:

But Gallio the proconsul of Achaia being at Corinth, the Jews of that city rose up against Paul and carried him before Gallio, accusing him of attempting to introduce a new religion among them however, Gallio sent them away, telling them he would not meddle with disputes that were foreign to his office. Paul continued some time longer at Corinth; but at last he set out for Jerusalem, where he had a mind to be present at the feast of Pentecost. Before he went on shipboard, he cut off his hair at Cenchrea, because he had completed his vow of Nazariteship, in which he had engaged bimself. He arrived at Ephesus with Aquila and Priscilla, from whence he went to Cæsarea of Palestine, and thence to Jerusalem. Here having performed his devotions, he came to Antioch, where he stayed some time; and then passing from thence, he made a progress through all the churches of Galatia and Phrygia successively; and having gone over the higher provinces of Asia, he returned to Ephesus, where he abode three years; that is, from the year of Christ 54 to the year 57 (Acts xix. 1, 2, &c.).

St Paul having arrived at Ephesus, he found there some disciples that had been initiated by Apollos, who had only baptized them with the baptism of John. St Paul instructed them, baptized them with the baptism of Jesus Christ, and laid his hands on them; whereupon they received the Holy Ghost, the gifts of languages and of prophecy. The Apostle afterwards went into the synagogue, and preached to the Jews for three months, endeavouring to convince them that Jesus Christ was the Messiah but as he found them very obstinate, he separated himself from them, and taught daily in the school of one Tyrannus. He performed there several miracles, insomuch that the linen that had but touched his body, being afterwards applied to the sick, they were presently cured of their diseases, or delivered from the devils that possessed them. He also suffered much there, as well from the Jews as from the Gentiles; and he himself informs us (1 Cor. xv. 31, 32.), that after the manner of men he fought with beasts at Ephesus; that is to say, that he was exposed to wild beasts in the amphitheatre, so that it was expected he should have been devoured by them; but God miraculously delivered him though some are of opinion, that the fight here mentioned by St Paul was nothing else but the scuffle he had with Demetrius the silver-smith and his companions, who were disappointed in their attempt of putting the apostle to death. It was during his abode at Ephesus that the apostle wrote his epistle to the Galatians.

After this St Paul proposed, at the instigation of the Holy Ghost, to pass through Macedonia and Achaia, and afterwards to go to Jerusalem, saying, that after he had been there, he must also see Rome; and having sent Timothy and Erastus before to Macedonia, he tarried some time in Asia. During this time, he received intelligence that domestic troubles had risen in the church of Corinth, and that abuses had begun to creep in; which made him resolve to write his first epistle to that church.

Soon after this, taking leave of the disciples, he departed for Macedonia (Acts xx. 1, 2, &c.). He embarked at Troas, took Timothy with him, and together passed into Macedonia (2 Cor. ii. 12. and vii. 5-15-). Titus came thither to him, and acquainted him with the good effects that his letter bad produced among the Corinthians; and told him, that the collections that had been made by the church of Corinth for the faithful in Palestine were now ready; which engaged Paul to write a second letter to the Corinthians. St Paul, having passed through Macedonia, came into Greece or Achaia, and there continued three months. He visited the faithful of Corinth; and having received their alms, as be was upon the point of returning into Macedonia, he wrote his epistle to the Romans.

At last he left Greece and came into Macedonia, in the year of Christ 58, intending to be at Jerusalem at the feast of Pentecost. He staid some time at Philippi, and there celebrated the feast of the passover. From hence he embarked and came to Troas, where he continued a week. On the first day of the week the disciples being assembled to break bread, as St Paul was to depart the day following, he made a discourse to them which held till midnight. During this time a young man called Eutychus, happening to sit in a window and fall asleep, fell down three stories high, and was killed by the fall. St Paul came down to him, and embraced him, and restored him to life again. Then he went up again, broke bread and ate it, and continued his discourse till daybreak, at which time he departed. Those of his company took ship at Troas; but as for himself he went on foot as far as Assos, otherwise called Apollonia, and then embarked along with them at Mitylene. From hence he came to Miletus, whither the elders of the church of Ephesus came to see him; for he had not time to go to them, because he was desirous of being at Jerusalem at the feast of Pentecost.

