Peru. 60 The audience of Charcas. 61 Divisions. this jurisdiction are famous for vast quantities of large and excellent olives, far exceeding the finest produced in Europe, being nearly, it is said, the size of a hen s egg. The audience of Charcas, the last division of Peru, is equal in extent to that of Lima; but many of its parts are not so well inhabited, some being full of vast deserts and impenetrable forests, while others have extensive plains intercepted by the stupendous height of the Cordilleras: the country is inhabited only in such parts as are free from those inconveniences. It is bounded on the north by the diocese of Cusco, and reaches southward to Buenos Ayres; on the east it extends to Brasil; and on the west it reaches to the Pacific ocean, particularly at Atacama. The remainder of the province borders on the kingdom of Chili. This audience is divided into the archbishopric of &c. of this Plata, and five bishoprics. We shall begin with the former. audience. 62 How the country was at first settled by the Spa niards. The famous mountain of Potosi is known all over the commercial world for the immense quantity of silver it has produced. The discovery of this amazing treasure happened at the commencement of the year 1545, by a mere accident, which we shall mention afterwards. At a small distance from it are the hot medicinal baths, called Don Diego, whither some resort for health and others for amusement. At the time when the first conquests were made, when emigrations were most frequent, the country of the Incas had a much greater reputation for riches than New Spain; and, in reality, for a long time much more considerable treasures were brought away from it. The desire of partaking of them must necessarily draw thither, as was really the case, a greater number of Castilians. Though almost all of them went over thither with the hope of returning to their country to enjoy the fortune they might acquire, yet the majority settled in the colony. They were induced to this by the softness of the climate, the salubrity of the air, and the goodness of the provisions. Mexico presented not the same advantages, and did not give them reason to expect so much independence as a land infinitely more remote from the mother-country.. Cusco attracted the conquerors in multitudes. They found this capital built on a ground that was very irregular, and divided into as many quarters as there were provinces in the empire. Each of the inhabitants might follow the usages of his native country; but every body was obliged to conform to the worship established by the founder of the monarchy. There was no edifice that had any grandeur, elegance, or convenience; because the people were ignorant of the first elements of architecture. The magnificence of what they called the palace of the sovereign, of the princes of the blood, and of the great men of his empire, consisted in the profusion of the metals that were lavished in decorating them. The temple of the Sun was distinguished above all other edifices; its walls were incrusted or sheathed with gold and silver, ornamented with divers figures, and loaded with the idols of all the nations whom the Incas had enlightened and subdued. As it was not a solicitude for their own preservation which occupied the Spaniards at first, they had no sooner pillaged the immense riches which had been amassed at Cusco for four centuries, than they went in great numbers in 1534, under the order of Sebastian de Benalcazar, to undertake the destruction of Quito. The other towns and settlements of the empire were overrun with the same spirit of rapine; and the citizens and the temples were plundered in all parts. Those of the conquerors, who did not take up their residence in the settlements which they found already formed, built towns on the sea-coasts, where before there were none: for the sterility of the soil had not permitted the Peruvians to multiply much there; and they had not been induced to remove thither from the extremity of their country, because they sailed very little. Paita, Truxillo, Callao, Pisca, and Arica, were the roads which the Spaniards deemed most convenient for the communication they intended to establish among themselves and with the mother country. The different positions of these new cities determined the degree of their prosperity. Those which were afterwards built in the inland parts of the country were not erected in regions which presented a fertile soil, copious harvests, excellent pastures, a mild and salubrious climate, and all the conveniences of life. These places, which had hitherto been so well cultivated by a numerous and flourishing people, were now totally disregarded. Very soon they exhibited only a deplorable picture of a horrid desert; and this wildness must have been more melancholy and hideous than the dreary aspect of the earth before the origin of societies. The traveller, who was led by accident or curiosity into these desolate plains, could not forbear abhorring the barbarous and bloody authors of such devastations, while he reflected that it was not owing even to the cruel illusions of glory, and to the fanaticism of conquest, but to the stupid and abject desire of gold, that they had sacrificed so much more real treasure, and so numerous a population. This