Susian and Babylonian cuneiform characters and in hiero- | Leuctra, when the power of Thebes was founded by Epaminondas, glyphics), for Artaxerxes II. and III. did not possess Egypt. A great many tablets, dated from his reign, have been found in Nippur (published by H. von Hilprecht and Clay, The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, series A, vol. ix.), and a few others at other places in Babylonia. Inscriptions of the king himself are not extant; his grandson mentions his buildings in Susa. For the suggested identification of Artaxerxes I. with the Biblical Ahasuerus, see AHASUERUS.

Artaxerxes himself had done very little to obtain this result. In fact, in the last years of his reign he had sunk into a perfect dotage. All his time was spent in the pleasures of his harem, the intrigues of which were further complicated by his falling in love with and marrying his own daughter Atossa (according to the Persian religion a marriage between the nearest relations is no incest). At the same time, his sons were quarrelling about the succession; one of them, Ochus, induced the father by a series of intrigues to condemn to death three of his older brothers, who stood in his way. Shortly afterwards, Artaxerxes II. died.

Pelopidas went to Susa (367) and restored the old alliance between Persia and Thebes. The Persian supremacy, however, was not based upon the power of the empire, but only on the discord of the Greeks. Shortly after the edict by which the king had proclaimed his alliance with Thebes, and the conditions of the general peace which he was going to impose upon Greece, his weakness became evident, for since 366 all the satraps of Asia Minor (Datames, Ariobarzanes, Mausolus, Orontes, Artabazus) 2. ARTAXERXES II., surnamed Mnemon, the eldest son of were in rebellion again, in close alliance with Athens, Sparta Darius II., whom he succeeded in the spring of 404. According and Egypt. The king could do little against them; even to Ctesias (Pers. 57; Plut. Artax. i.) he was formerly called Autophradates, satrap of Lydia, who had remained faithful, Arsaces or Arsikas, whereas Dinon (Plut. Artax. i.) calls him was forced for some time to unite himself with the rebels. But Oarses. This is corroborated by a Babylonian tablet with every one of the allies mistrusted all the others; and the sole observations of the moon (Brit. Mus. Sp. ii. 749; Zeitsch. f. object of every satrap was to improve his condition and his Assyriologie, vii. 223), which is dated from the 26th year of personal power, and to make a favourable peace with the king, "Arshu, who is Artakshatsu," i.e. 379 B.C. (cp. Ed. Meyer, for which his neighbours and former allies had to pay the costs. Forschungen zur alten Geschichte, ii. 466 ff.). When Artaxerxes II. The rebellion was at last put down by a series of treacheries mounted the throne, the power of Athens had been broken by and perfidious negotiations. Some of the rebels retained their Lysander, and the Greek towns in Asia were again subjects provinces; others were punished, as opportunity offered. of the Persian empire. But his whole reign is a time of con- Mithradates betrayed his own father Ariobarzanes, who was tinuous decay; the original force of the Persians had been crucified, and murdered Datames, to whom he had introduced exhausted in luxury and intrigues, and the king, though personally | himself as a faithful ally. When the long reign of Artaxerxes II. brave and good-natured, was quite dependent upon his favourites came to its close in the autumn of 359 the authority of the and his harem, and especially upon his mother Parysatis. In the empire had been restored almost everywhere. beginning of his reign falls the rebellion of his brother Cyrus, who was secretly favoured by Parysatis and by Sparta. Although Cyrus was defeated at Cunaxa, this rebellion was disastrous inasmuch as it opened to the Greeks the way into the interior of the empire, and demonstrated that no oriental force was able to withstand a band of well-trained Greek soldiers. Subsequently Greek mercenaries became indispensable not only to the king but also to the satraps, who thereby gained the means for attempting successful rebellions, into which they were provoked by the weakness of the king, and by the continuous intrigues between the Persian magnates. The reign is, therefore, a continuous succession of rebellions. Egypt soon revolted anew and could not be subdued again. When in 399 war broke out between Sparta and Persia, the Persian troops in Asia Minor were quite unable to resist the Spartan armies. The active and energetic Persian general Pharnabazus succeeded in creating a fleet by the help of Evagoras, king of Salamis in Cyprus, and the Athenian commander Conon, and destroyed the Spartan fleet at Cnidus (August 394). This victory enabled the Greek allies of Persia (Thebes, Athens, Argos, Corinth) to carry on the Corinthian war against Sparta, and the Spartans had to give up the war in Asia Minor. But it soon became evident that the only gainers by the war were the Athenians, who in 389, under Thrasybulus, tried to found their old empire anew (see DELIAN LEAGUE). At the same time Evagoras attempted to conquer the whole of Cyprus, and was soon in open rebellion. The consequence was that, when in 388 the Spartan admiral Antalcidas (q.v.) came to Susa, the king was induced to conclude a peace with Sparta by which Asia fell to him and European Greece to Sparta. After the peace, Evagoras was attacked. He lost his conquests, but had to be recognized as independent king of Salamis (380 B.C.). Two expeditions against Egypt (385-383 and 374-372) ended in complete failure. At the same period there were continuous rebellions in Asia Minor; Pisidia, Paphlagonia, Bithynia and Lycia, threw off the Persian yoke and Hecatomnus, the satrap of Caria, obtained an almost independent position. Similar wars were going on against the mountain tribes of Armenia and Iran, especially against the Cadusians on the Caspian Sea. In this war Artaxerxes is said to have distinguished himself personally (380 B.C.), but got into such difficulties in the wild country that he was glad when Tiribazus succeeded in concluding a peace with the Cadusian chieftains.

