the great sewers (cloacae), and began the construction of the temple of Jupiter on the Capitol. He carried on war successfully against the Sabines and subjugated Latium. He is said to have raised the number of the senators to 300, and to have doubled the number of the knights (see NAVIUS, ATTUS). The introduction of many of the insignia both of war and of civil office is assigned to his reign, and he was the first to celebrate a Roman triumph, after the Etruscan fashion, in a robe of purple and gold, and borne on a chariot drawn by four horses. He was assassinated at the instigation of the sons of Ancus Marcius. The legend of Tarquinius Priscus is in the main a reproduction of those of Romulus and Tullus Hostilius. His Corinthian descent, invented by the Greeks to establish a close connexion with Rome, is impossible for chronological reasons; further, according to the genuine Roman tradition, the Tarquinii were of Etruscan, not Greek, origin. There seems to have been originally only one Tarquinius; later, when a connected story of the legendary period was constructed, two (distinguished as the "Elder" and the "Proud ") were introduced, separated by the reign of Servius Tullius, and the name of both was connected with the same events. Thus, certain public works were said to have been begun by the earlier and finished by the later king; both instituted games, acquired the Sibylline books, and reorganized the army.

For the constitutional reforms attributed to Tarquinius, see ROME: Ancient History; for a critical examination of the story, Schwegler, Romische Geschichte, bk. xv.; Sir George Cornewall Lewis, Credibility of early Roman History, ch. 11; W. Ihne, History of Rome, i. E. Pais, Storia di Roma, i. (1898), who identifies Tarquinius with Tarpeius, the eponymus of the Tarpeian rock, subsequently developed into the wicked king Tarquinius Superbus. Ancient authorities:-Livy i. 34-41; Dion. Hal. iii. 46-73; Cic. de Repub., ii. 200.

TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS, LUCIUS, son of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus and son-in-law of Servius Tullius, the seventh and last legendary king of Rome (534-510 B.C.). On his accession he proceeded at once to repeal the recent reforms in the constitution, and attempted to set up a pure despotism. Many senators were put to death, and their places remained unfilled; the lower classes were deprived of their arms and employed in erecting splendid monuments, while the army was recruited from the king's own retainers and from the forces of foreign allies. The completion of the fortress-temple on the Capitoline confirmed his authority over the city, and a fortunate marriage of his son to the daughter of Octavius Mamilius of Tusculum secured him powerful assistance in the field. His reign was characterized by bloodshed and violence; the outrage of his son Sextus upon Lucretia (q.v.) precipitated a revolt, which led to the expulsion of the entire family. All Tarquinius's efforts to force his way back to the throne were vain (see PORSENA), and he died in exile at Cumae.

Tarquinius and the inhabitants of Gabii, shows that the town came under his dominion by formal agreement, not, as the tradition states, by treachery and violence. The embassy to Delphi (see BRUTUS, LUCIUS JUNIUS) cannot be historical, since at the time there was no communication between Rome and the mainland of Greece. The well-known story of Tarquinius's repeated refusal and final consent to purchase the Sibylline books has its origin in the fact that the building of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, in which they were kept, was ascribed to him. The traditional account of his expulsion can hardly be historical. A constitutional revolution, involv ing such far-reaching changes, is not likely to have been carried out in primitive times with so little disturbance by a simple resolution of the people, and it probably points to a rising of Romans and Sabines against the dominion of an Etruscan family (Tarquinii, Tarchna) at that time established at Rome. For a critical examination of the story see Schwegler, Römische Geschichte, bk. xviii.; Sir G. Cornewall Lewis, Credibility of early Roman History, ch. 11; E. Pais, Storia di Roma, i. (1898); and, for the political character of. his reign, ROME: Ancient History. Ancient authorities:-Livy i. 21; Dion. Hal. v. 1–vi. 21.

