to

Phrase

had afterwards committed a deliberate and wilful murder. The first who was tried in this place was Teucer, on a groundless suspicion that he had been accessory Phrygia: the death of Ajax. The accused was not allowed to come to land, or so much as to cast anchor, but pleaded his cause in his bark; and if found guilty, was committed to the mercy of the winds and waves, or, as some say, suffered there condign punishment; if innocent, he was only cleared of the second fact, and, according to custom, underwent a twelvemonth's banishment for the former. See Potter's Gr. Antiq. vol. i. p. 1II.

Photius siduity. There was no branch of literature, whether A sacred and profane, and scarcely any art or science, in Phrase. which he was not deeply versed. Indeed he appears to have been by far the greatest man of the age in which be lived; and was so intimately concerned in the chief transactions of it, that ecclesiastical writers have on that account called it Seculum Photicnum. He was first raised to the chief dignities of the empire, being made principal secretary of state, captain of the guards, and a senator. In all these stations he acquitted himself with a distinction suitable to his great abilities, for he was a refined statesmen, as well as a profound scholar. His rise to the patriarchate was very quick; for when he was chosen to that office he was only a layman; but that he might be as it were gradually raised to that dignity, he was made monk the first day, reader the next, and the following days sub-deacon, deacon, and priest. So that in the space of six days he attained to the highest office in the church. On the whole, however, his ardent love of glory and unbounded ambition made him commit excesses which rendered him a scourge to those about him.

Fabricius calls his Bibliotheca or library, non liber, sed insignis thesaurus, "not a book, but an illustrious treasure," in which are contained many curious things, relating to authors, and many fragments of works which are no where else to be found. It was brought to light by Andreas Scottus, and communicated by him to David Hoeschelius, who caused it to be printed in 1601. Scottus, considering the great utility of this work, translated it into Latin, and printed his translation alone in 1606. The Greek text, together with the translation, was afterwards printed at Geneva in 1611. PHOTOMETER, an instrument for ascertaining the intensity of light. See OPTICS Index.

PHRAATES, or PHRAHATES. There were four kings of this name in Parthia. See PARTHIA.

PHRASE, in Grammar, an elegant turn or manner of speech, peculiariy belonging to this or that occasion, this or that art, or this or that language. Thus we say, an Italian phrase, an eastern phrase, a poetical phrase, a rhetorical phrase.

PHRASE is sometimes also used for a short sentence or small set or circuit of words constructed together. In this sense, Father Buffier divides phrases into complete and incomplete.

Phrases are complete where there is a noun and a verb, each in its proper function; i. e. where the noun expresses a subject, and the verb the thing affirmed of it. Incomplete phrases are those where the noun and the verb together only do the office of a noun; consisting of several words without affirming any thing, and which might be expressed in a single word. Thus, that which is true, is an incomplete phrase, which might be expressed in one word, truth; as, that which is true satisfies the mind, i. e. truth satisfies the mind.

PHRASEOLOGY, a collection of the phrases or elegant expressions in any language. See PHRASE.

PHREATIS, or PHREATTIUM, in Grecian antiquity, was a court belonging to the civil government of Athens, situated upon the sea-shore, in the Piræus. The name is derived from an т Ogialos, because it stood in a pit, or, as others suppose, from the hero Phreatus. This court heard such causes as concerned persons who had fled out of their own country for murder, or those that fled for involuntary murder, and who

2

PHRENITIC, a term used to denote those who, without being absolutely mad, are subject to such strong sallies of imagination as in some measure pervert their judgment, and cause them to act in a way different from the more rational part of mankind.

PHRENITIS, the same with PHRENSY; an inflammation of the meninges of the brain, attended with an acute fever and delirium. See MEDICINE, No 176; also an account of a strange degree of phrensy which attacked Charles VI. of France, in the article FRANCE, N° 88, 90.

PHRYGANEA, a genus of insects, belonging to the order neuroptera. See ENTOMOLOGY Index.

PHRYGIA, a country in Asia. From whence it derived its name is not certain some say it was from the river Phryx (now Sarabat), which divides Phrygia from Caria, and empties itself into the Hermus; Ancien others from Phrygia, the daughter of Asopus and Eu Universal History, ropa. The Greek writers tell us, that the country took vol. iii. its name from the inhabitants, and these from the town p. 441, &c. of Brygium in Macedonia, from whence they first passed into Asia, and gave the name of Phrygia or Brygia to the country where they settled. Bochart is of opinion that this tract was called Phrygia from the Greek verb coy, "to burn or parch ;" which, according to him, is a translation of its Hebrew name, derived from a verb of the same signification.