By the peace of Antalcidas the Persian supremacy was proclaimed over Greece; and in the following wars all parties, Spartans, Athenians, Thebans, Argives continually applied to Persia for a decision in their favour. After the battle of

In this reign an important innovation took place in the Persian religion. Berossus (in Clemens Alex. Protrept. i. 5. 65) tells us that the Persians knew of no images of the gods until Artaxerxes II. erected images of Anaitis in Babylon, Susa, Ecbatana, Persepolis, Bactra, Damascus, Sardis. This statement is proved correct by the inscriptions; all the former kings name only Auramazda (Ahuramazda), but Artaxerxes II. in his building inscriptions from Susa and Ecbatana invokes Ahuramazda, Anahita and Mithra. These two gods belonged to the old popular religion of the Iranians, but had until then been neglected by the true Zoroastrians; now they were introduced into the official worship much in the way in which the cult of the saints came into the Christian religion. About the history of Artaxerxes II. we are comparatively well informed from Greek sources; for the earlier part of his reign from Ctesias and Xenophon (Anabasis), for the later times from Dinon of Ephesus, the historian of the Persians (from whom the account of Justin is derived), from Ephorus (whose account is quoted by Diodorus) and others. Upon these sources is based the biography of the king by Plutarch.

3. ARTAXERXES III. is the title adopted by Ochus, the son of Artaxerxes II., when he succeeded his father in 359. The chronographers generally retain the name Ochus, and in the Babylonian inscriptions he is called Umasu, who is called Artakshatsu." The same form of the name (probably pronounced Uvasu) occurs in the Syrian version of the canon of Ptolemy by Elias of Nisibis (Amōs).

Artaxerxes III. was a cruel but an energetic ruler. To secure his throne he put to death almost all his relatives, but he suppressed the rebellions also. In 356 he ordered all the satraps to dismiss their mercenaries. Most of them obeyed; Artabazus of Phrygia, who tried to resist and was supported by his brothersin-law, Mentor and Memnon of Rhodes, was defeated and fled to Philip of Macedon. Athens, whose general Chares had supported Artabazus, was by the threatening messages of the king forced to conclude peace, and to acknowledge the independence of its rebellious allies (355 B.C.). Then the king attempted