TARRAGONA, a maritime province in the north-east of Spain, formed in 1833 from the southern part of the province of Catalonia, and bounded on the S.E. by the Mediterranean, N.E. by Barcelona, N. by Lerida, W. by Saragossa and Teruel, and S.W. by Castellon de la Plana. Pop. (1900) 337,964; area, 2505 sq. m. The Ebro flows through the southern portion of the province, and the other chief streams are the Gaya and the Francoli. These three rivers flow south into the Mediterranean. Below Tortosa, the Ebro forms a conspicuous marshy delta jutting out into the sea, but elsewhere the even south-westward curve of the coast-line is unbroken by any noteworthy headland or indentation. The province, although mountainous, is naturally fertile. The hills are clothed with vineyards, which produce excellent wines, and in the valleys are cultivated all kinds of grain, vegetables, rice, hemp, flax and silk. Olive, orange, filbert and almond trees reach great perfection, and the mountains yield rich pastures and timber trees of various kinds. The climate is temperate on the coast and in the centre, cold in the highlands, very warm and damp in the valleys and on the banks of the rivers as they near the sea. Manufactures are well advanced, and comprise silk, cotton, linen and woollen fabrics, velvet, felt, soap, leather and spirits. There are also many potteries and cooperages, and flour, paper and oil mills. Silver, copper, lead and other minerals have been found, and quarries of marble and jasper are worked in the hills. The fisheries produce more than £20,000 yearly. There are upwards of 250 m. of railways, which link together all the large towns, and include the important main lines along the coast and up the Ebro valley. In the story certain Greck elements, probably later additions, The cities of Tarragona (pop., 1900, 23,423) and Tortosa (24,452), may easily be distinguished. Tarquinius appears as a Greek which are the principal seaports, and the towns of Reus (26,681) "tyrant" of the ordinary kind, who surrounds himself with a and Valls (12,625) are described in separate articles. Montbodyguard and erects magnificent buildings to keep the people blanch (5243) is the only other town with a population exemployed; on the other hand, an older tradition represents ceeding 5000. The people of Tarragona are, like almost all the him as more like Romulus. This twofold aspect of his character inhabitants of Catalonia (q.v.), hardy, enterprising and inperhaps accounts for the making of two Tarquinii out of one dustrious. Although the birth-rate considerably exceeds the (see TARQUINIUS PRISCUS). The stratagem by which Tar-death-rate, the population tends to decrease slightly, as many quinius obtained possession of the town of Gabii is a mere families emigrate. fiction, derived from Greek and Oriental sources. According to arrangement, his son Sextus requested the protection of the inhabitants against his father. Having obtained their confidence, he sent a messenger to Tarquinius to inquire the next step. His father made no reply to the messenger, but walked up and down his garden, striking off the heads of the tallest poppies. Sextus thereupon put to death all the chief men of the town, and thus obtained the mastery. The stratagem of Sextus is that practised by Zopyrus is the case of Babylon, while the episode of the poppy-heads is borrowed from the advice given by Thrasybulus to Periander (Herodotus iii. 154, V. 92). On the other hand, the existence in the time of Dionysius of Halicarnassus of a treaty concluded between

TARRAGONA (anc. Tarraco), the capital of the Spanish province of Tarragona, a flourishing seaport, and the seat of an archbishop; at the mouth of the river Francoli, 63 m. by rail W.S.W. of Barcelona, in 41° 10' N. and o° 20' E. Pop. (1900) 23,423. Tarragona is on the coast railway from Barcelona to Valencia, and is connected with the Ebro Valley Railway by a branch line to Reus. The picturesque old town, with its dark and steep alleys, occupies a rugged hill which rises abruptly from the sea to an altitude of about 550 ft. Its highest point, where the ancient citadel stood, is crowned by the cathedral, the seminary for priests, and the palace of the archbishop, who shares the title primate of Spain with the archbishop of Toledo. Many of the houses in this quarter are very old, and are built

geance.