When these elders had arrived at Miletus, St Paul discoursed with them, and told them that he was going to Jerusalem without certainly knowing what should happen to him; however he did not doubt but that he had much to suffer there, since in all cities the Holy Ghost had given him to undersand, that chains and affictions waited for him at Jerusalem. Nevertheless, he declared to them, that all this did not terrify him, provided he could but falfil his ministry. After having exhorted them to patience, and having prayed along with them, he went on board, going straight to Coos, then to Rhodes, and thence to Patara (Acts xxi. 1, 2, &c.), where finding a ship that was bound for Phoenicia, they went on board and arrived safe at Tyre. Here they made a stop for seven days, and then going on, they arrived at Ptolemais, and thence to Cæsarea, where they found Philip the evangelist, who was one of the seven deacons. While St Paul was there, the prophet Agabus arrived there also from Judea, and have taken St. Paul's girdle, he bound his own hands and feet with it, saying, "Thus shall the Jews of Jerusalem bind the man that owns this girdle, and shall deliver him up to the Gentiles." But St Paul's constancy was not shaken by all these predictions, and be told them that he was ready, not only to suffer bonds, but death itself, for the name of Christ.

When he was come to Jerusalem, the brethren re

ceived him with joy; and the day following he went to see St James the Less, bishop of Jerusalem, at whose house all the elders assembled. Paul gave them an account of what God had done among the Gentiles by his ministry. Then St James informed him, that the converted Jews were strangely prejudiced against him, because they were informed he taught the Jews that lived among the Gentiles and out of Palestine, that they ought to renounce the law of Moses, and no longer circumcise their children. Therefore, continued St James, we must assemble them here together, where you may speak to them yourself, and undeceive them. Moreover do this, that your actions may verify your words: join yourself to four men that are here, and who have taken upon them a vow of Nazariteship; and that you may share in the merit of their action, contribute to the charge of their purification, and purify your self also, that you may offer with them the offerings and sacrifices ordained for the purification of a Nazarite. See NAZARITE.

St Paul exactly followed this advice of St James, and on the next day went into the temple, where he declared to the priests, that in seven days these four Nazarites would complete their vow of Nazariteship; and that he would contribute his share of the charges. But towards the end of these seven days, the Jews of Asia having seen him in the temple, moved all the people against him, laid hold of him, and cried out, " Help, ye Israelites, that is he that teaches every where against the law, and against the temple, and has brought Gentiles into the temple, and profaned this holy place." At the same time they laid hold on him, shut the gates of the temple, and would have killed him, had not Lysias the tribune of the Roman garrison there run to his rescue, taken him out of their hands, and brought him into the citadel. St Paul being upon the steps, desired the tribune to suffer him to speak to the people, who followed him thither in a great multitude. The tribune permitted him, and St Paul, making a sign with his hand, made a speech in Hebrew (Act xxii), and related to them the manner of his conversion, and his mission from God to go and preach to the Gentiles. At his mentioning the Gentiles, the Jews began to cry out," Away with this wicked fellow out of the world, for he is not worthy to live."

Immediately the tribune made him come into the castle, and ordered that he should be examined by whipping him, in order to make him confess the matter why the Jews were so incensed against him. Being now bound, he said to the tribune, "Is it lawful for you to whip a Roman citizen before you hear him?" The tribune hearing this, caused him to be unbound, and calling together the priests and the senate of the Jews, he brought Paul before them, that he might know the occasion of this tumult of the people. Then Paul began to speak to them to this purpose, (Acts xxiii.): "Brethren, I have lived in all good conscience before God until this day." At which words, Ananias, son of Nebedeus, who was the chief-priest, ordered the bystanders to give him a blow in the face. At which St Paul said to him, “God shall smite thee, thou whited wall; for sittest thou to judge me after the law, and commandest me to be smitten contrary to the law?" Those that were present said to him, "Revilest thou God's high priest?" St Paul excused himself by saying,

that he did not know he was the high priest, " For it is written, thou shalt not speak evil of the ruler of thy people." Then perceiving that part of the assembly were Sadducees, and part Pharisees, he cried out, Brethren, I am a Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee; of the hope and resurrection of the dead I am called in question."