to subjugate Egypt, but two expeditions were unsuccessful, | of productive co-operation, bodies of working-men associating and, in consequence, Sidon and the other Phoenician towns, and together for the purpose of jointly undertaking some piece of the princes of Cyprus, rebelled against Persia and defeated the work, and dividing the profits. This original form of artel still Persian generals. After great preparations the king came in survives among the fishermen of Archangel. Artels have come, person, but again the attack on Egypt was repelled by the Greek however, to be little more than trade gilds, with mutual respon generals of Nectanebus (346). One or two years later Artaxerxes, sibility. (For details see RUSSIA.) at the head of a great army, began the siege of Sidon. The Sidonian king Tennes considered resistance hopeless, and betrayed the town to the Persian king, assisted by Mentor, who had been sent with Greek troops from Egypt to defend the town. Artaxerxes repressed the rebellion with great cruelty and destroyed the town. The traitor Tennes was put to death, but Mentor rose high in the favour of the king, and entered into a close alliance with the eunuch Bagoas, the king's favourite and vizier. They succeeded in subjecting the other rebels, and, after a hard fight at Pelusium, and many intrigues, conquered Egypt (343); Nectanebus fled to Ethiopia. Artaxerxes used his victory with great cruelty; he plundered the Egyptian temples and is said to have killed the Apis. After his return to Susa, Bagoas ruled the court and the upper satrapies, while Mentor restored the authority of the empire everywhere in the west. He deposed or killed many Greek dynasts, among them the famous Hermias of Atarneus, the protector of Aristotle, who had friendly relations with Philip (342 B.C.). When Philip attacked Perinthus and Byzantium (340), Artaxerxes sent them support, by which they were enabled to withstand the Macedonians; Philip's antagonists in Greece, Demosthenes and his party, hoped to get subsidies from the king, but were disappointed.

In 338 Artaxerxes III., with his older sons, was killed by Bagoas, who raised his youngest son Arses to the throne. Artaxerxes III. is said never to have entered the country of Persia proper, because, being a great miser, he would not pay the present of a gold piece for every Persian woman, which it was usual to give on such occasions (Plut. Alex. 69). But we have a building inscription from Persepolis, which contains his name and genealogy, and invocations of Ahuramazda and Mithra.

For the relations of Artaxerxes I.-III. with the Jews see JEWS, $$19-21. For bibliographical references see PERSIA: Ancient History, The name Artaxerxes was adopted by Bessus when he proclaimed himself king after the assassination of Darius III. It was borne by several dynasts of Persis, when it formed an independent kingdom in the time of the Parthian empire (on their coins they call themselves Artakhshathr; one of them is mentioned by Lucian, Macrobis, 15), and by three kings of the Sassanid dynasty, who are better known under the modern form Ardashir (q.v.). (ED. M.)

ARTEDI, PETER (1705-1735), Swedish naturalist, was born in the province of Angermania, in Sweden, on the 22nd of February 1705. Intending to become a clergyman, he went, in 1724, to study theology at Upsala, but he turned his attention to medicine and natural history, especially ichthyology, upon the study of which he exercised great influence (see ICHTHYOLOGY). In 1728 his countryman Linnaeus arrived in Upsala, and a lasting friendship was formed between the two. In 1732 both left Upsala, Artedi for England, and Linnaeus for Lapland; but before parting they reciprocally bequeathed to each other their manuscripts and books in the event of death. He was accidentally drowned on the 27th of September 1735 at Amsterdam, where he was engaged in cataloguing the collections of Albert Seba, a wealthy Dutchman, who had formed what was perhaps the richest museum of his time. According to agreement, his manuscripts came into the hands of Linnaeus, and his Bibliotheca Ichthyologica and Philosophia Ichthyologica, together with a life of the author, were published at Leiden in the year 1738. ARTEGA, a tribe of African" Arabs," said to be descendants of a sheik of that name who came from Hadramut in preIslamic days, settling near Tokar. The name is said to be "patrician," and the Artega may be regarded as the most ancient stock in the Suakin district. They are now an inferior mixed race. They were all followers of the mahdi and khalifa in the Sudan wars (1883-1898).