insatiable thirst of gold, which neither tended to subsistence, safety, nor policy, was the only motive for establishing new settlements, some of which have been kept up, while several have decayed, and others have been formed in their stead. The fate of them all has corresponded with the discovery, progress, or declension of the mines to which they were subordi nate. Peru: 63 the natives. Fewer errors have been committed in the means of Manner of procuring provisions. The natives had hitherto lived living of hardly on any thing else but maize, fruits, and pulse, for, which they had used no other seasoning except salt, and pimento. Their liquors, which were made from different roots, were more diversified: of these the chicha was the most usual; but the conquerors were not satisfied either with the liquors or with the food of the people they had subdued. They imported vines from the Old World, which soon multiplied sufficiently in the sands of the coasts at Ica, Pisca, Nasca, Moquequa, and Truxillo, to furnish the colony with the wine and brandy it wanted. Olives succeeded still better; and yielded a greater abundance of oil, which was much superior to that of the mother-country. Other fruits were transplanted with the same success. Sugar succeeds so well, that none of any other growth can be compared to that which is cultivated in those parts, where it never rains. In the inland country wheat and barley Peru. barley were sown; and at length all the European quadrupeds were soon found grazing at the foot of the mountains. This was a considerable step; but there still remained much more to be done. After they had provided for a better and a greater choice of subsistence, the next care of the Spaniards was to have a dress more commodious and more agreeable than that of the Peruvians. These were, however, better clothed than any other American nation. They owed this superiority to the advantage which they alone possessed, of having the LLAMA and PACOS, domestic animals which served them for this use. See CAMELUS, MAMMALIA Index. After the conquest, all the Indians were obliged to wear clothes. As the oppression under which they groaned did not allow them to exercise their former industry, they contented themselves with the coarser cloths of Europe, for which they were made to pay an exorbitant price. When the gold and silver which had escaped the rapacity of the conquerors were exhausted, they thought of re-establishing their national manufactures. These were some time after prohibited, on account of the deficiency which they occasioned in the exports of the mother country. The impossibility which the Peruvians found of purchasing foreign stuffs and paying their taxes, occasioned permission to be given at the end of ten years for their re-establishment. They have not been discontinued since that time; and have been brought to as great a degree of perfection as it was possible they could be under a continual tyranny. With the wool of the vicuna, a species of wild pacos, they make, at Cuzco, and in its territory, stockings, handkerchiefs, and scarfs. These manufactures would Manufac have been multiplied, if the spirit of destruction had not tres, &c. fallen on animals as well as on men. The same wool, 64 mixed with that of the sheep imported thither from Europe, which have exceedingly degenerated, serves for carpets, and makes also tolerably fine cloth. Fleeces of inferior quality are employed in serges, druggets, and in all kinds of coarse stuffs. The manufactures subservient to luxury are established at Arequipa, Cusco, and Lima. In these three towns is made a prodigious number of gold toys and plate, for the use of private persons, and also for the churches. All these manufactures are but coarsely wrought, and mixed with a great deal of copper. We seldom discover more taste in the gold and silver laces and embroideries which their manufactures also produce. This is not altogether the case in regard to their lace, which, when mixed with that of Europe, looks very beautiful. This last manufacture is commonly in the hands of the nuns, who employ in it the Peruvian girls, and the young Mestees of the towns, who for the most part before marriage pass some years in the convent. Other hands are employed in painting and gilding leather for rooms, in making with wood and ivory pieces of inlaid work and sculpture, and in drawing figures on the marble that is found at Cucuca, or on linen imported from Europe. These different works, which are almost all manufactured at Cusco, serve for orzaments for honses, palaces, and temples: the drawing of them is not bad, but the colours are neither exact nor permanent. If the Indians, who invent nothing, but are excellent imitators, had able masters and excellent models, 65 silver. Though the Peruvians were unacquainted with coin, Of the they knew the use of gold and silver; for they employ-m nes of ed them in different kinds of ornaments. Independent gold and of what the torrents and accident procured them of these metals, some mines had been opened of little depth. The Spaniards have not transmitted to us the manner in which these rich productions were drawn from the bosom of the earth. Their pride, which has deprived us of so much useful knowledge, undoubtedly made them think, that, in the inventions