66

Then the assembly being divided in interests and opinions, and the clamour increasing more and more, the tribune ordered the soldiers to fetch him away out of the assembly, and bring him into the castle. The following night the Lord appeared to Paul, and said to him, "Take courage, for as you have borne testimony of me at Jerusalem, so must you also at Rome." The day following more than 40 Jews engaged themselves by an oath, not to eat or drink till they had killed Paul. They came, therefore, and made known their design to the priests and chiefs of the people, saying to them, "To-morrow cause Paul to appear before you, as if you would inquire more accurately into this affair, and before he can come to you, we will lie in wait for him and kill him." But St Paul, being informed of this conspiracy by his sister's son, acquainted the tribune with it; who gave orders that the night following he should be sent to Cæsarea, to Felix the governor, who had his ordinary residence there. Felix having received letters from Lysias, and being informed that St Paul was of Cilicia, he told him he would hear him when his accusers should arrive.

Five days after, Ananias the high-priest and some of the senators came to Cæsarea, bringing with them Tertullus the orator, to plead against Paul. Tertullus accused him of being a seditious person, a disturber of the public peace; one who had put himself at the head of a sect of Nazarenes, and who made no scruple even to profane the temple, (id. xxiv.). But St Paul easily refuted these calumnies, and defied his accusers to prove any of the articles they had exhibited against him he ended his discourse by saying, "That for the doctrine of the resurrection from the dead, bis adversaries would have him condemned." Felix put off the further hearing of this cause till another time; and, some days afterwards, came himself with his wife Drusilla to hear Paul; and being in hopes that the apostle would purchase his freedom with a sum of money, he used him well, often sent for him, and had frequent conversations with him.

Two years having thus passed away, Felix made way for his successor Portius Festus; but being willing to oblige the Jews, he left Paul in prison. Festus being. come to Jerusalem, the chief priests desired to send for Paul, with a design to fall upon him by the way. But Festus told them, they might come to Cæsarea, where he would do them justice. Hither the Jews came, and accused Paul of several crimes, of which they were able to prove nothing (id. xxv.). Festus then proposed to the apostle to go to Jerusalem, and be tried there; but he answered, "That he was now at the emperor's tribunal, where he ought to be tried; and that he appealed to Cæsar:" whereupon Festus, having conferred with his council, told him, that therefore to Cæsar he should go.

Some days after, King Agrippa and his wife Berenice coming to Cæsarea, desired to hear Paul; who

pleaded,

pleaded his cause with such ability, that Agrippa exclaimed, "Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian.” See AGRIPPA.

As soon, therefore, as it was resolved to send Paul into Italy, he was put on board a ship at Adramyttium, a city of Mysia; and having passed over the seas of Cilicia, and Pamphylia, they arrived at Myra, in Lycia, where, having found a ship that was bound for Italy, they went on board, (id. xxvii.). But the season being far advanced (for it was at least the latter end of September), and the wind proving contrary, they with much difficulty arrived at the Fair Haven, a port in the isle of Crete. St Paul advised them to winter there : however, others were of opinion they had better go to Phenice, another harbour of the same island; but as they were going thither, the wind drove them upon a little island called Clauda, where the mariners, fearing to strike upon some bank of sand, they lowered their mast, and surrendered themselves to the mercy of the waves. Three days after this, they threw overboard the tackling of the ship. Neither sun nor stars had appeared now for 14 days. In this extreme danger, an angel appeared to St Paul, and assured him that God had given him the lives of all that were in the ship with him; which were in all 276 souls. St Paul told them of his vision, exorted them to take courage, and promised them that they should all come alive into an island; and that the vessel only should be lost. On the 14th night the seamen cast out the lead, and thought by their sounding that they approached near to some land. They were attempting to save themselves by going into the boat; but St Paul told the centurion and the soldiers, that except the sailors continued in the ship, their lives could not be saved. Then the soldiers cut the ropes of the boat, and let her drive. About daybreak, St Paul persuaded them to take some nourishment, assuring them that not a hair of their heads should perish. After his example, they took some food, and when they had eaten, they lightened their vessel, by throwing the corn into the sea. Day being come, they perceived a shore, where they resolved, if possible, to bring the ship to. But the vessel having struck against a neck of land that run out into the sea, so that the head remained fixed, and the stern was exposed to the mercy of the waves; the soldiers, fearing lest any of the prisoners should make their escape by swimming, were for putting them all to the sword. But the centurion would not suffer them, being willing to save Paul; and he commanded those that could swim to throw themselves first out of the vessel; and the rest got planks, so that all of them came safe to shore. Then they found that the island was called Melita or Malta; the inhabitants of which received them with great humanity, (Acts xxvii. 1, 2, 3, &c.).