"

See Anglo-Egyptian Sudan edited byCountGleichen(London, 1905). ARTEL (Russ. for gang "), the name for the co-operative associations in Russia. Originally, the artels were true examples

|

ARTEMIDORUS. (1) A geographer" of Ephesus" who flourished about 100 B.C. After studying at Alexandria, he travelled extensively and published the results of his investigations in a large work on general geography (Tà yewypadovμeva) in eleven books, much used by Strabo and others. The original work is lost, but we possess many small fragments and larger fragments of an abridgment made by Marcianus of Heracleia (5th century), which contains the periplus of the Euxine and accounts of Bithynia and Paphlagonia. (See Müller, Geographi Graeci Minores; Bunbury, History of Ancient Geography; Stichle, "Der Geograph Artemidoros von Ephesos," in Philologus, xi., 1856). (2) A soothsayer and interpreter of dreams, who flourished in the 2nd century A.D., during the reigns of Hadrian and the Antonines. He called himself Daldianus from his mother's birthplace, Daldis in Lydia, in order to make its name known to the world. His 'Oveɩpokpitikά, or interpretation of dreams, was said to have been written by command of Apollo Daldianus, whose initiated votary he was. It is in four books, with an appendix containing a collection of prophetic dreams which had been realized. The first three books, addressed to Cassius Maximus, a Phoenician rhetorician (perhaps identical with Maximus of Tyre), treat of dreams and divination generally; the fourth-with a reply to his critics-and the appendix are dedicated to his son, also named Artemidorus and an interpreter of dreams. Artemidorus boasts of the trouble expended on his work; he had read all the authorities on dreams, travelled extensively, and conversed with all who had studied the subject. The work is valuable as affording an insight into ancient superstitions. According to Suidas, Artemidorus also wrote on augurs and cheiromancy, but all trace of these works is lost. (Editions: Reiff, 1805, Hercher, 1864; translation and notes, Krauss, 1881; English translation by Wood, 1644, and later editions.)

ARTEMIS, one of the principal goddesses in Greek mythology, the counterpart of the Roman Diana. The suggested etymologies of the name (see O. Gruppe, Griechische Mythologie, ii. p. 1267, note 2), as in the case of most of the Olympian deities, are unsatisfactory, and throw no light upon her significance and characteristics. The Homeric and later conception of Artemis, though by no means the original one, may be noticed first. She is the daughter of Zeus and Leto, twin-sister and counterpart of Apollo. She is said to have been born a day before him (on the 6th of the month) and tradition assigns them different birthplaces-Delos to Apollo, Ortygia to Artemis. But Ortygia ("home of quails ") applies still to Delos, and may well have been a synonym for that island. In its original sense it does not apply either to the island of Ortygia at Syracuse, or to Ortygia near Ephesus, which also claimed the honour of having been the birthplace of the goddess. Artemis is the goddess of chastity, an aspect of her character which gradually assumed more and more importance-the protectress of young men and maidens, who defies and contemns the power of Aphrodite. Her resemblance to her brother is shown in many ways. Like him, armed with bow and arrows, she deals death to mortals, sometimes gently and suddenly, especially to women, but also as a punishment for offences against herself or morality. With him she takes part in the combat with Python and with Tityus, in the slaughter of the children of Niobe, while alone she executes vengeance on Orion. Although Apollo has nothing to do with the earlier cult of Artemis, nor Artemis with that of Delphi, their association was a comparatively early one, and probably originated in Delos. Here the connexion of Artemis with the Hyperborean legend (see APOLLO) is shown in the names of the maidens (Opis, Hecaerge) who were supposed to have brought offerings from the north to Delos, where they were buried. Both Opis (or Oupis) and Hecaerge are names of Artemis, the latter being the feminine of Hecaergos, an epithet of Apollo. Like her brother, she is not

Koλeos ("sword-sheath"); and λappia (see above) may refer to
the spoils of war as well as the chase.