of a people whom they called barbarous, there was nothing that was worthy to be recorded. The difference as to the manner in which the Peruvians worked their mines, did not extend to the mines themselves. The conquerors opened them on all sides. At first the gold mines tempted the avarice of the greater number. Fatal experience discouraged those whom passion had not blinded. They clearly saw, that, for some enormous fortunes raised in this manner, great numbers who had only moderate fortunes, were totally ruined. These mines sunk into such discredit, that, in order to prevent them from being abandoned, the government was obliged to take the 20th part of their produce, instead of the fifth which it at first received. The mines of silver were more common, more equal, and richer. They even produced silver of a singular species, rarely found elsewhere. Towards the seacoast, great lumps of this metal are found in the sands. There are a greater number of other mines which are infinitely more important, and are found in the rocks and on the mountains. Several of them gave false hopes. Such, in particular, was that of Ucuntaya, discovered in 1713. This was only an incrustation of almost massive silver, which at first yielded several millions, but was soon exhausted. Others which were deeper have been alike deserted. Their produce, though equal to what it was originally, was not sufficient to support the expence of working them, which augmented every day. The mines of Quito, Cusco, and Arequipa, have experienced that revolution which awaits many of the rest. There are greater numbers of very rich mines which the waters have invaded. The disposition of the ground, which from the summit of the Cordilleras goes continually shelving to the South sea, must necessarily render these events more common at Peru than in other places. This inconvenience, which with greater care and skill might often have been prevented or diminished, has been in some instances remedied. Joseph Salcedo, about the year 1660, had discovered, not far from the town of Puna, the mine of Laycacota. It was so rich, that they often cut the silver with a chisel. Prosperity had so elevated the mind of the proprietor, that he permitted all the Spaniards who came to seek their fortunes in this part of the New World, to work some days on their own account, without weighing or taking any account of the presents he made them. This generosity drew around him an infinite number of people, whose avidity made them quarrel with each other, and the love of money made them take up arms Dd2 and Peru. and fall upon one another; and their benefactor, who had neglected no expedient to prevent and extinguish their sanguinary contentions, was hanged as being the author of them. Whilst he was in prison, the water got possession of his mine. Superstition soon made it imagined that this was a punishment for the horrid act they had perpetrated against him. This idea of divine vengeance was revered for a long time; but at last, in 1740, Diego de Bacna associated with other opulent people to avert the springs which had deluged so much treasure. The labours which this difficult undertaking required, were not finished till 1754. The mine yields as much now as it did at first. But mines still richer than this have been discovered. Such, for example, is that of Potosi, which was found in the same country where the Incas worked that of Porco. An Indian, named Hualpa, in 1545, pursuing some deer, in order to climb certain steep rocks laid hold of a bush, the roots of which loosened from the earth, and brought to view an ingot of silver. The Indian had recourse to it for his own use; and never failed to return to his treasure every time that his wants or his desires solicited him to it. The change that had happened in his fortune was remarked by one of his countrymen, and he discovered to him the secret. The two friends could not keep their counsel and enjoy their good fortune. They quarrelled; on which the indiscreet confidant discovered the whole to his master, Villaroell, a Spaniard who was settled in the neighbourhood. Upon this the mine became known, and was worked; and a great number of them were found in his vicinity; the principal of which are in the northern part of the mountain, and their direction is from north to south. intelligent people of Peru have observed, that this is in general the direction of the richest mines. The most The fame of what was passing at Potosi soon spread abroad; and there was quickly built at the foot of the mountain a town, consisting of 60,000 Indians and 10,000 Spaniards. The sterility of the soil did not prevent its being immediately peopled. Corn, fruit, flocks, American stuffs, European luxuries, arrived there from every quarter. Industry, which everywhere follows the current of money, could not search for it with so much success as at its source. It evidently appeared that in 1738 these mines produced annually near 978,000l. without reckoning the silver which was not registered, and what had been carried off by fraud. From that time the produce has been so much diminished, that no more than one-eighth part of the coin which was formerly struck is now made. At the mines of Potosi, and all the mines of South America, the Spaniards, in purifying their gold and