beds to be ripped, and all the feathers thrown into a great hall, | inhabiting the Malay Peninsula and islands, and typifying a whither the nuns and friars were thrust naked with their bodies family. The name tarsier refers to the great elongation of oiled and pitched and to tumble among these feathers, which two of the bones of the tarsus, or ankle, and spectrum to the makes them here (Madrid) presage him an ill-death." In 1696 huge goggle-like eyes and attenuated form which constitute a London bailiff, who attempted to serve process on a debtor two of the most distinctive features of this weird little creature. who had taken refuge within the precincts of the Savoy, was In organization the tarsier departs markedly from other lemurs tarred and feathered and taken in a wheelbarrow to the Strand, as regards several particulars, and thereby approximates to where he was tied to the Maypole which stood by what is now monkeys and apes. Rather smaller than a squirrel, with dusky Somerset House. It is probable that the punishment was never brown fur, the tarsier has immense eyes, large ears, a long thin regarded as legalized, but was always a type of mob ven- tail, tufted at the end, a greatly elongated tarsal portion of the foot, and disk-like adhesive surfaces on the fingers, which TARRYTOWN, a village of Westchester county, New York, doubtless assist the animal in maintaining its position on the on the E. bank of the Hudson river, opposite Nyack, with boughs. Four species of the genus are now recognized, whose which it is connected by ferry, and about 25 m. N. of New York range includes the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, City Pop. (1890) 3562; (1900) 4770, of whom 984 were Celebes and some of the Philippines. The tarsier feeds chiefly foreign-born and 191 were negroes; (1910, U.S. census) 5600. on insects and lizards, sleeps during the day, but is tolerably Tarrytown is served by the New York Central and Hudson active at night, moving chiefly by jumping from place to place; River railway, and by interurban electric lines connecting it, an action for which the structure of its hind-legs seems parvia White Plains, with New York City. It is situated on a ticularly well adapted. It is rare, not more than two being sloping hill that rises to a considerable height above Tappan generally found together, and only brings forth one young at a Zee, a large expansion of the Hudson river, and is built prin- time. (See PRIMATES.) (R. L.*) cipally along either side of a broad and winding country highway (laid out in 1723) from New York to Albany, called the King's Highway until the War of Independence, then called the Albany Post Road, and now known (in Tarrytown) as Broadway. South of the village is "Lyndhurst," the estate of Miss Helen Miller Gould, and to the N.E. is Kaakout | (originally Kijkuit," that is, "lookout," the name of a high promontory), the estate of John D. Rockefeller. In the village are the Hackley School (1899), Irving School (1837), Repton School and the "Castle" School for girls; a Young Men's Lyceum (1899), with a public library (8000 volumes in 1910) and the Tarrytown Hospital (1892). In the vicinity there are large nurseries and market-gardens, and automobiles are manufactured in the village. Tarrytown stands on the site of a Wecquaesgeek Indian village, Alipconk (the place of elms), burned by the Dutch in 1644. The first settlement of whites was made about 1645. There were perhaps a dozen Dutch families here in 1680, when Frederick Philipse (formerly known as Vredryk Flypse) acquired title to several thousand acres in Westchester county, called Philipse Manor. He built, partly of brick brought from Holland, a manor-house (on a point of land now known as Kingsland's Point, a short distance above the present village), a mill and a church, at the mouth of Sleepy Hollow, some three-quarters of a mile above the village; Dr Hamilton Wright Mabie has written: "There is probably no other locality in America, taking into account history, tradition, the old church, the manor-house and the mill, which so entirely conserves the form and spirit of Dutch civilization in the New World." During the War of Independence Tarrytown was the centre of the "Neutral Territory" between the lines of the British and Continental forces, and was the scene of numerous conflicts between the "cowboys" and "skinners," bands of unorganized partisans, the former acting in the name of the colonies, and the latter in that of the king. On the post road, on the 24th of September 1780, Major John André was captured by three Continentals, John Paulding, David Williams and Isaac Van Wert; to commemorate the capture a marble shaft surmounted by a bronze statue of a Continental soldier has been erected on the spot. Tarrytown is described in the Sketch Book of Washington Irving, who lived and died at "Sunnyside," within the limits of Tarrytown, was long warden of old Christ Church, and is buried in the Old Sleepy Hollow burying-ground, which adjoins the Dutch Church, and in which Carl Schurz also is buried. Tarrytown was incorporated as a village in 1870. Its name is probably a corrupt form of the Dutch "Tarwen dorp" (wheat town).