The idea of Artemis as a virgin goddess, the "
huntress, chaste and fair," which obtained great prominence in
queen and
early times, and seems inconsistent with her association with
childbirth, is generally explained as due to her connexion with
Apollo, but it is suggested by Farnell that raplévos originally
meant "unmarried," and that ""Aрreμis πарlévos may have been
originally the goddess of a people who had not yet the advanced
Hellenic institutions of settled marriage . . . and when society
developed the later family system the goddess remained celibate,
though not opposed to childbirth."

Another view of the original character of Artemis, which has found much support in modern times, is that she was a moongoddess. But there is no trace of Artemis as such in the epic period, and the Homeric hymn knows nothing of her identification with Selene. The attribute of the torch will apply equally well to the goddess of the chase, and epithets such as owocópos, σeλardopos, ai@oria, although applicable, are by no means convincing. The idea dates from the 5th century, and was due to her connexion with Hecate and Apollo. When the latter came to be identified by philosophical speculation with the sungod Helios, was natural that his sister and counterpart should be identified with the moon-goddess Selene. But she is nowhere recognized in cult as such (see Gruppe, Griechische Mythologie, ii. p. 1297, note 2).

It has been mentioned that Callisto, Iphigeneia, Eilithyia, are only Artemis under different names; to these may be added Adrasteia, Atalanta, Helen, Leto and others (see Wernicke in Pauly-Wissowa's Realencyclopadie).

665

was a Thracian goddess of war and the chase, whose cult was introduced into Attica in the middle of the 5th century B.C. by Peiraeus, there was a procession of Thracians who were settled in Thracian metics. At her festival called Bendidea, held at the the district, and a torch-race on horseback. (For Britomartis see separate article.)

regarded as her sacred animal; the bear, the boar and the goat; Among the chief attributes of Artemis are: the hind, specially animal symbols; bow and arrows, as goddess of the chase and the zebu (Artemis Leucophrys); the lion, one of her oldest death; a mural crown, as the protectress of cities; the torch, but, like the crescent (originally an attribute of the Asiatic originally an attribute of the goddess of the chase or marriage, regarded as a moon-goddess. The Greek Artemis was usually nature goddesses), transferred to Artemis, when she came to be represented as a huntress with bow and quiver, or torch in her hand, in face very like Apollo, her drapery flowing to her feet, or, by a deer or a dog. Perhaps the finest existing statue of her is more frequently, girt high for speed. She is accompanied often the Diana of Versailles from Hadrian's Villa (now in the Louvre), in which she wears a short tunic drawn in at the waist and sandals head, with a band over the forehead. With her left hand she holds a stag, while drawing an arrow from the quiver on her on her feet; her hair is bound up into a knot at the back of her shoulder with the right. Another famous statue is one from Gabii, in which she is finishing her toilet and fastening the stronger, and the clothing more complete; certain statues chlamys over her tunic. In older times her figure is fuller and discovered at Delos, imitated from wooden models (§óava), are rigid, the limbs as it were glued to the body without life or supposed to represent Artemis; they are described as stiff and movement, garments closely fitting, the folds of which fall in symmetrical parallel lines. As a goddess of the moon she wears a long robe, carries a torch, and her head is surmounted by a crescent. On the coins of Arcadia, Aetolia, Crete and Sicily, are conceived by the Greek artists in the best times. to be seen varied and beautiful representations of her head as