No less various are the opinions of authors as to the exact boundaries of this country; an uncertainty which gave rise to an observation made by Strabo, viz. that the Phrygians and Mysians had distinct boundaries; but that it was scarce possible to ascertain them. The same writer adds, that the Trojans, Mysians, and Lydians, are, by the poets, all blended under the common name of Phrygians, which Claudian extends to the Pisidians, Bithynians, and Ionians. Phrygia Proper, according to Ptolemy, whom we choose to follow, was bounded on the north by Pontus and Bithynia; on the west by Mysia, Troas, the Egean sea, Lydia, Mæonia, and Caria; on the south by Lycia; on the east by Pamphylia and Galatia. It lies between the 37th and 41st degrees of north latitude, extending in longitude from 56 to 62 degrees. The inhabitants of this country, mentioned by Ptolemy, are the Lycaones and Anthemisenii, towards Lycia; and Moccadelis or Moccadine, the Cyddeses or Cydisses towards Bithynia; and between these the Peltini or Speltini, the Moxiani, Phylacenses, and Hierapolitæ. To these we may add the Berecyntes mentioned by Strabo.

Phrygia is commonly divided into the Greater and Lesser Phrygia, called also Troas. But this division did not take place till Troas was subdued by the Phrygians; and hence it is more considered by some Roman writers as a part of Phrygia, than Bithynia, Cappado

cia,

known proverbs (A). They are said to have been the Phrygia. first inventors of divination by the singing, flying, and feeding of birds. Their music, commonly called the Phrygian mood, is alleged by some as an argument of their effeminacy.

This country, and indeed all Asia Minor, as lying in the fifth and sixth northern climates, was in ancient times greatly celebrated for its fertility. It abounded in all sorts of grain; being, for the most part, a plain country covered with a deep rich soil, and plentifully watered by small rivers. It was in some parts productive of bitumen and other combustible substances. It was well stocked with cattle, having large plains and pasture grounds. The air was anciently deemed most pure and wholesome, though it is now in some parts thought extremely gross, great part of the country lying uncultivated.

In Phrygia Major were anciently several cities of great celebrity; such as APANEA, LAODICEA, HIERAPOLIS, Gordium, &c.-There were also some famous rivers; such as Marsyas, Mæander, &c. The Macander is now called Madre or Mindre, and was much celebrated by the ancients for its windings and turnings; from whence all such windings and turnings have been denominated maanders.

The Phrygians accounted themselves the most ancient people in the world. Their origin, however, is extremely dark and uncertain. Josephus and St Jerome say, they were descended from Togarmah, one of Gomer's sons: and that they were known to the Hebrews under the name of Tigrammanes. The Heathen authors derive them from the Brygians, a people of Macedonia. But this is but mere conjecture; and it is a conjecture totally unsupported, except by the similarity of names. Bochart thinks that the Phrygians were the offspring of Gomer the eldest son of Japhet: the word Phrygia being the Greek translation of his name. Josephus makes Gomer the father of the Galatians; but he, by the Galatians, must necessarily mean the Phrygians inhabiting that part of Phrygia which the Galatians had made themselves masters of; the descendants of Gomer being placed by Ezekiel northward of Judæa, near Togarmah (which Bochart takes to be Cappadocia), long before the Gauls passed over into Asia. We are willing to let Gomer enjoy the fine country which Bochart is pleased to give him, and allow him the honour of being the progenitor of the Phrygians, since we know no other person on whom it can be conferred with any degree of probability.

