duty at the Sulina mouth of the Danube, which brought him ( remained until his death, twenty-two years later. Tegnér's to the favourable notice of the Archduke Maximilian, who in 1854 had been appointed head of the navy with the style of rear-admiral. After some time in a semi-official scientific expedition in Egypt, Arabia, and the Red Sea down to the island of Socotra, Tegetthoff was promoted to the rank of captain of the third class, and in 1858 he commanded the corvette "Erzherzog Friedrich " on the coast of Morocco, then in a very disturbed state. The corvette returned to Trieste on the imminence of the war with France; but during 1859 the French fleet commanded the Adriatic in vastly superior force, against which the Austrians were powerless. After the peace Tegetthoff made a voyage to Brazil as aide-de-camp to Maximilian, and in 1860-63 commanded a large frigate in the Levant during the disturbances in Syria, and on the coast of Greece or in the Piraeus at the time of the Greek revolution. Towards the end of 1863 he was sent to the North Sea as commodore in command of two frigates, with which, together with three small Prussian gunboats, he fought an action with the Danish squadron, and though without any decisive success, succeeded in raising the blockade of the mouths of the Elbe and Weser. The Austrian emperor answered Tegetthoff's telegraphic despatch by another promoting him to be rear-admiral, and conferring on him the Order of the Iron Crown. In 1865 he.commanded a small squadron in the Mediterranean, and in the war of 1866 was placed in command of the whole effective force of the Austrian navy. With all his efforts, however, this was markedly inferior to the Italian force opposed to it, and when the two fleets met off Lissa on the 20th of July, the decisive victory of the Austrians was entirely due to the personal superiority of Tegetthoff and the officers whom he in great measure had trained. In numbers, in ships, and in armament the Italians were much the more powerful, but they had neither a capable chief nor efficient officers. Tegetthoff was immediately promoted, by telegraph, to the rank of vice-admiral, and among the many decorations conferred on him was one from his former commander, the unfortunate Maximilian, at this time emperor of Mexico, whose body was in the following year brought home by Tegetthoff. In March 1868 he was appointed head of the naval section of the War Office and commander-inchief of the navy, which offices he held till his death at Vienna, after a very short illness, on the 7th of April 1871-in the words of the semi-official notice-“ zu früh für Österreich."

(J. K. L.)

TEGGIANO (anc. Tegianum, formerly called Diano), a town in Campania, Italy, in the province of Salerno, 45 m. S.E. of that town. Pop. (1901) 5095. It is situated 2090 ft. above sea-level on an isolated eminence above the upper part of the valley of the Negro (anc. Tanager), to which it gives the name of Val di Diano. It represents the ancient Tegianum a municipal town of Lucania, made into a colony by Nero, of which the ruins can be traced at the foot of the hill, with an ancient Roman bridge. An Oscan sepulchral inscription in Greek letters has been found here (cf. W. Corssen in Ephemeris Epigrafica, ii. 153). It possesses a castle, several churches of some interest, and three conventual buildings. In 1497 it was strong enough to resist, under Antonio Sanseverino of Salerno, the siege undertaken by Frederick of Aragon. (T. As.) TEGNÉR, ESAIAS (1782-1846), Swedish writer, was born on the 13th of November 1782, at Kyrkerud in Wermland. His father was a pastor, and his grandparents on both sides were peasants. His father, whose name had been Esaias Lucasson, took the surname of Tegnerus-altered by his fifth son, the poet, to Tegnér-from the hamlet of Tegnaby in Småland, where he was born. In 1792 Tegnerus died. In 1799 Esaias Tegnér, hitherto educated in the country, entered the university of Lund, where he graduated in philosophy in 1802, and continued as tutor until 1810, when he was elected Greek lecturer. In 1806 he married Anna Maria Gustava Myhrman, to whom he had been attached since his earliest youth. In 1812 he was named professor, and continued to work as a lecturer in Lund until 1824, when he was made bishop of Vexio. At Vexiö he