Again, various non-Hellenic divinities were identified with Artemis, and their cult gradually amalgamated with hers. The most important of these was Artemis of Ephesus, whose seat was in the marshy valley of the Caystrus. Like the Greek Artemis, she was essentially a nature goddess, the great fostermother of the vegetable and animal kingdom. A number of officials were engaged in the performance of her temple service. Her eunuch priests, μeyάßugo (a name which points to a Persian origin), were under the control of a high priest called Essen AUTHORITIES.-Articles in Pauly-Wissowa's Realencyclopädie; (according to others, there was a body of priests called Essenes). Dictionnaire des antiquités (s.v. Diana, with well-arranged biblioRoscher's Lexikon der Mythologie, and Daremberg and Saglio's There were also three classes of priestesses, Mellierae, Hierae,raphy); L. Preller, Griechische Mythologie (4th ed. by C. Robert); Parierae; there is no evidence that they were called Melissae Griechische Mythologie und Religions-Geschichte, ii. (1906); A. Claus, ("bees"), although the bee is a frequent symbol on the coins of R. Farnell, The Cults of the Greek States. ii. (1896); O. Gruppe, the city. Her chief festival, Ephesia or Artemisia, was held in De Dianae antiquissima apud Graecos natura (Breslau, 1880). In the spring, at which games and various contests took place after Artemis. the article GREEK ART, fig. 11 (a gold ornament from Camirus) the Greek fashion, although the ritual continued to be of a represents the Oriental goddess identified by the Greeks with modified oriental, orgiastic type. This goddess is closely conFor the Roman goddess identified with Artemis see DIANA. nected with the Amazons (q.v.), who are said to have built her temple and set up her image in the trunk of a tree. The Greeks ARTEMISIA, daughter of Lygdamis, was queen of Haliof Ephesus identified her with their own Artemis, and claimed (J. H. F.) carnassus and Cos about 480 B.C. Being a dependent of Persia, that her birthplace Ortygia was near Ephesus, not in Delos. Greeks, and fitted out five ships, with which she distinguished she took part in person in the expedition of Xerxes against the She has much in common with the oriental prototype of Aphro- herself in the sea-fight near Salamis (480). When closely dite, and the Cappadocian goddess Ma, another form of Cybele. pursued by the Athenians she escaped by the stratagem of The usual figure of the Ephesian Artemis, which was said in the attacking one of the Persian vessels, whereupon the Athenians first instance to have fallen from heaven, is in the form of a female with many breasts, the symbol of productivity or a token of her vii. 99, viii. 68). After the battle Xerxes declared that the concluded that she was an ally, and gave up the pursuit (Herod. function as the all-nourishing mother. From the waist to the feet her image resembles a pillar, narrowing downwards and advice he did not risk another battle, but at once retired from men had fought like women, and the women like men. By her sculptured all round with rows of animals (lions, rams and bulls). Greece. She is said to have loved a young man named Dardanus, Mention may also be made of the following non-Hellenic of Abydos, and, enraged at his neglect of her, to have put out his representatives of Artemis. Leucophryne (or Leucophrys), eyes while he was asleep. The gods, as a punishment for this, whose worship was brought by emigrants from Magnesia in ordered her, by an oracle, to take the famous but rather mythical Thessaly to Magnesia on the Macander, was a nature god-lover's leap from the Leucadian promontory (Photius, Cod. 153a). dess, and her representation on coins exactly resembles that of the Ephesian Artemis. Her cult, however, from the little that is known of it appears to have been more Hellenic. There was an altar and temple of Artemis Pergaea at Perga in Pamphylia, where a yearly festival was held in her honour. As in the case of Cybele, mendicant priests were attached to her service. Similar figures were Artemis Coloēnē, worshipped at Lake Coloē near Sardis; Artemis Cordax, celebrated in wanton dances on Mount Sipylus; the Persian Artemis, identical with Anaitis Bendis,

king of Caria, was sole ruler from about 353 to 350 B.C. She has
ARTEMISIA, the sister and wife of Mausolus (or Maussollus),
husband. She built for him, in Halicarnassus, a very magnificent
immortalized herself by the honours paid to the memory of her
tomb, called the Mausoleum, which was one of the seven wonders
of the world, and from which the name mausoleum was afterwards
given to all tombs remarkable for their grandeur. She appointed
panegyrics to be composed in his honour, and offered valuable
prizes for the best oratorical and tragic compositions. She also

Aorta.