The ancient Phrygians are described as superstitious, voluptuous, and effeminate, without any prudence or foresight, and of such a servile temper, that nothing but stripes and ill usage could make them comply with their duty; which gave rise to several trite and well

This government was certainly monarchical; for all Phrygia was, during the reigns of some kings, subject to one prince. Ninnacus, Midas, Manis, Gordius, and his descendants, were undoubtedly sovereigns of all Phrygia. But some time before the Trojan war, we find this country divided into several petty kingdoms, and read of divers princes reigning at the same time. Apollodorus mentions a king of Phrygia contemporary with Ilus king of Troy. Cedrenus and others speak of one Teuthrans, king of a small country in Phrygia, whose territories were ravaged by Ajax, himself slain in single combat, his royal seat laid in ashes, and his daughter, by name Tecmessa, carried away captive by the conqueror. Homer makes mention of Phorcys and Ascanius, both princes and leaders of the Phrygian auxiliaries that came to the relief of Troy. Tantalus was king of Sipylus only, and its district; a prince no less famous for his great wealth, than infamous for his covetousness and other detestable vices. That Phrygia was subdued either by Ninus, as Diodorus Siculus informs us, or by the Amazons, as we read in Suidas, is not sufficiently warranted. Most authors that speak of Gordius tell us, that the Phrygians having sent to consult an oracle in order to know how they might put an end to the intestine broils which rent their country into many factions and parties, received for answer, that the most effectual means to deliver themselves and their country from the calamities they groaned under, was to commit the government to a king. This advice they followed accordingly, and placed Gordius on the throne.

Apamea was the chief emporium of all Asia Minor. -Thither resorted merchants and traders from all parts of Greece, Italy, and the neighbouring islands. Besides, we know from Syncellus, that the Phrygians were for some time masters of the sea; and none but trading nations ever prevailed on that element. The country produced many choice and useful commodities, which afforded considerable exports. They had a safe coast, convenient harbours, and whatever may incline us to think that they carried on a considerable trade. But as most of the Phrygian records are lost, we will not dwell on conjectures so difficult to be ascertained.

We have no set form of their laws; and as to their learning, since we are told that for some time they enjoyed the sovereignty of the sea, we may at least allow them a competent skill in geography, geometry, and astronomy; and add to these, from what we have said above, a more than ordinary knowledge of music.

Some have been of opinion that the Phrygian language bore a great resemblance to the Greek; but

the

that she was going to be condemned, she unveiled her Phryne bosom, which so influenced her judges, that she was immediately acquitted.

PHRYNICUS, a general of Samos, who endeavoured to betray his country, &c.A flatterer at Athens. A tragic poet of Athens, disciple to Thespis. He was the first who introduced a female character on the stage.

Phrygia the contrary is manifest from the few Phrygian words which have been transmitted to us, and carefully colPhryne. lected by Bochart and Rudbechius. To these we may add the authority of Strabo, who, after attempting to derive the name of a Phrygian city from the Greek, concludes, that it is a difficult matter to discover any similitude between the barbarous words of the Phrygian language and the Greek. The Phrygian tongue, after the experiment made by Psammetichus king of Egypt, was looked upon by the Egyptians as the most ancient language of the world. But other nations, particular ly the Scythians, refused to submit to their opinion, as founded on an argument of no real weight. "As the two children (say they) had never heard the voice of any human creature, the word bec, or bekkos, the first they uttered, was only an imitation of the goats that had suckled them, and happened to be a Phrygian word signifying bread (B).

We have already said, that the Phrygians were superstitious; their idols were consequently very numerous. The chief of these was Cybele, who went by a variety of names. (See CYBELE). They also worshipped Bacchus under the name of Sabaxios; and his priests they called Saboi.

The history of their kings is dark and uncertain, and the dates of their several reigns and actions cannot now be fixed; we shall refer such of our readers, therefore, as wish to know what is certain respecting them, to the Ancient Universal History, already quoted more than once in the present article. See also GORDIUS, MIDAS, &c. For Phrygia Minor, see TROY.

PHRYGIAN STONE, in Natural History, is the name of a stone described by the ancients, and used by them in dyeing; perhaps from some vitriolic or aluminous salt contained in it, which served to enliven or fix the colours used by the dyers. It was light and spungy, resembling a pumice; and the whitest and lightest were reckoned the best. Pliny gives an account of the method of preparing it for the purpose of dyeing, which was by moistening it with urine, and then heating it red hot, and suffering it to cool.-This calcination was repeated three times, and the stone was then fit for use. Dioscorides recommended it in medicine after burning; he says it was drying and astringent.

PHRYGIANS, a Christian sect. See CATAPHRYGIANS and MONTANISTS.