silver, used mercury, with which they are supplied from Guança Velica. The common opinion is, that this mine was discovered in 1564. The trade of mercury was then still free: it became au exclusive trade in 1571. At this period all the mines of mercury were shut; and that of Guança Velica alone was worked, the property of which the king reserved to himself. It is now found to diminish. This mine is dug in a prodigiously large mountain, 60 leagues from Lima. In its profound abyss are seen streets, squares, and a chapel, where the mysteries of religion on all festivals are celebrated. Millions of flambeaux are continually kept Perve to enlighten it. Private people at their own expence work the mine of Guança Velica. They are obliged to deliver to government, at a stipulated price, all the mercury they extract from it. As soon as they have procured the quantity which the demands of one year require, the work is suspended. Part of the mercury is sold on the spot, and the rest is sent to the royal magazines throughout all Peru; from whence it is delivered out at the same price it is sold for in Mexico. This arrangement, which has occasioned many of the mines to drop, and prevented others from being opened, is inexcusable in the Spanish system. The court of Madrid, in this respect, merits the same reproaches as a ministry in other countries would incur, that would be blind enough to lay a duty on the implements of agriculture. Peru originally included the provinces of Quito and Potosi, which are described with it in this article; but these provinces are now separated from it. The area of Peru, thus restricted in its limits, is 33,628 square leagues, as stated in the beginning of this article. The population by the last census amounted to 1,076,122 persons of all ages and conditions; but the returns are believed to be under the truth, and the real amount of the population is believed to be about 1,300,000. Of these four-tenths are Indians. The remainder is made up of European Spaniards, Spanish Creoles, Mestizoes, Negroes, Mulattoes, and Samboes. It is ascertained, from a census in 1551, that the present number of inhabitants in Peru, Santa Fe, and Buenos Ayres, does not much exceed one third of the number at the conquest. Peru, in its present extent, contained in 1791, 69 mines of gold which were then wrought, 784 mines of silver, four of quicksilver, four of copper, 12 of lead. The whole produce of its silver mines for the ten years, ending in 1789, was 29,728,154 dollars; of its gold mines, 4,424,35. For both metals, the average annual produce was 3,415,218 dollars. The produce of the royal duties from the mines of Potosi from 1556 to 1780-224 years, was 150,570,743 dollars. The corresponding produce of silver from the mines is 2,400,000,000 dollars. But, as a great part of the silver was smuggled, the actual produce of the mines must have been much greater. men. The commerce of Peru with the adjacent provinces of Chili, Guayaquil, Panama, and Goatemala, employs 41 vessels of different sizes, the tonnage of which is 351,500 quintals; and they are manned by 1460 seaThe annual imports in this trade for five years, ending 1789, was 2,066,824 dollars, and the exports 1,694,755. The imports of Peru from the mother country, for the five years ending 1779, were 23,838,183 dollars, or 4,767,636 annually; but, in the five years ending 1789, from the removal of certain restrictions on the trade, they had increased to 42,099,313 dollars, or 8,419,862 dollars annually. The exports were 21,302,385 dollars in the former period, and 35,979,339 in the latter. The revenue of Peru amounts to nearly 5,000,000 dolJars annually; but the clear revenue derived from the colony of Old Spain does not exceed 500,000 dollars. Balsam Balsam of PERU. See MYROXILON, BOTANY and PERUGIA, a town of Italy, in the pope's terri- PERUGINO, a province of Italy, in the territory PERUKE. See PERRUKE. Bark, MATERIA MEDICA Index. PERUVIANA, a general name sometimes given to the vast peninsula of South America, extending itself from the isthmus of Darien to Cape Horn. PESARO, a town of Italy, in the territory of the pope, and duchy of Urbino, with a bishop's see. The environs are remarkable for producing good figs, of which they send large quantities to Venice. It is seated on an eminence at the mouth of the river Fogha, on the gulf of Venice. E. Long. 13. o. N. Lat. 43. 56. PESCARA, a very strong town in the kingdom of Naples, and in the Hither Abruzzo; seated at the mouth of a river of the same name, which falls into the gulf of Venice. E. Long. 15. 2. N. Lat. 42. 