss Helen Miller Gould. and art amateur, given by him to the city in 1870 and until 1911 In 1909-1910 the University library contained about 65,000 vols. housed as a special reference library, in a building designed by and the law library 22,000, and there were 254 instructors and 4036 R. M. Hunt, on Fifth Avenue, between 70th and 71st streets), and students (966 in the School of Commerce and 739 in the Law School). the Tilden Trust (to which Samuel J. Tilden left his private library For Fordham University see FORDHAM. Other Roman Catholic and about $4,000,000 (most of his estate) for the establishment of a colleges are: the College of St Francis Xavier (Society of Jesus; public library, but which, owing to a contest by the heirs, was unable opened 1847; chartered 1861); and Manhattan College (Brothers to secure the entire bequest and received only about $2,000,000 of the Christian Schools; opened 1853; chartered 1863) at Broadway from one of the heirs). In 1902-1911 a new building was erected to and 131st Street, in the district formerly known as Manhattanville. house these collections. With the Public Library the New York Among the technical and professional schools, excluding those of Free Circulating Library (incorporated in 1880; re-incorporated in Columbia University and New York University, are: the General 1884) was consolidated in 1901; and in the next two years several Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church (opened other free libraries, including one for the blind. In 1901 Andrew 1819; in 1820-1822 in New Haven; then re-established in New Carnegie gave more than $5,000,000 for about 65 branch libraries, York City), beautifully situated in "Chelsea Village "on a block the city to furnish sites for them and maintain them. The largest (Ninth-Tenth Avenues and 20th-21st Streets) given for the purpose and best equipped of the college libraries is that of Columbia Üniby Clement Clarke Moore (1779-1863)2 in buildings largely the gift versity. The library of Cooper Union has a complete set of patent of Eugene Augustus Hoffman (1829-1902), dean of the Seminary in office reports and files of newspapers. The Mercantile Library (1820; 1879-1902, and of his family, who put it on a sound financial basis; established by an association of merchants' clerks) is a subscription the Union Theological Seminary (1836; Presbyterian), which is library at Astor Place; the New York Society Library (on Unirepresentative of the most liberal tendencies in American Presby-versity Place) is a subscription library, the oldest in the city, being terianism (q.v.), especially in regard to text-criticism; the Jewish the outgrowth of a reading room established in the City Hall in 1700 Theological Seminary of America (1886), chiefly supported by the by the earl of Bellomont; it was incorporated in 1754 as the City synagogues of New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore; the College Library and in 1772 under its present name. The General Society of Physicians and Surgeons in the City of New York (1892; see of Mechanics and Tradesmen (founded in 1785) since 1820 has had a COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY); the Cornell University Medical College circulating library; which with the DeMilt (reference) and the (1897; see CORNELL UNIVERSITY); the Eclectic Medical College Slade (architectural collections), contains about 99,000 volumes. (1865); the New York Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital Charities.-The city has a commissioner and two deputy com (1882); the New York Polyclinic Medical School and Hospital (1882); missioners of public charities, but this municipal department works the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women (1863); the largely through private organizations, the municipal appropriations to which exceed the amount actually expended through institutions The chancellors have been: in 1831-1839 James H. Mathews controlled by the city. Municipal institutions include: Bellevue (d. 1870); in 1839-1850, Theodore Frelinghuysen (d. 1862); in Hospital (opened 1816), which in 1869 established the first hospital 1852-1870, Isaac Ferris (1798-1873); in 1870-1880, Howard ambulance service in the world, near which there is an Emergency Crosby; in 1881-1891, John Hall; and in 1891-1910, Henry Hospital (1878) for maternity cases, and in connexion with which Mitchell MacCracken (b. 1840). Dr Ferris was a minister of the (Dutch) Reformed Church and the three chancellors since his time have been Presbyterian clergymen; but the University is not sectarian.

C. C. Moore (1779-1863), son of Benjamin Moore (1748–1816), who was Protestant Episcopal bishop of New York and president of Columbia College in 1801-1811, was professor of Biblical learning in the Seminary in 1821-1850, compiled a Hebrew and English Lexicon (1809) and wrote some poetry including the popular juvenile verses beginning" "Twas the night before Christmas."

4

See C. S. Smith, Working with the People (New York, 1904), and the Annual Reports of the Managing Director of the People's Institute. See A. B. Keep, History of the New York Society Library (New York, 1909).

See H. R. Hurd (ed.) New York Charities Directory (19th ed., 1910), published annually by the Charity Organization Society; and W. H. Tolman and Charles Hemstreet, The Better New York (1904). published by the American Institute of Social Service.