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Leipzig. It will be observed that these laboratories are special colleges attached to the university, not outhouses or pretty little architectural studies by talented artists. It must also be observed that the establishments about to be described were built twenty-five years ago. It is nothing that still smells of varnish that is being here pictured, but the installation of science, which has caused so many Americans to study in Germany.

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FIG. 2.-S'de façade of Chemical Laboratory of University of Bonn.

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FIG. 3.- Longitudinal section of Chemical Laboratory of University of Bonn.

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FIG. 4.-Longitudinal section of Chemical Laboratory of University of Bonn.

Explanation to figure 5, page 1215.

Explanation: A, entrance; E, F, and G, rooms for operations upon a large scale; HH, colonnade for work in open air; I, auditorium; K, room for making preparations; I, waiting room; M, storeroom for apparatus; N, museum; 0 0, rooms for the First Preparator; P P, same for Second Preparator; Q, same for Third Preparator; R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z, private rooms of the Director. Upon the second floor above a is the preparation room for the first and second laboratories, which are above the spaces marked E and F and D and C. Above the rooms, one of which is marked N, is the large laboratory for research, and to the left a room for organic analysis. Above P and Q is the laboratory for the analysis of gas, and above O and O are the private laboratory of the Director and a privato room for organic analysis for his use, and across the corridor is a chamber for measurements, also for the private use of the Director. Above X, Y, and Z are the Director's "cabinet" and his library. Above L is the private open-air room for experiments by the Director, and above M is a similar room for one of the laboratories on the second floor. Above R, S, T, U, V, and W are the private apartments of the professor. In the basement are the apartments of the janitor and storerooms for chemicals and apparatus, a laboratory for conducting research connected with medical jurisprudence, another for physiological chemistry, a hospital for animals under experiment, a room for large operations, etc.

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LABORATORIES OF PHYSIOLOGY.

Physiology is the daughter of anatomy, says M. Wurtz, and there was a time when the knowledge of the organs of the human body and the ideas which dissections gave were the points of departure and the only methods for research, or rather inductions in physiology. We forced ourselves to divine a function by studying its look and form and its place in the system, and we tried to catch in some way its living action by experiments on living animals. This method has led to great discoveries. By it Harvey discovered the circulation of the blood, and Haller during the eighteenth century gave such an impetus to physiology. But it was only good because it was fruitful, not because it was sufficient, for it went little beyond external appearances of the facts, and for the most part left the investigator in ignorance of the true nature of the connection of the facts. Thus, what uncertainty as to the facts! How many hypotheses in interpreting them! What an uncertain basis for medicine is a physiology full of conjectures! A new era opened at the end of the eighteenth century. Respiration is a slow combustion, and as such is the

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FIG. 6.-Front of the Physiological Laboratory of the University of Leipzig.

source of animal heat. The part played by physics in the progress of physiology is not less great since the discovery of the source of animal heat. Galvani's discovery gave birth to the thought that the nervous agency of the body had been found. Undoubtedly the hope was premature, but if the nervous agency is unknown, we can measure its rate of propagation along the nerves. But questions of this kind are only to be attacked by the aid of the most advanced methods and the most delicate instruments of modern physics. To these methods and instruments experimental physiology appeals. Formerly the scalpel and the bistoйry were the principal instruments employed in experimental physiology; to-day it claims all the resources of a combined laboratory of chemistry and physics. But this is not all. The very science itself is pushing ahead with immense strides. It not only describes the exterior form and the relations of the human organs, but it also penetrates into the intimate structure. The anatomy of the tissues inaugurated by our Bichat, enlarged and transformed by microscopical research, has become, under the name of histology, an important branch of human knowledge. The microscope has made known the framework of the tissues, the morphological constitution of the humors, and the structure and evolution of the organs. But is this all, merely to give minute description of the form and structure of anatomic destructions in aid of classification? By no means. The conquests of histology have acquired great repute in furnishing light to normal and pathological physiology. Ought not the study of the secretions of the glands be based upon the previous study of their texture? It is evident that a

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laboratory of physiology, if fitted up for the purpose of instruction, must offer the most varied resources in instruments, apparatus, reagents, and specimens (products), as well as places for experimentation upon animals, micrographic research, and the operations of biologic physics and chemistry. At St. Petersburg, Utrecht, Florence, and at Amsterdam such establishments exist, also at Heidelberg, Berlin, Vienna, Leipzig, Tübingen, Munich, and Göttengen.

LABORATORIES OF ANATOMY.

What was, and perhaps in many cases still is, the dissecting room of the American college is shown on a somewhat extended scale in the following sketch and plan.

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FIG. 9.-Transverse view of Anatomical Institute of the University of Berlin

On the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the University of Berlin (1860) this building was resolved on, and was completed in a short time.

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