See H. B. Dawson, Westchester County in the American Revolution (New York, 1886); and an article by H. W. Mabie in L. P. Powell's Historic Towns of the Middle States (New York, 1899). TARSIER, the Anglicized form of the scientific name of a small and aberrant lemur-like animal, Tarsius spectrum,

TARSUS (mod. Tersous), an ancient city in the fertile plain of Cilicia. The small river Cydnus flowed through the centre of the town, and its cool swift waters were the boast of the city (though visitors like Dion Chrysostom thought it far inferior to the rivers of many Greek cities). The harbour, Rhegma, below the city, was originally a lagoon, though it is said also to be supplied by springs of its own. The Cydnus flowed into the lake (where were the arsenals) and thence into the sea, about 10 m. from Tarsus. The city is first mentioned on the Black Obelisk, as captured by the Assyrians along with the rest of Cilicia about 850 B.C. It was probably an old Ionian colony, settled (like Mallus) under the direction of Clarian Apollo. Its importance was due (1) to its excellent and safe harbour, (2) to its possession of a fertile territory, and (3) to its command of the first waggon-road made across Mount Taurus, which was cut through the Cilician Gates, a narrow gorge 100 yards in length, originally only wide enough to carry the waters of a small affluent of the Cydnus. The greatness of Tarsus rested therefore mainly on the two great engineering works, the harbour and the road. That the latter was due to Greck influence is shown by the village Mopsucrene on the southern approach to the Gates: Mopsus was the prophet of Clarian Apollo. Few mountain passes have been so important in history as this road (seventy miles in length) over Taurus. Many armies have marched over it; those of Cyrus the Younger, Alexander the Great, Cicero, Septimius Severus and the First Crusade may specially be mentioned.

Tarsus is most accessible from the sea or from the east. Even after the "Cilician Gates" were cut, the crossing of Taurus was a difficult operation for an invading army (as Xenophon and Arrian show). Hence Tarsian history (where not determined by Greek maritime relations) has been strongly affected by Semitic influence, and Dion Chrysostom, about A.D. 112, says it was more like a Phoenician than a Hellenic city (which it claimed to be). After the Assyrian power decayed, princes, several of whom bore the name or title Syennesis, ruled Tarsus before and under Persian power. Persian satraps governed it in the 4th century B.C.; and struck coins with Aramaic legends there. The Seleucid kings of Syria for a time kept it in a state of servitude; but it was made an autonomous city with additional citizens (probably Argive Greeks and Jews) by Antiochus IV. Epiphanes in 171 B.C.; and then it began to strike its own coins. It became one of the richest and greatest cities of the East under the Romans after 104 B.C., and was favoured by both Antony and Augustus: the reception there by the former of Cleopatra, who sailed up to the city in a magnificent vessel, was a striking historic event. In spite of its oriental character, it maintained a university where Greek philosophy was taught by a series of famous Tarsians, who influenced Roman history. Chief among them was Athenodorus Cananites (q.v.), teacher and friend of Augustus for many years, a man of courage and

centuries allowed the channel in the city to become blocked by accumulation of soil, and now the whole body of water flows in the new channel east of the city, except what is drawn off by an artificial irrigation course to water the gardens on the western side of the city. The population is about 25,000, including, besides Turks and Syrian Moslems, also Armenians, Greeks, Syrian Christians, Persians, Afghans, Ansaria (mostly gardeners) and even Hindus. There is a large American mission school called St Paul's Institute, giving a very comprehensive education to Armenians and Greeks drawn from an extensive district.

