was next conferred in 1717 on Talbot Yelverton, and Viscount | the Antrim coast in the district known as the Glynnes (glens), de Longueville and 16th Baron Grey de Ruthyn (c. 1692-1731), from whom it descended to his two sons successively, becoming once more extinct on the death of the younger of these, Henry, 3rd earl of Sussex of this creation, in 1799.

In 1801 Prince Augustus Frederick (1773-1843) the sixth son of George III., was created duke of Sussex. Spending his early years abroad, the prince was married in Rome in 1793 to Lady Augusta (d. 1830) daughter of John Murray, 4th earl of Dunmore. The ceremony was repeated in London and two children were born, but under the Royal Marriage Act of 1772 the Court of Arches declared the union illegal. The children took the name of d'Este. The son, Sir Augustus Frederick d'Este (1794-1848), became a colonel in the British army. In 1843 he claimed his father's honours, but the House of Lords decided against him. He died unmarried. The daughter, Augusta Emma (18011866) married Sir Thomas Wilde, afterwards Lord Truro. Unlike his brothers the duke of Sussex was a man of liberal ideas; he favoured the abolition of the slave trade, the repeal of the corn laws, and the removal of the civil disabilities of Roman Catholics, Dissenters and Jews. His second wife, Cecilia, widow of Sir George Buggin, was created duchess of Inverness in 1840. He died at Kensington Palace on the 21st of April 1843.

The older title of earl of Sussex was revived in 1874 when it was conferred upon Prince Albert, the third son of Queen Victoria, who at the same time was created duke of Connaught and Strathearn.

See G. E. C., Complete Peerage, s.v. "Sussex," "Surrey," ""Arundel," vols. i. and vii. (London, 1887-1896); Sir William Dugdale, The Baronage of England (London, 1675). For the carls of the Radcliffe family see also John Strype, Memorials of Thomas Cranmer (London, 1694), Annals of the Reformation (London, 1725), and Ecclesiastical Memorials (3 vols., London, 1721); P. F. Tytler, England under the Reigns of Edward VI. and Mary (2 vols., London, 1839); Calendars of State Papers: Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. For the 1st earl of the Savile line see S. R. Gardiner, Hist. of England, 1603-1642 (10 vols., London, 1883-1884), and Hist. of the Great Civil War (3 vols., London, 1886-1891); and John Rushworth, Historical Collections (8 vols., London, 1659-1701).

and by the efforts of Shane O'Neill to convert into effective sovereignty the chieftainship of his clan which he had recently wrested from his father, Conn, 1st earl of Tyrone. Having defeated O'Neill and his allies the MacDonnells, the lord deputy, who by the death of his father in February 1557 became earl of Sussex, returned to Dublin, where he summoned a parliament in June of that year. Statutes were passed declaring the legitimacy of Queen Mary, reviving the laws for the suppression of heresy, forbidding the immigration of Scots, and vesting in the Crown the territory comprised in what are now the King's County and Queen's County, which were then so named after Philip and Mary respectively. Having carried this legislation, Sussex endeavoured to give forcible effect to it, first by taking the field against Donough O'Conor, whom he failed to capture, and afterwards against Shane O'Neill, whose lands in Tyrone he ravaged, restoring to their nominal rights the earl of Tyrone and his reputed son Matthew O'Neill, baron of Dungannon (see O'NEILL). In June of the following year Sussex turned his attention to the west, where the head of the O'Briens had ousted his nephew Conor O'Brien, earl of Thomond, from his possessions, and refused to pay allegiance to the Crown; he forced Limerick to open its gates to him, restored Thomond, and proclaimed The O'Brien a traitor. In the autumn of 1558 the continued inroads of the Scottish islanders in the Antrim glens called for drastic treatment by the lord deputy. Sussex laid waste Kintyre and some of the southern Hebridean isles, and landing at Carrickfergus he fired and plundered the settlements of the Scots on the Antrim coast before returning to Dublin for Christmas.