early poems have little merit. He was comparatively slow in
development. His first great success was a dithyrambic war-
song for the army of 1808, which stirred every Swedish heart.
In 1811 his patriotic poem Svea won the great prize of the
Swedish Academy, and made him famous. In the same year
was founded in Stockholm the Gothic League (Göliska förbun-
det), a sort of club of young and patriotic men of letters, of
whom Tegnér quickly became the chief. The club published
a magazine, entitled Iduna, in which it printed a great deal
of excellent poetry, and ventilated its views, particularly as
regards the study of old Icelandic literature and history.
Tegnér, Geijer, Afzelius, and Nicander became the most famous
members of the Gothic League. Of the very numerous poems
written by Tegnér in the little room at Lund which is now
shown to visitors as the Tegnér museum, the majority are
short, and even occasional lyrics. His celebrated Song to the
Sun dates from 1817. He completed three poems of a more
ambitious character, on which his fame chiefly rests. Of these,
two, the romance of Axel (1822) and the delicately-chiselled idyl
of Nattvardsbarnen (" The First Communion," 1820), translated
by Longfellow, take a secondary place in comparison with
Tegnér's masterpiece, of world-wide fame. In 1820 he pub-
lished in Iduna certain fragments of an epic or cycle of epical
pieces, on which he was then working, Frithjofs saga or the Story
of Frithiof. In 1822 he published five more cantos, and in 1825
the entire poem. Before it was completed it was famous
throughout Europe; the aged Goethe took up his pen to
commend to his countrymen this "alte, kräftige, gigantisch-
barbarische Dichtart," and desired Amalie von Imhoff to
translate it into German. This romantic paraphrase of an
ancient saga was composed in twenty-four cantos, all differing
in verse form, modelled somewhat, it is only fair to say, on
an earlier Danish masterpiece, the Helge of Öhlenschläger,
Frithjofs saga is the best known of all Swedish productions; it
is said to have been translated twenty-two times into English,
twenty times into German, and once at least into every
European language. It is far from satisfying the demands of
more recent antiquarian research, but it still is allowed to give
the freshest existing impression, in imaginative form, of life in
early Scandinavia. In later years Tegnér began, but left un-
finished, two important epical poems, Gerda and Kronbruden.
The period of the publication of Frithjofs saga (1825) was the
critical epoch of his career. It made him one of the most
famous poets in Europe; it transferred him from his study in
Lund to the bishop's palace in Vexiö; it marked the first
breakdown of his health, which had hitherto been excellent;
and it witnessed a singular moral crisis in the inner history of
the poet, about which much has been written, but of which
little is known. Tegnér was at this time passionately in love
with a certain beautiful Euphrosyne Palm, the wife of a town
councillor in Lund, and this unfortunate passion, while in-
spired much of his finest poetry, turned the poet's blood to
gall. From this time forward the heartlessness of woman is
one of Tegnér's principal themes. It is a remarkable sign of
the condition of Sweden at that time that a man not in holy
orders, and so little in possession of the religious temperament
as Tegnér, should be offered and should accept a bishop's
crosier. He did not hesitate in accepting it: it was a great
honour; he was poor; and he was anxious to get away from
Lund. No sooner, however, had he begun to study for his new
duties than he began to regret the step he had taken. It was
nevertheless too late to go back, and Tegnér made a respectable
bishop as long as his health lasted. But he became moody and
melancholy; as early as 1833 he complained of fiery heats in
his brain, and in 1840, during a visit to Stockholm, he suddenly
became insane. He was sent to an asylum in Schleswig, and
early in 1841 he was cured, and able to return to Vexiö. It was
during his convalescence in Schleswig that he composed Kron-
bruden. He wrote no more of importance; in 1843 he had a
stroke of apoplexy, and on the 2nd of November 1846 he died
in Vexiö. From 1819 he had been a member of the Swedish

Academy, where he was succeeded by his biographer and best | 7 sq. m. There are twelve gates, which are closed from two imitator Böttiger.

TEHERAN, the capital of Persia and of the province of the same name, 70 m. S. of the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. It is situated on an immense gravel deposit which slopes down from the foot of the Elburz mountain (rising to an alti-It is situated in the new part of the city and adjoining it is tude of 12,600 ft.) 8 or 9 m. N. of the city, and extends for 16 m. to near Shah-abdul-Azim, 5 m. S. of it. Teheran was formerly a kind of polygon about 4 m. in circumference, with a mud wall and towers, a dry ditch and six gates, but in 1869 Nasr-ud-din Shah decided upon enlarging the city; the old wall and towers were demolished, the ditch was filled up and used for building sites, and an enceinte consisting of a ditch and 58 unequal bastions according to Vauban's first system was constructed and completed in 1874. The city then took the shape of an irregular octagon, and its circumference (a line through the salient angles of the bastions) measures 19,596 metres, or 12-18 m. The area within the bastions is about