PHRYNE, was a famous prostitute, who flourished at Athens about 328 years before the Christian era. She was mistress of Praxiteles, who drew her picture, which was one of his best pieces, and was placed in the temple of Apollo at Delphi. We are told that Apelles painted his Venus Anadyomene after he had seen Phryne on the sea-shore naked, and with dishevelled hair. Phryne became so very rich by the liberality of her lovers, that she offered to rebuild Thebes at her own expence, which Alexander had destroyed, provided this inscription was placed on the walls: Alexander diruit, sed meretrix Phryne refecit; which was refused. See Plin. 34. c. 8.- There was another of the same name who was accused of impiety. When she found

PHRYNIS was a musician of Mitylene. He was the first who obtained a musical prize at the Panathenæa at Athens. He added two strings to the lyre, which had always been used with seven by all his predecessors, He flourished about 438 years before the Christian era. We are told that he was originally a cook at the house of Hiero king of Sicily.- There was another of the same name, a writer in the reign of Commodus, who made a collection, in 36 books, of phrases and sentences from the best Greek authors, &c.

PHRYXUS, in fabulous history, was a son of Athamas king of Thebes, by Nephele. When his mother was repudiated, he was persecuted with the most inveterate fury by his step-mother Ino, because he was to sit on the throne of Athamas, in preference to the children of a second wife. His mother apprized him of Ino's intentions upon his life; or, according to others, his preceptor; and the better to make his escape, be secured part of his father's treasures, and privately left Boeotia with his sister Helle, to go to their friend and relation Æetes king of Colchis. They embarked on board a ship, or, as we are informed by the fabulous account of the poets and mythologists, they mounted on the back of a ram, whose fleece was of gold; and proceeded on their journey through the air. The height to which they were carried made Helle giddy, and she fell into the sea. Phryxus gave his sister a decent burial on the sea-shore, and after he had called the place Hellespont from her name, he continued his flight, and arrived safe in the kingdom of Eetes, where he offered the ram on the altar of Mars. The king received him with great tenderness, and gave him Chalciope his daughter in marriage. She had by bim Phrontis Melas, Argos Cylindrus, whom some call Cytorus. He was afterwards murdered by his fatherin-law, who envied him the possession of the golden fleece; and Chalciope, to prevent her children from sharing their father's fate, sent them privately from Colchis to Baotia, as nothing was to be dreaded there from the jealousy or resentment of Ino, who was then dead. The fable of the flight of Phryxus to Colchis on a ram has been explained by some, who observe, that the ship on which he embarked was either called by that name, or carried on her prow a figure of that animal. The fleece of gold is accounted for, by observing that Phryxus carried away immense treasures from Thebes. Phryxus was placed among the constellations of heaven after death. The ram which carried him to Asia is said to have been the fruit of Neptune's amour with Theophane the daughter of Altis. This ram the gods had given to Athamas in order to reward his piety and religious life; and Nephele procured it for

Phryxus.

her

66

racters, which they wore about them, as amulets, to rhylactory preserve them from danger or diseases.

Phryxus her children, just as they were going to be sacrificed to H the jealousy of Ino. Phryxus's murder was some time Phylactery, after amply revenged by the Greeks; it having occasioned the famous expedition achieved under Jason and many of the princes of Greece, which had for its object the recovery of the golden fleece, and the punishment of the king of Colchis for his cruelty to the son of Athamas.

a

PHTHIRIASIS, the LOUSY EVIL, from Qluę, louse." Children are frequently its subjects, but adults are sometimes troubled with it. The increase of lice, when in a warm moist situation, is very great; but a cold and dry one soon destroys them. On the human body four kinds of lice are distinguished: 1. The pedi culi, so called because they are more troublesome with their feet than by their bite. These are in the heads of children, especially if sore or scabby; and often in those of adults, if they are slothful and nasty. 2. Crab-lice. 3. Body lice; these infest the body, and breed in the clothes of the nasty and slothful. 4. A sort which breed under the cuticle, and are found in the hands and feet: they are of a round form, and so minute as often to escape the sight: by creeping under the scarf-skin they cause an intolerable itching; and when the skin bursts where they lodge, clusters of them are found there. See ACARUS.

A good diet and cleanliness conduce much to the destruction of lice. When they are in the head, comb it every day; and, after each combing, sprinkle the pulv. sem. staph. agr. or coccul. Ind. among the hairs every night, and confine it with a tight cap.

ap

Codrochius, in his treatise on lice, says, that the powdered coc. Ind. exceeds all other means; and that it may be mixed in the pulp of apple, or in lard, and plied every night to the hair. Some writers assert, that if the pulv. cort. rad. sassafr. be sprinkled on the head, and confined with a handkerchief, it destroys the lice in one night.