In the metropolis the news reached him of the queen's death. Crossing to England, he took part in the ceremonial of Queen Elizabeth's coronation in January 1559; and in the following July he returned to Ireland with a fresh commission, now as lord lieutenant, from the new queen, whose policy required him to come to terms if possible with the troublesome leaders of the O'Neills and the MacDonnells. Shane O'Neill refused to meet Sussex without security for his safety, and having established his power in Ulster he demanded terms of peace which Elizabeth was unwilling to grant. Sussex failed in his efforts to bring Shane to submission, either by open warfare or by a shameful attempt to procure the Irish chieftain's assassination. He was preparing for a fresh attempt when he was superseded by the earl of Kildare, who was commissioned by Elizabeth to open negotiations with O'Neill, the result of which was that the latter repaired to London and made formal submission to the queen. Shane's conduct on his return to Ireland was no less rebellious than before, and energetic measures against him became more imperative than ever. Having obtained Elizabeth's sanction, Sussex conducted a campaign in the summer of 1563 with Armagh as his temporary headquarters; but except for some indecisive skirmishing and the seizure of many of O'Neill's cattle, the operations led to no result and left Shane O'Neill with his power little diminished. His continued failure to effect a purpose for the accomplishment of which he possessed inadequate resources led Sussex to pray for his recall from Ireland; and his wish was granted in May 1564. His government of Ireland had not, however, been wholly without fruit. Sussex was the first representative of the English Crown who enforced authority to any considerable extent beyond the

SUSSEX, THOMAS RADCLYFFE [or RATCLYFFE], 3RD EARL OF (c. 1525-1583), lord-lieutenant of Ireland, eldest son of Henry, 2nd earl of Sussex (sce SUSSEX, EARLS OF), by his first wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd duke of Norfolk, was born about 1525, and after his father's succession to the earldom in 1542 was styled Viscount Fitzwalter. After serving in the army abroad, he was employed in 1551 in negotiating a marriage between Edward VI. and a daughter of Henry II., king of France. His prominence in the kingdom was shown by his inclusion among the signatories to the letters patent of the 16th of June 1553 settling the crown on Lady Jane Grey; but he nevertheless won favour with Queen Mary, who employed him in arranging her marriage with Philip of Spain, and who raised him to the peerage as Baron Fitzwalter in August 1553. Returning to England from a mission to the emperor Charles V. in April 1556, Fitzwalter was appointed lord deputy of Ireland. The prevailing anarchy in Ireland, a country which, nominally subject to the English Crown, was torn by feuds among its practically independent native chieftains, rendered the task of the lord deputy one of no ordinary difficulty; a difficulty that was increased by the ignorance of English statesmen concerning Ireland and Irish conditions, and by their incapacity to devise or to carry into execution any consistent and thorough-limits of the Pale; the policy of planting English settlers in going policy for bringing the half-conquered island under an orderly system of administration. The measures enjoined upon Fitzwalter by the government in London comprised the reversal of the partial attempts that had been made during the short reign of Edward VI. to promote Protestantism in Ireland, and the "plantation" by English settlers of that part of the country then known as Offaly and Leix. But before Fitzwalter could give his attention to such matters he found it necessary to make an expedition into Ulster, which was being kept in a constant state of disturbance by the Highland Scots from Kintyre and the Islands who were making settlements along

Offaly and Leix was carried out by him in 1562 with a certain measure of success; and although he fell far short of establishing English rule throughout any large part of Ireland. he made its influence felt in remote parts of the island, such as Thomond and the Glynnes of Antrim, where the independence of the native septs had hitherto been subjected not even to nominal interference. His letters from Ireland display a just conception of the problems with which he was confronted, and of the methods by which their solution should be undertaken; and his failure was due, not to lack of statesmanship or of executive capacity on his own part, but to the insufficiency

of the resources placed at his command and want of insight and
persistence on the part of Elizabeth and her ministers.