autumn, when typhoid, ague and other fevers are prevalent, | cane spirit, and the weaving of cotton fabrics, dyed with the but something in the way of sanitation has been effected and there is a distinct improvement. The author of the Zinat el majalis, writing in 1596, states that cholera frequently visited the city, and, the north being shut off by high mountains, the air was hot and evil-smelling and the water unwholesome, in fact the climate was so bad that even the Angel of Death ran away from it. The mean yearly temperature calculated from observations taken for a number of years ending 1902 was 62-6° F., the highest temperature observed was 111, the lowest 3°, giving a difference of 108° between extremes. The hottest month is July, with a mean of 85.2°, the coldest January, with a mean of 34-25°. The mean annual rainfall during a period of 15 years ending 31st December 1907, was 10 ins.

juice of a marine shell-fish (Purpura patula) found on the neighbouring coast. Indigo was formerly grown in the vicinity and cochineal gathered for export, but both of these industries have declined.. TEHUANTEPEC, an isthmus of Mexico lying between the Gulfs of Campeche (Campeachy) and Tehuantepec, with the Mexican states of Tabasco and Chiapas on the E., and Vera Cruz and Oaxaca on the W. It includes that part of Mexico lying between the 94th and 96th meridians of W. longitude, or the south-eastern parts of Vera Cruz and Oaxaca, with perhaps small districts of Chiapas and Tabasco. It is 125 m. across at its narrowest part from gulf to gulf, or 120 m. to the head of Laguna Superior on the Pacific coast. The Sierra Madre breaks down at this point into a broad, plateau-like ridge, In the Jehankusha i Juvaini, a Persian history written in whose elevation, at the highest point reached by the Tehuanthe 13th century, the name of the town is written Tiran, while tepec railway (Chivela Pass) is 735 ft. The northern side of other works have the name as it is now written, viz. Tehran. the isthmus is swampy and densely covered with jungle, which The latter spelling is due to Arab influence, old Persian names has been a greater obstacle to railway construction than the being frequently Arabicized and sometimes becoming unrecog- grades in crossing the sierra. The whole region is hot and nizable. Two villages in the neighbourhood of Isfahan appear malarial, except the open elevations where the winds from the as Tiran in old documents, while in modern revenue accounts Pacific render it comparatively cool and healthful. The annual and lists they are written Tehran. The Mujem el Buldan, rainfall on the Atlantic or northern slope is 156 in. (Enock) and a geographical dictionary written in 1224, describes Teheran the maximum temperature about 95° in the shade. The as a village 4 m. distant from Rai (Rhages). Pietro della Pacific slope has a light rainfall and dryer climate. Valle, who passed a night (June 6-7, 1618) at Teheran, writes Since the days of Cortés, the Tehuantepec isthmus has been Taheran" (perhaps thinking it to be a plural of taher, "the considered a favourable route, first for an interoceanic canal, pure"), and Sir Thomas Herbert, who visited it on the 14th of and then for an interoceanic railway. Its proximity to the June 1627, calls it "Tyroan," and states that it contained axis of international trade gives it some advantage over the 3000 houses built of sun-dried bricks and had its water supply Panama route, which is counterbalanced by the narrower from a little river which flowed through it in two branches. width of the latter. When the great cost of a canal across the Almost the whole of the city was destroyed by the Afghans in isthmus compelled engineers and capitalists to give it up as 1723, and Teheran did not regain any importance until the impracticable, James B. Eads proposed to construct a quadruple close of the century when Agha Mahommed Khan, the founder track ship-railway, and the scheme received serious attention of the Kajar dynasty, made it his capital and residence. Dr for some time. Then came projects for an ordinary railway, Olivier, who visited Teheran in 1796, says, "In spite of Agha and several concessions were granted by the Mexican governMohammed Khan's efforts to induce people to settle and mer- ment for this purpose from 1857 to 1882. In the last-named chants and manufacturers to establish themselves there, the year the Mexican government resolved to undertake the enterpopulation of Teheran does not amount to 15,000 souls, includ-prise on its own account, and entered into contracts with a ing a garrison of 3000." (A. H.-S.) prominent Mexican contractor for the work. In 1888 this TEHRI, a native state in Northern India, in political sub-contract was rescinded, after 67 m. of road had been completed. ordination to the United Provinces: area, 4200 sq. m.; popu- The next contract was fruitless through the death of the lation (1901) 268,885; estimated revenue, £28,000. It lies contractor, and the third failed to complete the work within entirely amid the Himalayas, containing ranges from 20,000 the sum specified (£2,700,000). This was in 1893, and 37 m. to 23,000 ft. above sea-level, and also the sources of both the remained to be built. A fourth contract resulted in the comGanges and the Jumna, with the places of pilgrimage associated pletion of the line from coast to coast in 1894, when it was with them. The forests, which have been leased to the British found that the terminal ports were deficient in facilities and government, are very valuable, yielding several kinds of pine, the road too light for heavy traffic. The government then oak and cedar. The crops are rice, small millets, wheat, entered into a contract with the London firm of contractors potatoes and a little tea. The chief, whose title is raja, is of S. Pearson & Son, Ltd., who had constructed the drainage descended from a Rajput family which formerly ruled over all works of the valley of Mexico and the new port works of Vera Garhwal. The existing state was created by the British after Cruz, to rebuild the line and construct terminal ports at the war with Nepal in 1815. The town of Tehri, on the river Coatzacoalcos, on the Gulf coast, and Salina Cruz, on the Pacific Bhagirathi (as the Ganges is here called) has a pop. (1901) of side. The work was done for account of the Mexican govern3387. ment. Work began on the 16th of December 1899, and was finished to a point where its formal opening for traffic was possible in January 1907.