power, who remodelled the Tarsian constitution (making it | chief pride and boast; but gradually the neglect of subsequent timocratic and oligarchic). The picture which Philostratus, in his biography of Apollonius Tyanensis, draws of the Tarsians as vain, luxurious and illiterate, represents the general GraecoRoman conception of the city. The legend which was believed to be graven on the statue of Sardanapalus at Anchiale (12 m. S.W. from Tarsus) might have been the motto of most Tarsians: "Eat, drink, play, for nothing else is worth this (gesture)" (referred to by St Paul, 1 Cor. xv. 32). The statue was probably an archaic work, with Hittite or cuneiform inscription, representing a figure with right hand raised: the letters and the attitude were misunderstood; the figure was supposed to be snapping the fingers and uttering this expression of effeminate and weary sensualism.

The literature regarding Tarsus is scanty, and few ancient inscriptions have been published. See W. B. Barker, Lares and Penates; G. F. Hill in the British Museum Catalogue of Coins; Six in Numismatic Chronicle, 1884, pp. 152 ff., 1894, pp. 329 ff.; E. Babelon in the Catalogue Bibl. Nat., Perses Achémenides "; the numismatic works of B. V. Head, F. Imhoof Blumer, &c.; Waddington in Bulletin de Corr. Hell., vii. pp. 282 ff.; Ramsay, Cities of St Paul (1907), pp. 85-245, and "Cilicia, Tarsus and the Great Taurus Pass in Geographical Journal (1903), pp. 357-410; R. Heberdey and A. Wilhelm, "Reisen in Kilikien (in the Denkschriften d. kais. Akademie Wien, 1896, xliv.), with works of other travellers, especially V. Langlois and Macdonald Kinneir. Callander in Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1904, pp. 58 ff., studied Dion Chrysostom's two Tarsian Orations. (W. M. RA.)

Tarsus depended for its greatness on commerce, peace and orderly government. It was not a strong fortress, and could not be defended during the decay of the empire against barbarian invasion. The Arabs captured the whole of Cilicia shortly after A.D. 660; and Tarsus seems to have been a ruin for more than a century after the conquest. But Harun alRashid rebuilt its walls in 787, and made it the north-western capital of the Arab power in the long wars against the Byzantine empire. All the raids, which were made in Asia Minor regularly, year by year, sometimes twice in one year, through the Cilician Gates and past the fortress Loulon, issued through the north gate of Tarsus, which was called the "Gate of the Holy War." The western gate is still standing, and is mis-it. named "St Paul's Gate." The caliph Mamun died on such a foray in A.D. 833, having caught a chill at a great spring north of the Cilician Gates beside Ak-Keupreu. He was brought to Tarsus where (like the emperor Tacitus) he died, and (like the emperor Julian) was buried. His illness recalls the fever which Alexander the Great contracted from bathing in the Cydnus. Nicephorus Phocas reconquered Tarsus and all Cilicia for the empire in A.D. 965. In the First Crusade Baldwin and Tancred captured Tarsus, A.D. 1099, and there the two leauers had a serious quarrel. It formed part of the kingdom of Lesser Armenia for great part of the three centuries after A.D. 1180, and it was fortified by Leo II. and Hethoum I. But Turkoman and Egyptian invaders disputed its possession with the Greek emperors and Armenian kings and with one another. Finally it passed into Ottoman hands about the beginning of the 16th century.

Most of the successive masters of Tarsus had their own legends about its origin, usually with a religious character justifying and explaining their possession of the city. The Assyrian Sardanapalus, the native ged Sandan, the Greek hero Perseus, the Greek god Heracles, are all called founder of Tarsus. Iapetus, i.c. Japhet, father of Javan "the ionian,” was called the grandfather of Cydnus, who gave name to the river. A curious ceremony was practised in honour of Sandan (identified with the Greek Heracles): a pyre was periodically erected and the god was burned on it. It is said that the original name of the city was Parthenia, which suggests that a virgin goddess was worshipped here as in so many shrines of Asia Minor and Syria: the virgin goddess Athena appears on Tarsian coins. The Baal of Tarsus is named in Aramaic letters on many of its coins in the Persian period.