On his return to England, Sussex, who before leaving Ireland
had to endure the indignity of an inquiry into his administra-
tion instigated by his enemies, threw himself into opposition to
the earl of Leicester, especially in regard to the suggested
marriage between that nobleman and the queen.
not appear to have on that account incurred Elizabeth's dis-
He does
pleasure, for in 1566 and the following year she employed him in
negotiations for bringing about a different matrimonial alliance
which he warmly supported, namely, the proposal that she
should bestow her hand on the archduke Charles. When this
project fell to the ground Sussex returned from Vienna to
London in March 1568, and in July he was appointed lord
president of the north, a position which threw on him the
responsibility of dealing with the rebellion of the earls of
Northumberland and Westmorland in the following year. The
weakness of the force at his disposal rendered necessary at the
outset a caution which engendered some suspicion of his loyalty;
and this suspicion was increased by the counsel of moderation
which he urged upon the queen; but in 1570 he laid waste the
border, invaded Scotland, and raided the country round Dum-
fries, reducing the rebel leaders to complete submission. In
July 1572 Sussex became lord chamberlain, and he was hence-
forth in frequent attendance on Queen Elizabeth, both in her
progresses through the country and at court, until his death on
the 9th of June 1583.

The earl of Sussex was one of the great nobles of the Elizabethan period. Though his loyalty was questioned by his enemies, it was as unwavering as his patriotism. He shone as a courtier; he excelled in diplomacy; he was a man of cultivation and even of scholarship, a patron of literature and of the drama on the eve of its blossoming into the glory it became soon after his death. He was twice married: first to Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Wriothesley, earl of Southampton; and secondly to Frances, daughter of Sir William Sidney. His second wife was the foundress of Sidney Sussex College at Cambridge, which she endowed by her will, and whose name commemorates the father and the husband of the countess. children, and at his death his titles passed to his brother Henry The earl left no (see SUSSEX, Earls of).

See P. F. Tytler, England under the Reigns of Edward VI. and Mary (2 vols., London, 1839): Richard Bagwell, Ireland under the Tudors (3 vols., London, 1885-1890); Calendar of the Carew MSS.; John Stow, Annales (London, 1631): Charles Henry Cooper, Athenae cantabrigienses, vol. i. (Cambridge, 1858), containing a biography of the earl of Sussex; John Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials (Oxford, 1822); Sir Cuthbert Sharpe, Memorials of the Rebellion of 1569 (London, 1840): John Nichols, Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth (3 vols., London, 1823); Sir William Dugdale, The Baronage of England (London, 1675). SUSSEX, a southern county of England, bounded N. by (R. J. M.) Surrey, N.E. by Kent, S. by the English Channel, and W. by Hampshire. The area is 1459.2 sq. m. from E. to W. is 78 m., while the breadth never exceeds 28 m., The extreme length but the county is not wholly on the southward slope, for in the middle northern district it contributes a small drainage area to the Thames basin, and the river Medway rises in it. A line of hills known as the Forest Ridges forms the watershed. Its direction is E.S.E. from the northern part of the county to the coast at Fairlight Down east of Hastings, and it reaches a height of about 800 ft. in the neighbourhood of Crowborough. The salient physical feature of the county, however, is the hill range called the South Downs (see Downs). Entering in the west, where its summit is about 10 m. from the sea, it runs east for some 50 m., gradually approaching the coast, and terminating in the bold promontory of Beachy Head near Eastbourne. The average height is about 500 ft., though some summits exceed 700, and Ditchling Beacon is over 800. The portion of the county north of the South Downs is called the Weald (q.v.). It was formerly covered with forest, and this part of the county is still well wooded. About 1660 the total area under forest was estimated to exceed 200,000 acres, but much wood was