TEHUANTEPEC (from tecuani-lepēc—“ jaguar-hill ”), the town which gives its name to the isthmus, gulf and railway, stands on the Tehuantepec river about 15 m. from its mouth and 13 m. by rail from Salina Cruz. Pop. (1904, estimated) 10,000. It is a typical, straggling Indian town, occupying the slope of a hill on the Pacific side of the divide, with a beautiful view of the river valley and the distant sierras to the N. The streets are little more than crooked paths up the hillside, and the habitations are for the most part thatched, mud-walled huts. The population of the town and of the surrounding district is composed almost wholly of Indians of the great Zapoteca family. The Tehuanas of Tehuantepec are noted for the beauty and graceful carriage of their women, who are reputed to be the finest-looking among the native races of Mexico. The women are the traders in Tehuantepec and do little menial work-a result, apparently, of the influence of beauty. The local industries include the making of "caña," a

The railway is 192 m. long, with a branch of 18 m. between Juile and San Juan Evangelista. The minimum depth at low water in both ports is 33 ft., and an extensive system of quays and railway tracks at both terminals affords ample facilities for the expeditious handling of heavy cargoes. The general offices, shops, hospital, &c., are located at Rincon Antonio, at the entrance to the Chivela Pass, where the temperature is cool and healthful conditions prevail. At Santa Lucrecia, 109 m. from Salina Cruz, connexion is made with the Vera Cruz & Pacific railway (a government line), 213 m. to Cordova and 311 m. to Mexico city. TEHUELCHE, or CHUELCHE, HUILLICHE ("Southern People "), the generic name given by the whites of Argentina to the Indian tribes of Patagonia (q.v.). TEIGNMOUTH, JOHN SHORE, BARON (1751-1834), governor-general of India, was born on the 8th of October 1751, the son of Thomas Shore, a supercargo in the service of the