They being all very wet and cold, a great fire was lighted to dry them; and Paul having gathered up a handful of sticks, and put them upon the fire, a viper leaped out of the fire, and took hold of his hand. Then the barbarous people said one to another, "Without doubt this man is a murderer; and though he has been saved from the shipwreck, yet divine vengeance still pursues him and will not suffer him to live." But Paul, shaking the viper into the fire, received no injury from it. The people, seeing this, changed their opinion of him, and took him for a god; which opi

nion of theirs was more confirmed, by his curing the father of Publius, the chief man of the island, of a fever and bloody-flux. After this miracle, they all brought out their sick to him, and they were healed. See ME,

LITA.

At the end of three months they embarked again; and arrived, first at Syracuse, then at Rhegium, and lastly at Puteoli. Here St Paul found some Christians, who detained him for seven days; then he set out for Rome. The brethren of this city having been informed of St Paul's arrival, came to meet him as far as Appii forum, and the Three Taverns. And when he was come to Rome, he was allowed to dwell where he pleased, having a soldier to guard him, who was joined to him with a chain. Three days afterwards, St Paul desired the chief of the Jews there to come to him. He related to them in what manner he had been seized in the temple of Jerusalem, and the necessity he was under of appealing to Cæsar. The Jews told him, that as yet they had received no information about his affair; and, as for Christianity, they knew nothing of it, but only that it was spoken against everywhere; however, that they should be very willing to have some account of that doctrine from him. A day was appointed for this purpose; when St Paul preached to them concerning the kingdom of God, endeavouring to convince them from Moses and the prophets, that Jesus was the Messiah. Some of them believed what he had said to them, while others disbelieved; so that they returned from him divided among themselves.

Paul dwelt for two whole years at Rome, from the year of Christ 61 to the year 63, in a lodging that he hired; where he received all that came to him, preaching the kingdom of God, and the religion of Jesus Christ, without any interruption,

Hitherto we have had the Acts of the Apostles for our guide, in compiling the history of St Paul; what we shall add hereafter, will be mostly taken from his own Epistles. His captivity did not a little contribute to the advancement of religion; for he converted several persons even of the emperor's court, (Philip. i. 12—18. and iv. 22.). The Christians of Philippi, in Macedonia, hearing that St Paul was a prisoner at Rome, sent Epaphroditus their bishop to him, to bring him money, and otherwise to assist him in their name, (Phil. ii. 25.) Epaphroditus fell sick at Rome; and when he went back to Macedonia, the apostle sent by him his Epistle to the Philippians.

It is not known by what means St Paul was delivered from his prison, and discharged from the accusation of the Jews. There is great probability that they durst not appear against him before the emperor, as not having sufficient proof of what they laid to his charge. However that may be, it is certain that he was set at liberty, after having been two years a prisoner at Rome. He wrote also, during this imprisonment, his Epistles to Philemon and the Colossians.

He was still in the city of Rome, or at least in Italy, when he wrote his Epistle to the Hebrews, St Paul, having got out of prison, went over Italy; and, according to some of the fathers, passed into Spain; then into Judea; went to Ephesus, and there left Timothy (Heb. xiii. 24. and 1 Tim. i. 3.); preached in Crete, and there fixed Titus, to take care to cultivate the church

he

he had planted in that place. Probably he might also visit the Philippians, according to the promise he had made them, (Phil. i. 23. 26. and ii. 24.) ; and it is believed, that it was from Macedonia that he wrote the First Epistle to Timothy.-Some time after, he wrote to Titus, whom he had left in Crete; he desires him to come to Nicopolis, from whence, probably, he sent this letter. The year following, that is, the 65th year of the Christian era, the apostle went into Asia, and came to Troas, (2 Tim. iv. 13.). Thence he went to visit Timothy at Ephesus, and from that to Miletus, (2 Tim. iv. 20.) Lastly, he went to Rome; and St Chrysostom says, that it was reported, that having converted a cupbearer and a concubine of Nero, this so provoked the emperor, that he caused St Paul to be apprehended, and clapped into prison. It was in this last place of confinement that he wrote his Second Epistle to Timothy, which Chrysostom looks upon as the apostle's last testament. See TIMOTHY and TITUS.

This great apostle at last consummated his martyrdom, the 29th of June, in the 66th year of Jesus Christ, by having his head cut off, at a place called the Salvian Waters. He was buried on the way of Ostium, and a magnificent church was built over his tomb, which is in being to this day. Calmet's Dict. &c.