erected a monument, or trophy, in Rhodes, to commemorate her | arises from the base of the left ventricle of the heart. It ascends conquest of that island. When the Rhodians regained their forward, upward, and to the right as far as the level of freedom they built round this trophy so as to render it inaccesthe second right costal cartilage, then runs backward, and to the left to reach the left side of the body of the 4th thoracic sible, whence it was known as the Abaton. There are statues vertebra, and then descends almost vertically. It thus forms the of Mausolus and Artemisia in the British Museum. arch of the aorta, which arches over the root of the left lung, and Vitruvius ii. 8, Diodorus Siculus xvi. 36; Cicero, Tusc. iii. 31; which has attached to its concave surface a fibrous cord, known as Val. Max. iv 6. the obliterated ductus arteriosus, which connects it with the left ARTEMON (f. c. A.D. 230), a prominent Christian teacher branch of the pulmonary artery The aorta continues its course at Rome, who held Adoptianist (see ADOPTIANISM), or humani- then passes through an opening in the diaphragm (q.v.), enters the downward in close relation to the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae, tarian views, of the same type as his elder contemporaries the abdomen, and descends in front of the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae Theodotians, though perhaps asserting more definitely than they as low as the 4th, where it usually divides into two terminal branches, the superiority of Christ to the prophets in respect of His super- tion, however, a long slender artery, called the middle sacral, is the common iliac arteries. Above and behind the angle of bifurcanatural birth and sinlessness. He was excommunicated by prolonged downward in front of the sacrum to the end of the coccyx. Zephyrinus, despite his remarkable claim that all that bishop's It will be convenient to describe the distribution of the arteries predecessors in the see of Rome had held the humanitarian under the following headings:-(1) Branches for the head, neck position. (See also MONARCHIANISM.) and upper limbs; (2) branches for the viscera of the thorax and abdomen; (3) branches for the walls of the thorax and abdomen; (4) branches for the pelvis and lower limbs.

ARTENA, a village of Italy, in the province of Rome, situated at the N.N.W. extremity of the Volscian Mountains; it is 36 m. S.E. by rail, and 24 m. direct from Rome. Pop. (1901) 5016. On the mountain above it (2073 ft.) are the fine remains of the fortifications of a city built in a very primitive style, in cyclopean blocks of local limestone; within the walls are traces of buildings, and a massive terrace which supported some edifice of importance. The name of this city is quite uncertain; Ecetra is a possible suggestion. The modern village, which was called Monte Fortino until 1870, owes its present name to an unwarrantable identification of the site with the ancient Volscian Artena, destroyed in 404 B.C. Another Artena, which belonged to the district of Caere, and lay between it and Veii, was destroyed in the period of the kings, and its site is quite unknown. See T. Ashby and G. J. Pfeiffer in Supplementary Papers of the American School in Rome, i. 87 seq.

ARTERIES (Gr. åprnpia, probably from alper, to raise, but popularly connected by the ancients with anp, air), in anatomy, the elastic tubes which carry the blood away from the heart to the tissues. As, after death, they are always found empty, the older anatomists believed that they contained air, and to this belief they owe the name, which was originally given to the windpipe (trachea). Two great trunks, the aorta and pulmonary artery, leave the heart and divide again and again until they become minute vessels to which the name of arterioles is given. The larger trunks are fairly constant in position and receive definite names, but as the smaller branches are reached there is an increasing inconstancy in their position, and anatomists, are still undecided as to the normal, i,e most frequent, arrangement of many of the smaller arteries. From a commonsense point of view it is probably of greater importance to realize how variable the distribution of small arteries is than to remember the names of twigs which are of neither surgical nor morphological importance. Arteries adapt themselves more quickly than most other structures to any mechanical obstruction, and many of the differences between the arterial systems of Man and other animals are due to the assumption of the erect position. Many arteries are tortuous, especially when they supply movable parts such as the face or scalp, but when one or two sharp bends are found they are generally due to the artery going out of its way to give off a constant and important branch. Small arteries unite or anastomose with others near them very freely, so that when even a large artery is obliterated a collateral circulation is carried on by the rapid increase in size of the communications between the branches coming off above and below the point of obstruction. Some branches, however, such as those going to the basal ganglia of the brain and to the spleen, are known as "end arteries," and these do not anastomose with their neighbours at all; thus, if one is blocked, arterial blood is cut off from its area of supply. As a rule, there is little arterial anastomosis across the middle line of the body near the surface, though the scalp, lips and thyroid body are exceptions.