IST

East India Company. He was educated at Harrow, and went | various causes were alleged. Some said that the gods had out to India as a writer in the Bengal Civil Service in 1769. He blinded him because he had revealed to men what they ought became a member of the Supreme Council (1787-89), in which not to know. Others said that Athena (or Artemis) blinded capacity he assisted Lord Cornwallis in introducing many reforms, him because he had seen her naked in the bath; when his but did not approve his permanent settlement of Bengal. On mother prayed Athena to restore his sight; the goddess, being the retirement of Cornwallis, he was appointed governor- unable to do so, purged his ears so that he could understand general (1793-98), adopting a policy of non-interference, but the speech of birds, and gave him a staff wherewith to guide deposed Wazir Ali, for whom he substituted Saadat Ali as his steps (Apollodorus iii. 6). According to Sostratus, author nawab of Oudh. His term of office was also signalized by a of an elegiac poem called Teiresias, he was originally a girl, mutiny of the officers of the Indian army, which he met with but had been changed into a boy by Apollo at the age of seven; concessions. He was created a baronet in 1792, and Baron after undergoing several more transformations from one sex to Teignmouth in the peerage of Ireland in 1798. On his retire- the other, she (for the final sex was feminine) was turned into ment from India he was appointed member of the board of a mouse and her lover Arachnus into a weasel (Eustathius on control (1807-28), and was for many years president of the Odyssey, p. 1665). Teiresias' grave was at the Tilphusian British and Foreign Bible Society. He died on the 14th of spring; but there was a cenotaph of him at Thebes, and also February 1834. in later times his "observatory," or place for watching for omens from birds, was pointed out (Pausanias ix 16; Sophocles, Antigone, 999). He had an oracle at Orchomenus, but during a plague it became silent and remained so in Plutarch's time (De Defectu Oraculorum, 44). According to Homer (Od. x. 492, xi. 90), Teiresias was the only person in the world of the dead whom Proserpine allowed to retain his memory and intellect unimpaired, and Circe sends Odysseus to consult him concerning his return home. He figured in the great paintings by Polygnotus in the Lesche at Delphi.

See Memoirs of Lord Teignmouth, by his son (1843). TEIGNMOUTH, a seaport and market town in the Ashburton parliamentary division of Devonshire, England, at the mouth of the river Teign, on the English Channel, 15 m. S. by E. of Exeter, by the Great Western railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 8636. Two parishes, East and West Teignmouth, form the town. It lies partly on a peninsula between the river and the sea, partly on the wooded uplands which enclose the valley and rise gradually to the high moors beneath Heytor. The Den, or Dene, forms a promenade along the sea-front, with a small TEISSERENC DE BORT, PIERRE EDMOND (1814-1892), lighthouse and a pier. St Michael's church in East Teign- French writer and politician, was born at Châteauroux on the mouth was rebuilt in 1824 in Decorated style, but retains a 17th of September 1814, and entered the civil service after the Norman doorway and other ancient portions; of St James', completion of his education at the Ecole Polytechnique. He in West Teignmouth, the south porch and tower are Norman. was a railway expert, becoming secretary-general of the RailThere are a theological college for Redemptorists, and a Bene-way Commission established in 1842, government commissioner dictine convent, dedicated to St Scholastica. The entrance to to the authorized railway companies, administrator of the the harbour has been improved by dredging, and the two quays Lyons-Mediterranean railway, and commissioner to examine accommodate vessels drawing 13 ft. at neap tides. Pipeclay and foreign railways. In 1846 he was returned to the Chamber china clay, from Kingsteignton, are shipped for the Stafford- of Deputies for Hérault, but the revolution of 1848 drove him shire potteries, while coal and general goods are imported. into private life, from which he only emerged after the downPilchard, herrings, whiting and mackerel are taken, and salmon fall of the Empire, when in February 1871 he was returned in the Teign. Malting, brewing and boatbuilding are also to the National Assembly. He supported the government of carried on. East Teignmouth was formerly called Teignmouth Thiers and was minister of agriculture and commerce in 1872-73. Regis, and West Teignmouth, Teignmouth Episcopi. He sat in the Left Centre, and steadily supported republican principles. He entered the Senate in 1876, and was minister of agriculture in the Dufaure-Ricard cabinet of that year, retaining his portfolio in the Jules Simon ministry which fell on the 16th of May 1877. In 1878, when he joined the new Dufaure cabinet, he opened the Paris exhibition of agriculture and manufactures, the original suggestion of which had been made by him during his 1876 ministry. In 1879 he was sent as ambassador to Vienna, whence he was next year recalled on the score of health. Two years later he re-entered the Senate, where he did good service to the cause of "Republican Defence" during the Boulangist agitation. He died in Paris on the 29th of July 1892. His works consist of discussions of railway policy from the technical and economic side.