PAUL, St, Cave or Grotto of, in the island of Malta, where St Paul and his company took shelter from the rains, when the viper fastened on his arm. Upon this spot there is a church built by the famed Alof de Vignacourt, grand-master of the order, in the year 1606, a very handsome, though but a small, structure. On the altar-piece is a curious painting, representing the apostle's shaking off the viper, surrounded with men, women, and children, in attitudes of admiration and surprise, and in the old Maltese garb; and the whole very well executed. On the top of the painting is the following inscription:

Vipera ignis acta calore frustra Pauli
Manum invadit; is insula benedicens
Anguibus et herbis adimit omne virus.
M.DC.V.

PAUL, first bishop of Narbonne, or Sergius Paulus the proconsul, converted and made bishop by St Paul, was descended from one of the best families of Rome. It is said the apostle called himself Paul, from his name. The Spaniards will have him to be their apostle, which is not improbable; and it is said he died a martyr at Narbonne.

PAUL V. by birth a Roman, was first clerk of the chamber, and afterwards nuncio to Clement VIII. in Spain, who honoured him with a cardinal's hat. He was advanced to the papal chair the 16th of May 1605, after Leo XI. The ancient quarrel between the secular and ecclesiastical jurisdictions, which in former times had occasioned so much bloodshed, revived in the reign of this pontiff. The senate of Venice had condemned by two decrees, 1. The new foundations of monasteries made without their concurrence. 2. The alienation of the estates both ecclesiastical and secular. The first decree passed in 1603, and the second in 1605. About the same time a canon and abbot, accused of rapine and murder, were arrested by order of the senate, and delivered over to the secular court; a circumstance which

could not fail to give offence to the court of Rome. Clement VIII. thought it proper to dissemble or take no notice of the affair; but Paul V. who had managed the Genoese upon a similar occasion, flattered himself with the hopes that the Venetians would be equally pliant. However, he was disappointed; for the senate maintained that they held their power to make laws of God only; and therefore they refused to revoke their decrees and deliver up the ecclesiastical prisoners into the hands of the nuncio, as the pope demanded. Paul, provoked at this behaviour, excommunicated the doge and senate; and threatened to put the whole state under an interdict, if satisfaction was not given him within the space of 14 hours. The senate did no more than protest against this menace, and forbid the publication of it throughout their dominions. A number of pamphlets, from both sides, soon announced the animosity of the two parties. The Capuchins, the Theatins, and Jesuits, were the only religious orders who observed the interdict. The senate shipped them all off for Rome, and the Jesuits were banished for ever. Meantime his holiness was preparing to make the refractory republic submit to his spiritual tyranny by force of arms. He levied troops against the Venetians; but he soon found his design baulked, as the cause of the Venetians appeared to be the common cause of all princes. He had recourse, therefore, to Henry IV. to settle the differences : and this prince had all the honour of bringing about a reconciliation between the contending parties. His ambassadors at Rome and Venice began the negotiation, and Cardinal de Joyeuse finished it in 1607. It was agreed upon, that this cardinal should declare at his entry into the senate, that the censures of the church were to be taken off, or that he would remove them; and that the doge should at the same time surrender to him the deeds of revocation and protest. It was alsos stipulated, that all the religious who were banished, except the Jesuits, should be restored to their former privileges. In fine, the Venetians promised to send an ambassador extraordinary to Rome, in order to thank the pope for the favour he had done them; but they would not allow the legate to speak of his holiness granting them absolution. Paul was wise enough to overlook the whole matter, but endeavoured to put an end to another dispute, which had been long agitated in the congregations de auxiliis. He caused it to be intimated in form to the disputants and counsellors, that, as the congregations were now dissolved, it was his express order that the contending parties should no longer continue to censure one another. Some authors have affirmed that Paul V. had drawn out a bull against the doctrine of Molina, which only wanted to be promulged; but for this fact there appears to be no other evidence than the draught of this bull, which we meet with in the end of the history of the above-mentioned congregations. Paul was strongly solicited, but in vain, to make the immaculate conception of the holy virgin an article of faith. He contented himself with fairly forbidding the contrary doctrine to be publicly taught, that he might not offend the Dominicans, who, at that time, maintain-ed that she was conceived, like other human creatures, in original sin. His holiness afterwards applied himself to the embellishing of Rome, and was at great pains to collect the works of the most eminent painters and engravers. Rome is indebted to him for its most beautiful.

fountains,