The distribution of the pulmonary artery is considered in connexion with the anatomy of the lungs (see RESPIRATORY SYSTEM) That of the aorta will now be briefly described.

The Aorta lies in the cavities of the thorax and abdomen, and

The branches for the head, neck and upper limbs arise as three large arteries from the transverse part of the aorta, they are named innominale, left common carotid and left subclavian. The innominate of the neck, where it divides into the right common carotid and the artery is the largest and passes upward and to the right, to the root right subclavian. The carotid arteries supply the two sides of the head and neck; the subclavian arteries the two upper extremities. The common carotid artery runs up the neck by the side of thyroid cartilage divides into the internal and external the windpipe, and on a level with the upper border of the

carotid arteries.

Carotid system.

The internal carotid artery ascends through the carotid canal in the temporal bone into the cranial cavity. It gives off an ophthalmic branch to the eyeball and other contents of the orbit, and then divides into the anterior and middle cerebral arterics. The middle cerebral artery extends outward into the Sylvian fissure of the brain, and supplies the island of Reil, the orbital part, and the outer face of the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, and the temporo-sphenoidal lobe; interpositum. The anterior cerebral artery supplies the inner face it also gives a choroid branch to the choroid plexus of the velum of the hemisphere from the anterior end of the frontal lobe as far back as the internal parieto-occipital fissure. At the base of the brain not only do the two internal carotids anastomose with each other through the anterior communicating artery, which passes each side anastomoses with the posterior cerebral branch of. the between their anterior cerebral branches, but the internal carotid on basilar, by a posterior communicating artery. In this manner a vascular circle, the circle of Willis, is formed, which permits of freedom of the arterial circulation by the anastomoses between arteries not only on the same side, but on opposite sides of the mesial plane. The vertebral and internal carotid arteries, which are the arteries of supply for the brain, are distinguished by lying at some depth from the surface in their course to the organ, by having branches. curves or twists in their course, and by the absence of large collateral

The external carotid artery ascends through the upper part of the side of the neck, and behind the lower jaw into the parotid gland, where it divides into the internal maxillary and superficial temporal thyroid to the larynx and thyroid body; (b) Lingual to the tongue branches. This artery gives off the following branches.-(a) Superior and sublingual gland; (c) Facial to the face, palate, tonsil and submaxillary gland; (d) Occipital to the sterno-mastoid muscle and back of the scalp; (e) Posterior auricular to the back of the ear and the adjacent part of the scalp; (f) Superficial temporal to the scalp in of the face, (g) Internal maxillary, giving muscular branches to the front of the ear, and by its transverse facial branch to the back part muscles of mastication, meningeal branches to the dura mater, dental branches to the teeth, and other branches to the nose, palate and tympanum; (h) Ascending pharyngeal, which gives branches to the pharynx, palate, tonsils and dura mater.

-Sub.

clavian system.

The subclavian artery is the commencement of the great arterial trunk for the upper limb. It passes across the root of the neck and behind the clavicle, where it enters the armpit, and becomes the axillary artery; by that name it extends the upper arm, takes the name of brachial, and courses as as far as the posterior fold of the axilla, where it enters far as the bend of the elbow; here it bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries. From the subclavian part of the trunk the following of the transverse process of the 6th cervical vertebra, ascends through branches arise:-(a) Vertebral, which enters the foramen at the root the corresponding foramina in the vertebrae above, lies in a groove on the arch of the atlas, and enters the skull through the foramen magnum, where it joins its fellow to form the basilar artery; it gives off muscular branches to the deep muscles of the neck, spinal branches to the spinal cord, meningeal branches to the dura mater. and an inferior cerebellar branch to the under surface of the cere bellum. The basilar artery, formed by the junction of the two vertebrals, extends from the lower to the upper border of the pons Varolii; it gives off transverse branches to the pons, auditory branches