The body-lice are destroyed by any bitter, sour, salt, or mercurial medicine, it applied to the skin.

Black soap, and the flowers called cardamine or lady's smock, are said to be specifics in all cases of lice on the human body.

PHTHISIS, a species of consumption, occasioned by an ulcer in the lungs. See MEDICINE Index.

"

PHUL, or PUL, king of Assyria, is by some historians said to be Ninus under another name, and the first founder of that monarchy: A renowned warrior. He invaded Israel in the reign of Menahem, who became tributary to him, and paid him 100c talents of silver for a peace. Flourished 771 B. C.

C

PHUT, or PHUTH, the third son of Ham (Gen. x. 6.). Calmet is of opinion, that Phut peopled either the canton of Phtempbu, Phtemphuti, or Phtembuti, set down in Pliny and Ptolemy, whose capital was Thara in Lower Egypt, inclining towards Libya; or the canton called Phtenotes, of which Buthus was the capital. The prophets often spoke of Phut. In the time of Jeremiah, Phut was under the obedience of Necho king of Egpyt. Nahum (iii. 9.) reckons up his people in the number of those who ought to have come to the assistance of Noammon or Diospolis.

PHYLACTERY particularly denoted a slip of parch- Physical ment, wherein was written some text of Holy Scripture, particularly of the decalogue, which the more devout people among the Jews wore on the forehead, the breast, or the neck, as a mark of their religion.

The primitive Christians also gave the name phylacteries to the cases wherein they inclosed the relicks of their dead.

Phylacteries are often mentioned in the New Testament, and appear to have been very common among the Pharisees in our Lord's time.

PHYLICA, BASTARD ALATERNUS; a genus of plants belonging to the pentandria class. See BOTANY Index.

PHYLLANTHUS, SEA-SIDE LAUREL; a genus of plants belonging to the monoecia class. See BOTANY Index.

PHYLLIS, in fabulous history, was a daughter of Sithon, or, according to others, of Lycurgus king if Thrace, who received Demophoon the son of Theseus ; who, at his return from the Trojan war, had stopped on her coasts. She became enamoured of him, and did not find him insensible to her passion. After some months of mutual tenderness and affection, Demophoon set sail for Athens, where his domestic affairs recalled him. He promised faithfully to return as soon as a month was expired; but either his dislike for Phyllis, or the irreparable situation of his affairs, obliged him to violate his engagement: and the queen grown desperate on account of his absence, hanged herself, or, according to others, threw herself down a precipice into the sea and perished. Her friends raised a tomb over her body, where there grew up certain trees, whose leaves, at a particular season of the year, suddenly became wet as if shedding tears for the death of Phyllis. According to an old tradition mentioned by Servius, Virgil's commentator, Phyllis was changed by the gods into an almond tree, which is called phylla by the Greeks. Some days after this metamorphosis, Demophoon rcvisited Thrace; and when he heard of the fate of Phyllis, he ran and clasped the tree, which, though at that time stripped of its leaves, suddenly shot forth, and blossomed as if still sensible of tenderness and love. The absence of Demophoon from the house of Phyllis has given rise to a beautiful epistle of Ovid, supposed to have been written by the Thracian queen about the fourth month after her lover's departure.-A country woman introduced in Virgil's eclogues.-The nurse of the emperor Domitian.-A country of Thrace near Mount Pangæus.

PHYSALIS, the WINTER CHERRY; a genus of plants belonging the pentandria class. See BOTANY Index.

PHYSETER, or SPERMACETI "WHALE, a genus belonging to the order of cete. See CETOLOGY

Index.

PHYSICIANS, College of, in London, Edinburgh, and Physicians, Dublin. See COLLEGE of Physicians.

Physical, existing in, nature. In this sense we say a physical point, Physician, in opposition to a mathematical one, which only exists

I

General

of physics.

A more

explanation

in the imagination; a physical substance or body, in opposition to spirit, or metaphysical substance, &c. PHYSICIAN, a person who professes medicine, or the art of healing diseases. See MEDICINE.

tics.