The ruins of the ancient city are very extensive, but they are deeply buried, and make little or no appearance above the surface except in the Dunuk Tash (popularly identified as the "Tomb of Sardanapalus," a monument which, however, was at Anchiale, not at Tarsus). This shapeless mass of concrete was probably the substructure of a Graeco-Roman temple, from which the marble coating has been removed. The modern town has considerable bazaars and trade; but the climate is very oppressive, owing to the proximity of vast marshes which occupy the site of the harbour and the lower part of the original Cyndus course. The river was diverted from its former course by Justinian in the 6th century. The emperor's intention was only to carry off the surplus waters in time of flood and prevent inundations in the city, not to deprive Tarsus of what was its

TART, a dish of baked pastry containing fruit, a fruit pie; also a small open piece of baked pastry with jam placed upon The word was adapted from the O.Fr. tarte; the older form must have been torte, as is seen in the mod. Fr. tourte and the diminutive tortel or torteau; the origin is the Lat. torta, twisted (torquere, to twist), used of a cake in Med. Lat., the paste or dough of cakes or tarts being rolled or twisted. The alteration of the vowel is also seen in Ital. tartera. In English there is some confusion with "tart," sharp, acid, bitter, which comes from O.E. teart, sharp, severe, properly "tearing," from teran, to tear; cf. "bitter," from "to bite."

TARTAGLIA, or TARTALEA, NICCOLÒ (c. 1506-1559), Italian mathematician, was born at Brescia. His childhood was passed in dire poverty. During the sack of Brescia in 1512, he was horribly mutilated by some French soldiers. From these injuries he slowly recovered, but he long continued to stanimer in his speech, whence the nickname, adopted by himself, of "Tartaglia." Save for the barest rudiments of reading and writing, he tells us that he had no master; yet we find him at Verona in 1521 an esteemed teacher of mathematics. In 1534 he went to Venice. For Tartaglia's discovery of the solution of cubic equations, and his contests with Antonio Marie Floridas, see ALGEBRA (History). In 1548 Tartaglia accepted a situation as professor of Euclid at Brescia, but returned to Venice at the end of eighteen months. He died at Venice in 1559.

Tartaglia's first printed work, entitled Nuova scienzia (Venice, 1537), dealt with the theory and practice of gunnery. He found the elevation giving the greatest range to be 45°, but failed to demonstrate the correctness of his intuition. Indeed, he never shook off the erroneous ideas of his time regarding the paths of projectiles, further than to see that no part of them could be a straight line. He nevertheless inaugurated the scientific treatment of the subject. His Quesiti et invenzioni diverse, a collection of the author's replies to questions addressed to him by persons of the most varied conditions, was published in 1546, with a dedication to Henry VIII. of England. Problems in artillery occupy two out of nine books; the sixth treats of fortification; the ninth gives several examples of the solution of cubic equations. He published in 1551 Regola generale per sollevare ogni affonduta nave, intitolata la Travagliata Invenzione (an allusion to his personal troubles at Brescia), setting forth a method for raising sunken ships, and describing the diving-bell, then little known in western Europe. He pursued the subject in Ragionamenti sopra la Travagliata Invenzione (May 1551). His largest work, Trattato generale di numeri e misure, is a comprehensive mathematical treatise, including arithmetic, geometry, mensuration, and algebra as far as quadratic equations (Venice, 1556, 1560). He published the first Italian translation of Euclid (1543), and the earliest version from the Greek of some of the principal works of Archimedes (1543). These included the of the lost Greek text. Tartaglia claimed the invention of the tract De insidentibus aquae, of which his Latin now holds the place gunner's quadrant.