165

cut to supply the furnaces of the Ironworks which formed an
and survived even until the early years of the 19th.
important industry in the county down to the 17th century,

part of the boundary with Kent, and falls into the sea below
The rivers wholly within the county are small. All rise in
the Forest Ridges, and all, except the Rother, which forms
Cuckmere, rising near Heathfield; the Ouse, Adur and Arun,
Rye, breach the South Downs. From east to west they are the
all rising in the district of St Leonard's Forest, and having at
their mouths the ports of Newhaven, Shoreham and Little-
hampton respectively. The natural trench known as the Devil's
Dike is a point greatly favoured by visitors from Brighton.
The coast-line is practically coextensive with the extreme breadth
of the county, and its character greatly varies. The sea has
done great damage by incursion at some points, and has receded
in others, within historic times. Thus what is now marsh-
land or "Levels" round Pevensey was formerly an island-
studded bay. In the east Winchelsea and Rye, members of
the Cinque Ports, and great medieval towns, are deprived of
their standing, the one wholly and the other in part, since a low
flat tract interposes between their elevated sites where formerly
of Old Winchelsea was effected in the 13th century. The site
was a navigable inlet. Yet the total submergence of the site
of the ancient cathedral of Selsey is a mile out at sea. Between
1292 and 1340 upwards of 5500 acres were submerged. In
the early part of the 14th century Pagham Harbour was formed
reclaimed. There is reason to believe that the whole coast-
by a sudden irruption of the sea, devastating 2700 acres, since
line has subsequently been slightly raised. These changes are
certain of the rivers near their mouths. Thus the Rother was
reflected in the numerous alterations recorded in the course of
diverted by a great storm on the 12th of October 1250, before
which date it entered the sea 12 m. to the east. The out-
let of the Ouse was at Seaford until 1570, and that of the
Adur formerly shifted from year to year, ranging east and
west over a distance of 2 m. Submerged forests are found
off the shore at various points. Long stretches of firm sand,
and the mild climate of the coast, sheltered by the hills from
watering-places, of which the most popular are Brighton,
north and east winds, have resulted in the growth of numerous
Hastings, Eastbourne, Bexhill, Seaford, Shoreham, Worthing,
Littlehampton and Bognor.

simple. The South Downs consist of chalk, which extends from Geology. The disposition of the rock formations of Sussex is strong escarpment faces the north. From the summit of the Downs Beachy Head by Seaford, Brighton, Lewes, Steyning and Goodwood the hilly country observed on the northern side is occupied mainly to the western border. The dip of the chalk is southerly, while a by the Hastings Beds and the Weald Clay; at the foot of the escarpment lie the Gault and Upper Greensand, while between these forma Brighton but broadening westward, is a level tract, 8 m. wide in tions and the Wealden rocks there is an elevated ridge of ground the peninsula of Selsey, which owes its level character to the action formed by the Lower Greensand. On the southern side, narrow at deposits. On this side the chalk hills are deeply notched by dry of marine planation. This tract is occupied partly by Chalk and valleys or coombs, which frequently end in cirques near the northpartly by Tertiary rocks, both much obscured by more recent

determined by the broad east and west fold with its subordinate ward escarpment. The present aspect of the strata has been members, known as the Wealden anticline. Only the southern and the entire area in the form of an uplifted dome, but denudation has central portions of this anticline are included in this country; at one time there is no doubt that the Chalk, Greensand and Gault covered removed the Chalk and most of the other formations as far as the North Downs, exposing thereby the underlying Wealden Beds. The oldest rocks thus brought to light along the crest of the anticline are the Purbeck Beds, small patches of shale and limestone, with A deep boring (1905 ft.) at Netherfield, passed through Portlandian some important beds of gypsum, which lie north-west of Battle. anywhere at the surface. Above the Purbeck Beds, and covering all Beds and Kimmeridge Clay into Oxford Clay, but these do not appear Rye to Horsham, are sands and clays of the Lower Wealden or Hastings Beds. This includes the following local subdivisions, in the north-eastern portion of the county from the coast at Bexhill and ascending order; the Fairlight Clay, Ashdown Sand, Wadhurst Tunbridge Wells Sand (with Tilgate stone at the top and Cuckfield Clay at the base). The Weald Člay occupies a belt of lower ground Clay, Lower Tunbridge Wells Sand, Grinstead Clay and Upper

SUSSEX

they undoubtedly owed their existence to the Normans. The holdings-which had been scattered under the Saxons, so that one man's holding might be in more than one rape-were now determined, not by the manors in which they lay, but by the borders of the rape. Another peculiarity of the division of land in Sussex is that, apparently, each hide of land had eight instead of the usual four virgates.