27. PETAGUEL, a territory of South America, in Brasil; bounded on the north by Dele, on the east by the sea, on the south by the captainship of Rio-Grande, and on the west by Tupuya. It contains mines of silver. PETAL, in Botany, one of the coloured leaves which compose the flower. PETALISM, a mode of deciding on the guilt of citizens, similar to the Athenian OSTRACISM. It was introduced in Syracuse about the year before Christ 460, in order to prevent the tyranny of the richer citizens, who had often about that time aimed at the diadem. To prevent, therefore, the evils daily arising from thence, and to bring down the aspiring minds of the wealthy citizens, the Syracusans were forced to make a law not unlike that of the Athenian ostracism; for as at Athens every citizen was to write on a shell the name of the person whom they conceived to be the most likely, on account of his wealth and adherents, to aspire to the crown; so at Syracuse they were to write on a leaf the names of such as they apprehended powerful enough to usurp the sovereignty. When the leaves were counted, he who had the most suffrages against him was, without any further inquiry, banished for five years. This new-contrived See CINCHONA, and JESUITS method of impairing the estates, and weakening the interest of the overgrown citizens, was called petalism, from the Greek word petalon, which signifies "a leaf." This law was attended with many evil consequences; for those who were most capable of governing the commonwealth were driven out, and the administration of public affairs committed to the meanest of the people; nay, many of the chief citizens, who were able to render their country great service, fearing to fall under penalties of this law, withdrew from the city, and lived private in the country, not concerning themselves with public affairs: whence all the employments being filled with men of no merit or experience, the republic was on the brink of ruin, and ready to fall into a state of anarchy and confusion. The law therefore of petalism, upon more mature deliberation, was repealed soon after it had been first enacted, and the reins of government were again put into the hands of men who knew how to manage them. PETARD, in the art of war. See GUNNERY. PETAU, DENIS, or Dionysius PETAVIUS, a French Jesuit of great erudition, was born at Orleans in 1583. His father was a man of literature, and observing strong parts and an excellent genius for letters in his son, he took every means in his power to improve them. used to tell his son, that he ought to qualify himself so, as to be able to attack and confound "the giant of the Allophylæ;" meaning that most eminent scholar Joseph Scaliger, whose abilities and learning were allowed to have done great honour and much service to the reformed. Young Petavius seems to have entered readily into his father's views; for he studied most intensely, and afterwards levelled much of his erudition against Scaliger. He joined the study of the mathematics to that of the belles lettres; and afterwards applied himself to a course of philosophy, which he began in the college of Orleans, and finished at Paris. He afterwards maintained theses in Greek, which was as familiar to him as Latin; and the Latin, it is said, he understood better than he did his own native language. When he was pretty well advanced, he had free access to the king's library, which he often visited en account of the Latin and Greek manuscripts. Among other advantages which accompanied his literary pursuits, was the friendship of Isaac Casau PESCENNIUS NIGER. See NIGER. PESENAS, an ancient town of France, in the de- PESSARY, in Medicine, a solid substance composed PEST, a town of Hungary, and now the capital of the kingdom. It is situated on the Danube opposite Buda, with which it communicates by a bridge of boats. It is the seat of the supreme courts of justice, of the offices of government, and of a well endowed university. The latter has a good museum and library. There are also here an hospital for invalids, and a theatre. The streets are spacious, and the houses generally handsome: the number of inhabitants is estimated at 42,000. Pest is the most commercial city in Hungary, and possesses some manufactures. E. Long. 19. 10. N. Lat. 47. 24. PESTILENCE, in Medicine, the same with the PLAGUE. He Petal Petau. bop. Petcheli, are about 40 in number, less considerable indeed, but all Petchell. surrounded with walls and ditches. Petcheli has few mountains. Its soil is sandy, and produces very little rice; but all other kinds of grain abound there, as well as the greater part of the fruit-trees we have in Europe. It pays an annual tribute to the emperor, which, according to Father Martini, consists of 601,153 bags of rice, wheat, and millet; 224 pounds of linseed; 45,135 of spun silk; 13,748 of cotton; 8,737,248 trusses of straw for the horses belonging to the court, and 180,870 measures of salt, each containing 124 pounds; which is proportionally much inferior to that paid by other provinces. The population of this province is estimated at 38,000,000. Betau bon, whom Henry IV. called to Paris in 1600. It was at Casaubon's instigation, that Petavius, though then but very young, undertook an edition of The Works of Synesius. In this edition he corrected the Greek from the manuscripts, translated that part which yet remained to be translated into Latin, and wrote notes upon the whole. He was but 19 years of age when he was made professor of philosophy in the university of Bourges; and he spent the two following years in studying the ancient philosophers and mathematicians. In 1604, when Morel, professor of Greek at Paris, published The Works of Chrysostom, some part of Petavius's labours on Synesius were added to them: from the title of which we learn, that he then took the name of Pætus, which he afterwards changed into Petavius. His own edition of The Works of Synesius did not appear till 1612. He entered into the society of the Jesuits in 1605, and did great credit to it by his vast and profound erudition. He became a zealous advocate for the church of Rome; and there was no way of serving it more agreeable to him than that of criticising and abusing its adversaries. He was most bitter against Scaliger; nor did he even spare his friend Casaubon whenever he came in his way.