PhysicoPHYSICO MATHEMATICS, includes those branches mathemaof physics which, uniting observation and experiment to mathematical calculation, undertake to explain the phenomena of nature.

definition TAKEN in its most enlarged sense, comprehends the whole study of nature; and NATURAL PHILOSOPHY is a term of the same extent: but ordinary language, and especially in this country, employs both of these terms in a much narrower sense, which it is proper in this place to determine with some precision. Under the article PHILOSOPHY, we gave a particuparticular lar account of that view of nature in which the obof the term. J jects of our attention are considered as connected by causation; and we were at some pains to point out the manner in which this study may be successfully cultivated. By a judicious employment of the means pointed out in that article, we discover that the objects of our contemplation compose an UNIVERSE, which consists, not of a number of independent existences solitary and detached from each other, but of a number of substances connected by a variety of relations and dependencies, so as to form a whole which may with great propriety be called the SYSTEM OF NATURE.

This assembling of the individual objects which compose the universe into one system is by no means the work of a hasty and warm fancy, but is the result of sober contemplation. The natural historian attempts in vain to describe objects, by only informing us of their shape, colour, and other sensible qualities. He finds himself obliged, in describing a piece of marble, for instance, to tell us that it takes a fine polish; that it strikes fire with steel; that it burns to quicklime; that it dissolves in aquafortis, and is precipitated by alkalies; that with vitriolic acid it makes gypsum, &c. &c. &c. and thus it appears that even the description of any thing, with the view of ascertaining its specific nature, and with the sole purpose of discrimination, cannot be accomplished without taking notice of its various relations to other things. But what do we mean by the nature of any thing? We are ignorant of its essence, or what makes it that thing and no other thing. We must content ourselves with the discovery of its qualities or properties; and it is the assemblage of these which we call its nature. But this is very inaccurate. These do not constitute its essence, but are the consequences of it. Yet this is all we shall ever know of its nature. Now the term property is nothing but a name expres sing some relation which the substance under consideration has to other things. This is true of all such terms. Gravity, elasticity, sensibility, gratitude, and the like, express nothing but certain matters of fact, which may be observed respecting the object of our contempla tion in different circumstances of situation with regard to other things. Our distinct notions of individuals, therefore, imply their relations to other things.

The slightest observation of the universe shows an evident connection between all its parts in their vaVOL. XVI. Part II.

3

verse evi

nected in

rious properties. All things on this earth are connect- All parts of ed with each other by the laws of motion and of mind, the uniWe are connected with the whole of the solar system ently conby gravitation. If we extend our onservations to the necte fixed stars, the connection seems to fail; but even here their va it may be observed. Their inconceivable distance, it rious prois true, renders it impossible for us to obtain any exten-perties, sive information as to their nature. But these bodies are connected with the solar system by the sameness of the light which they emit with that emitted by our sun or any shining body. It moves with the same velocity, it consists (in most of them at least) of the same colours, and it is reflected, refracted, and inflected, according to the same laws.

4

rected in

men.

In this unbounded scene of contemplation, our at- Our atten tention will be directed to the different classes of ob- tion natujects nearly in proportion to the interest we take in rally dithem. There is nothing in which we are so much the first io interested as our fellow men; and one of the first steps stance to that we make in our knowledge of nature, is an ac- our fellow quaintance with them. We learn their distinctive nature by attending to their characteristic appearances; that is, by observing their actions. We observe them continually producing, like ourselves, certain changes in the situation or condition of surrounding objects; and these changes are evidently directed to certain ends which respect themselves. Observing this subserviency of the effects which they produce to their own accommodation, we consider this adjustment of means to ends as the effect of an INTENTION, as we experience it to be in our own case, where we are conscious of this intention, and of these its effects. We therefore interpret those actions of other men, where we observe this Nature of adjustment of means to ends, as marks or signs of intention in them similar to our own. And thus a quality, or power, or faculty, is supposed in them by means of its sign, although the quality itself is not immediately cognisable by our senses. And as this intention in ourselves is accompanied by perception of external objects, knowledge of their properties, desire of good, aversion from evil, volition and exertion, without all of which we could not or would not perform the actions which we daily perform, we suppose the same perception, knowledge, desire, aversion, volition, and exertion in them.

Thus, by the constitution of our mind, we consider the employment of means, by which ends terminating in the agent are gained, as the natural signs of design or intention. ART, therefore, or the employment of means, is the natural sign of intention; and wherever we observe this adjustment of means to ends, we infer the agency of design.

A small acquaintance with the objects around us, obliges us to extend this inference to a great number of beings besides our fellow men, namely, to the whole 3 G animal

intention.