The county boundary was long and somewhat indeterminate on the north, owing to the dense forest of Andredsweald, which Evidence of this is was uninhabited till the 11th century. seen in Domesday Book by the survey of Worth and Lodsworth under Surrey, and also by the fact that as late as 1834 the present parishes of north and south Amersham in Sussex were part of Hampshire. At the time of the Domesday Survey Sussex contained sixty hundreds, which have been little altered since. A few have been split up into two or three, making seventythree in all; and the names of some have changed, owing probably to the meeting-place of the hundred court having been altered. These courts were in private hands in Sussex; either of the Church, or of great barons and local lords. The county court was held at Lewes and Shoreham until the Great Inquest, when it was moved to Chichester. After several changes the act of 1504 arranged for it to be held alternately at Lewes and Chichester. There was no gaol in the county until 1487; that at Guildford being used in common by Surrey and Sussex, which were under one sheriff until 1567.

Private jurisdictions, both ecclesiastical and lay, played a large part in the county. The chief ecclesiastical franchises were those of the archbishop of Canterbury, of the bishop of Chichester, of the Saxon foundation of Bosham, where Bishop Wilfred had found the only gleam of Christianity in the county, and of the votive abbey of Battle, founded by the Conqueror. This abbey possessed, besides land in many other counties, the "Lowy of Battle," a district extending for 3 m. round the abbey. The see of Chichester was co-extensive with the county, and has altered little. It is one of the oldest bishoprics, having been founded by Wilfred at Selsey; the seat was removed to Chichester by William I. Among the lay franchises, the most noticeable are those of the Cinque Ports and of the honor of Pevensey, named the honor of the Eagle from the lords of L'Aigle or Aguila.

Sussex, from its position, was constantly the scene of preparations for invasion, and was often concerned in rebellions. Pevensey and Arundel play a great part in rebellions and forfeiture during the troubled times of the early Norman kings. In the barons' wars the county was a good centre for the king's forces; Lewes being in the hands of the king's brother-in-law, John de Warenne, earl of Surrey, Pevensey and Hastings in those of his uncle, Peter of Savoy. The forces of the king and of De Montfort met at Lewes, where the famous battle and "Mise of Lewes " took place. The corrupt and burdensome administration of the county during the 13th and 14th centuries, combined with the constant passage of troops for the French wars and the devastating plagues of the 14th century, were the causes of such rebellions as the Peasants' Rising of 1381 and Jack Cade's Rebellion in 1450. In the former Lewes Castle was taken, and in the latter we find such men engaged as the abbot of Battle and the prior of Lewes. During Elizabeth's reign there was again constant levying of troops for warfare in Flanders and the Low Countries, and preparations for defence against Spain. The sympathies of the county were divided Chichester during the Civil War, Arundel and Chichester being held for the king, Lewes and the Cinque Ports for the parliament. and Arundel were besieged by Waller, and the Roundheads gained a strong hold on the county, in spite of the loyalty of Sir Edward Ford, sheriff of Sussex. A royalist gathering in the west of the county in 1645 caused preparations for resistance at Chichester, of which Algernon Sidney was governor. In the same year the "Clubmen" rose and endeavoured to compel the armies to come to terms. Little active part in the national history fell to Sussex from that time till the French Revolution, when numbers of volunteers were raised in defence. At the

outbreak of war with France in 1793 a camp was formed at
towers were erected.
Brighton; and at Eastbourne in 1803, when the famous Martello