-Petavius excelled particularly in the dark science of chronology; the learned world in general being obliged to him for some exact and nice disquisitions on this subject. His chief work, which is in great repute to this day, he intitled, Rationarium Temporum. It is an abridgement of universal history, from the earliest times to 1632, in chronological order, with references to proper authorities. It was improved, and several additions made to it, by Perizonius, and others after his death. This eminent father, after a very laborious life, died at Paris in the end of the year 1652, aged 69. Gassendus, in his life of Pereschius, says he was the most consummate scholar the Jesuits ever had; an opinion very likely to be true, when we consider that he often contended successfully with Scaliger, Salmasius, and others, whose abilities have been universally acknowledged. His judgment, however, was not equal to his erudition, and his controversial writings are full of sourness and spleen. We have the following character of a great work of Petavius by an author of much celebrity, but who perhaps is as much biassed on the side of infidelity as he thinks this learned Jesuit was in favour of the church of Rome. The Dogmata Theologica of Petavius are a work of incredible labour and compass: the volumes which relate solely to the incarnation (two folios, 5th and 6th, of 837 pages) are divided into 16 books-the first of his history, the remainder of controversy and doctrine. The Jesuit's learning is copious and correct: his Latinity is pure, his method clear, his argument profound and well connected; but he is the slave of the fathers, the scourge of heretics, and the enemy of truth and candour, as often as they are inimical to the Catholic cause. PETAW, an ancient town of Germany, in the circle of Austria, and in Stiria. It is a handsome place, and is seated on the river Drave, 35 miles north-east of Cilley, and 109 south of Vienna. E. Long. 15. 36. N. Lat. 46. 40. PETCHELI, a province of Asia, in China, and the chief in the whole empire; bounded on the east by the sea, on the north by the great wall, on the west by Chansi, and on the south by Chantong and Honan. "This province contains nine cities of the first class, which have several others under their jurisdiction; these I "It is remarked that the people of this province have not the same aptitude for acquiring the sciences as those who inhabit the southern provinces of the empire; but they are more robust and warlike; and better calculated to endure the hardships and fatigue of war. This is the case with the Chinese of all the other northern countries. "The face of the country here being flat and level, permits the use of a kind of carriage, the construction of which appears to be rather singular. Father Martini, one of the first missionaries in China, thus describes it: They use, in the province of Petcheli, a kind of chariot with one wheel, and constructed in such a manner, that there is room in the middle for only one person, who sits as if on horseback; the driver pushes behind, and, by means of wooden levers, makes the chariot advance with safety and expedition.' This has perhaps given rise to the report of chariots driven in that country by the wind, which the Chinese direct over land with sails, as they do ships at sea. A French missionary, who traversed this province in 1768, seems to have made use of the same kind of carriage. We quitted the canal (says he) to travel in carts, which is customary in this part of China; but it is disagreeable beyond description. The cart is amazingly clumsy, and has a great resemblance to the carriage of a gun there is room in it for only one person, who is frequently obliged to sit cross-legged, as our taylors do in Europe; it jolts prodigiously; and, while the traveller is exposed to the scorching rays of the sun, such clouds of dust sometimes arise as almost suffocate him.' "The temperature of the air of this province does not seem to agree with its latitude. Although Petcheli extends no farther than to the 42d degree of north latitude, yet all the rivers there are so much frozen during four months in the year, that horses and waggons with the heaviest loads may safely pass them. It deserves to be remarked, that the whole body of ice is formed in one day, and that several are necessary to thaw only the surface. What may appear no less extraordinary is, that during these severe frosts one does not feel that sharp and pinching cold which accompanies the production of ice in Europe. These phenomena cannot be accounted for, but by attributing them to the great quantity of nitre which is found dispersed throughout this province, and to the serenity of the sky, which, even during winter, is seldom obscured by a cloud. The physical explanation, which we have given of this singular temperature, is fully confirmed by experiments lately made by Father Amiot at Peking, which convinced him, that in this capital and neighbourhood, as far as seven or eight |