The parliamentary history of the county began in 1290,
for which year we have the first extant return of knights of the
representatives of two well-known Sussex families, being elected.
shire for this county, Henry Hussey and William de Etchingham,
Drastic reformation was effected by the Redistribution Act of
1832, when Bramber, East Grinstead, Seaford, Steyning and
Winchelsea were disfranchised after returning two members
each, the first being classed among the worst of the "rotten
boroughs. Before 1832 two members each had been returned
also by Arundel, Chichester, Hastings, Horsham, Lewes, Mid-
hurst, New Shoreham (with the rape of Bramber) and Rye.
Arundel, Horsham, Midhurst and Rye were each deprived of a
member in 1832, Chichester and Lewes in 1867, and Hastings
in 1885. Arundel was disfranchised in 1868, and Chichester,
Horsham, Midhurst, New Shoreham and Rye in 1885. In
the 18th century the duke of Newcastle was all-powerful in the
county, where the Pelham family had been settled from the time
of Edward I.; the earl of Chichester being the present repre-
sentative of the family. Among the oldest county families of
Sussex may be mentioned the Ashburnhams of Ashburnham,'
the Gages of Firle and the Barttelots of Stopham.

The industries of Sussex, now mainly agricultural, were once
varied. Among those noted in the Domesday Survey were the
herring fisheries, the salt pans of the coast and the wool trade;
the South Down sheep being noted for their wool, at home
and abroad, as early as the 13th century. The iron mines of
the county, though not mentioned in Domesday, are known to
have been worked by the Romans; and the smelting and
forging of iron was the great industry of the Weald from the
13th to the 18th century, the first mention of the trade in the
county being in 1266. In the 15th century ordnance for the
government was made here. Some old banded guns with the
London. The first cast-iron cannon made in England came
name of a Sussex maker on them may be seen at the Tower of
from Buxted in Sussex, and were made by one Ralph Hogge,
whose device can be seen on a house in Buxted. The large
the industry, all smelting being done with charcoal till the
supply of wood in the county made it a favourable centre for
middle of the 18th century. In the time of Henry VIII. the
destruction of the forest for fuel began to arouse attention, and
enactments for the preservation of timber increased from this
time forward, till the use of pit-coal for smelting was perfected,
when the industry moved to districts where coal was to be
The glass-making industry, which
found. Camden, Thomas Fuller, and Drayton in his Polyolbion
refer to the busy and noisy Weald district, and lament the
The timber
destruction of the trees.
had flourished at Chiddingfold in Surrey, and at Wesborough
Green, Loxwood and Petworth in Sussex, was destroyed by
the prohibition of the use of wood fuel in 1615.
trade had been one of the most considerable in early times;
the Sussex oak being considered the finest shipbuilding timber.
Among the smaller industries weaving and fulling were also to
be found, Chichester having been noted for its cloth, also for
malt and needles.

Antiquities. From early times castles guarded three important entries from the coast through the South Downs into the interior provided by the valleys of the Ouse, the Adur and the Arun. These are respectively at Lewes, Bramber and Arundel. grandeur with the third, which is still the seat of the dukes of The ruins of the first two, though imposing, do not compare in Norfolk. More famous than these are the massive remains, in part Norman but mainly of the 13th century, of the strongWest Grinstead; the Knepp near hold of Pevensey, within the walls of Roman Anderida. Other ruins are those of the finely situated Hastings Castle; the Norman remains at picturesque and remarkably perfect moated fortress of Bodiam, of the 14th century; and Hurstmonceaux Castle, a beautiful 15th-century building of brick. Specimens of ancient domestic architecture are fairly numerous; such are the remnants of old

168

SUSSEX, KINGDOM OF

palaces of the archbishops of Canterbury at Mayfield and West Tarring; Amberley Castle, a residence until the 16th century of the bishops of Chichester; and the Elizabethan mansions of Parham and of Danny at Hurst pierpoint. There are many fine residences dating from the 18th century or later; Goodwood is perhaps the most famous. Here and elsewhere are fine collections of paintings, though the county suffered a loss in this respect through the partial destruction by fire of the modern castle of Knepp in 1904.

Monastic remains are few and generally slight. The ruins of Bayham Abbey near Tunbridge Wells, and of Battle Abbey, may be noticed. There are numerous churches, however, of great interest and beauty. Of those in the towns may be mentioned the cathedral of Chichester, the churches of Shoreham and Rye, and the mother church of Worthing at Broadwater. Construction of pre-Norman date is seen in the churches of Bosham, Sompting and, most notably, Worth. There is very rich Norman work of various dates in the church of St Nicholas, Steyning. Several perfect specimens of small Early English churches are found, as at West Tarring, and at Climping near Littlehampton. Perhaps the most interesting church in the county is the magnificent Decorated fragment at Winchelsea; another noteworthy church of this period is at Etchingham, near the eastern border. The church of St Denis, Midhurst, is mainly Perpendicular; but this style is not otherwise predominant. The large church at Fletching, of various styles, contains the tomb of Gibbon the historian. At Cowfold, southeast of Horsham, is a great Carthusian monastery, founded in 1877. The iron memorial slabs occurring in several churches recall the period of the iron industry in Sussex.

SUTHERLAND, EARLS OF

|

Sussex the king granted to him eighty-seven hides in and near the peninsula of Selsey which, with a lapse until 709 after Wilfrid's retirement, remained the seat of the South Saxon bishopric until the Norman Conquest. Shortly afterwards, however, Ethelwald was slain and his kingdom ravaged by the exiled West Saxon prince Ceadwalla. The latter was eventually expelled by two princes named Berhthun and Andhun, who thereupon assumed the government of the kingdom. In 686 the South Saxons attacked Hlothhere, king of Kent, in support of his nephew Eadric, but soon afterwards Berhthun was killed and the kingdom subjugated for a time by Ceadwalla, who had now become king of Wessex.

Of the later South Saxon kings we have little knowledge except from occasional charters. In 692 a grant is made by a king called Nothelm to his sister, which is witnessed by two other kings called Nunna and "Uuattus." Nunna is probably to be identified with Nun, described in the Chronicle as the kinsman of Ine of Wessex who fought with him against Gerent, king of the West Welsh, in 710. According to Bede, Sussex was subject to Ine for a number of years. A grant, dated by Birch about 725, is made by Nunna to Eadberht, bishop of Selsey, and to this too "Uuattus' appears as a witness. In 722 we find Ine of Wessex at war with the South Saxons, apparently because they were supporting a certain Aldbryht, probably an exile from Wessex. An undated grant is made by Nunna about this time, which is witnessed by a King Æthelberht. After this we hear nothing more until shortly before 765, when a grant of land is made by a king named Aldwulf with two other kings, Aelfwald and Oslac, as witnesses. In 765 and 770 grants are made by a King Osmund, the latter of which is witnessed by Dialect.-A large number of Saxon words are retained and Offa of Mercia. Offa also appears as witness to two charters pronounced in the old style; thus gate becomes ge-at. The letter of an Ethelberht, king of the South Saxons, and in 772 he grants a is very broad in all words, as if followed by u, and in fact conland himself in Sussex, with Oswald, dux of the South Saxons, verts words of one syllable into words of two, as faüs (face), taust (taste), &c. Again, a before double d becomes ar, as arder and as a witness. It is probable that about this time Offa definitely larder for adder and ladder; oi is like a long i, as spile (spoil), intment annexed the kingdom of Sussex, as several persons, Osmund, (ointment); an e is substituted for a in such words as rag, flag, &c. Elfwald and Oslac, who had previously used the royal title, The French refugees in the 16th and 17th centuries introduced many words which are still in use. Thus a Sussex woman when unprenow sign with that of dux. In 825 the South Saxons submitted pared to receive visitors says she is in dishabille (déshabillé, undress); to Ecgberht, and from this time they remained subject to the if her child is unwell, it looks pekid (piqué), if fretful, is a little peter-West Saxon dynasty. The earldom of Sussex seems later to grievous (petit-grief); she cooks with a broach (broche, a spit), and have been held sometimes with that of Kent. talks of coasts (coste, O. Fr.), or ribs of meat, &c.

AUTHORITIES.-See T. W. Horsfield, History, Antiquities and Topography of Sussex (Lewes, 1835); J. Dallaway, History of the Western Division of Sussex (London, 1815-1832); M.A. Lower, History of Sussex (Lewes, 1870), Churches of Sussex (Brighton, 1872) and Worthies of Sussex (Lewes, 1865); Sussex Archaeological Society's Collections; W. E. Baxter, Domesday Book for .. Sussex (Lewes, 1876); Sawyer, Sussex Natural History and Folklore (Brighton, 1883), Sussex Dialect (Brighton, 1884) and Sussex Songs and Music (Brighton, 1885); A. J. C. Hare, Sussex (London, 1894).

SUSSEX, KINGDOM OF (Súð Seaxe, i.e. the South Saxons), one of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon Britain, the boundaries of which coincided in general with those of the modern county of Sussex. A large part of that district, however, was covered in early times by the forest called Andred. According to the traditional account given in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, it was in 477 that a certain Ella (Elle) led the invaders ashore at a place called Cymenes ora and defeated the inhabitants. A further battle at a place called Mearcredes burne is recorded under the year 485, and in the annal for 491 we read that Ella and Cissa his son sacked Anderida and slew all the inhabitants. Ella is the first king of the invading race whom Bede describes as exercising supremacy over his fellows, and we may probably regard him as an historical person, though little weight can be attached to the dates given by the Chronicle.

The history of Sussex now becomes a blank until 607, in which year Ceolwulf of Wessex is found fighting against the South Saxons. In 681 Wilfrid of York, on his expulsion from Northumbria by Ecgfrith, retired into Sussex, where he remained' until 686 converting its pagan inhabitants. According to Bede, Ethelwald, king of Sussex, had been previously baptized in Mercia at the suggestion of Wulfhere, who presented him with the Isle of Wight and the district about the Meon. After Wilfrid's exertions in relieving a famine which occurred in

AUTHORITIES.-Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 449, 477, 485, 491, 607. 722, 725, 823, 827 (ed. Earle and Plummer, Oxford, 1899); Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica, i. 15. ii. 5, iv. 13. 15, 16, 26, v. 18, 19, 23 (ed. C. Plummer, Oxford, 1896); W. de G. Birch, Cartularium Saxonicum, Nos. 78, 144, 145, 197. 198, 206, 208, 211, 212, 1334 (London, 1885-1893). (F. G. M. B.)

SUTHERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF. The first earl of Sutherland was a certain William (d. 1284), whose father, Hugh Freskin (d. 1204), acquired the district of Sutherland about 1197. Probably about 1230 William was created earl of Sutherland. His descendant William, the 4th earl (d. 1370), was a person of some importance in the history of Scotland; he married Margaret (d. 1358), daughter of King Robert Bruce. His descendant John, the 9th earl, a man of weak intellect, died unmarried in 1514.

John's sister Elizabeth (d. 1535) married Adam Gordon (d. 1537), a younger son of George Gordon, 2nd carl of Huntly, and a grandson of King James I., and before 1516 Gordon became earl of Sutherland by right of his wife. He was succeeded by his grandson John (c. 1526-1567), the 2nd carl of his line, who played his part in the turbulent politics of the time and was poisoned at the instigation of George Sinclair, 4th earl of Caithness. His great-grandson John, the 5th earl (1609-1663), was a strong Covenanter, being called by his associates "the good Earl John "; he fought against Montrose at Auldearn, but afterwards he rendered good service to Charles II. John Gordon (c. 1660-1733), who became the seventh earl in 1703, supported the revolution of 1688 and was a commissioner for the union of England and Scotland. He was a Scottish representative peer in four parliaments, president of the board of trade and manufactures, and lord-lieutenant of the eight northern counties of Scotland. He was active in putting down the rising