Teignmouth (Teinemue, Tengemue) possessed a church of St Michael as early as 1044, when what is now East Teignmouth was granted by Edward the Confessor to Leofric, bishop of Exeter, and an allusion to salterers in the same grant proves the existence of the salt industry at that date. Teignmouth is not mentioned in the Domesday Survey, but in 1276 what is now West Teignmouth appears as a mesne borough held by the dean and chapter of Exeter; what is now East Teignmouth continuing with the bishop, who was accused in that year of holding in his manor a market which should be held in the borough. The bishop's manor was alienated in 1550 to Sir Andrew Dudley, but West Teignmouth remained with the dean and chapter until early in the 19th century. In the middle ages Teignmouth was a flourishing port, able to furnish 7 ships and 120 mariners to the Calais expedition of 1347, and depending chiefly on the fishing and salt industries. In the early part of the 17th century the town had fallen into decay, but it speedily recovered, and in 1744 could contribute twenty vessels to the Newfoundland shipping trade. The borough was never represented in parliament, nor incorporated by charter. The Saturday market, which was held up to the 19th century, is mentioned in 1220, and was confirmed by royal charter in 1253, together with a fair at Michaelmas. Teignmouth was burned by French pirates in 1340, and was again devastated by the French on the 26th of June 1690.

See Victoria County History, Devonshire; The Teignmouth Guide and Complete Handbook to the Town and Neighbourhood (Teignmouth, 1875). TEIRESIAS, in Greek legend, a famous Theban seer, son of Eueres and Chariclo. He was a descendant of Udaeus, one of the men who had sprung up from the serpent's teeth sown by Cadmus. He was blind from his seventh year, for which

TELAMONES (Gr. τeλáμwv, supporter, from Tλva, to bear), in architecture the term used by the Romans as equivalent to Atlantes (the Greek term) for male figures employed to carry architraves and cornices. The best-known examples are those in the tepidarium of the baths of Pompeii, which consist of small figures in terra-cotta, 2 ft. high, placed between niches and carrying a cornice.

TELANG, KASHINATH TRIMBAK (1850-1893), Indian judge and oriental scholar, was born at Bombay on the 30th of August 1850. By profession an advocate of the high court, he also took a vigorous share in literary, social, municipal and political work, as well as in the affairs of the university of Bombay, over which he presided as vice-chancellor from 1892 till his death. At the age of five Telang was sent to the Amarchaud Wadi vernacular school, and in 1859 entered the high school in Bombay which bears the name of Mountstuart Elphinstone. Here he came under the influence of Narayan Mahadev Purmanand, a teacher of fine intellect and force of character, afterwards one of Telang's most intimate friends.

believers in the doctrine of infection, and that a few years ago, with the exception of Professor A. Weismann, all the leading biologists had either subscribed to the telegony doctrine or admitted that "infection of the germ was well within the bounds of possibilities. Even Professor Weismann did not deny the possibility of the offspring throwing back to a previous mate. The widespread belief, he admitted, " may be justifiable and founded on fact," but he was careful to add that "only the confirmation of the tradition by methodical investigation, in this case by experiment, could raise telegony to the rank of a fact." In assuming this attitude Professor Weismann decidedly differed from Herbert Spencer, who some years ago mentioned that he had evidence "enough to prove the fact of a previous sire asserting his influence on a subsequent progeny." The importance of determining whether there is such a thing as telegony is sufficiently evident. If a mare or other female animal is liable to be "infected" by her first or by subsequent mates, telegony will rank as a cause of variation, and breeders will be justified in believing (1) that pure-bred females are liable to be "corrupted" when mated with sires of a different breed; and (2) that inferior or cross-bred females, if first mated with a high-class sire, will thereafter produce superior offspring, however inferior or cross-bred her subsequent mates. If, on the other hand, "infection of the germ " is impossible, telegony will not count as a factor in variation, and breeders will no longer be either justified in regarding mares and other female animals as liable to be "corrupted" by ill-assorted unions, or benefited by first having offspring to a high-class, or it may be more vigorous, mate. Though, according to breeders, evidence of telegony has been found in nearly all the different kinds of domestic mammals and birds, most stress has been laid on instances of "infection" in the horse and dog families.

From this school he passed to the Elphinstone College, of which | W. B. Carpenter, and G. J. Romanes were all more or less firm he became a fellow, and after taking the degree of M.A. and LL.B., decided to follow the example of Bal Mangesh Wagle, the first Indian admitted by the judges to practise on the original side of the high court, a position more like the status of a barrister than a vakil or pleader. He passed the examination and was enrolled in 1872. His learning and other gifts soon brought him an extensive practice. He had complete command of the English language, and his intimacy with Sanskrit enabled him to study and quote the Hindu law-books with an ease not readily attained by European counsel. Telang, finding his career assured, declined an offer of official employment. But in 1889 he accepted a seat on the high court bench, where his judgments are recognized as authoritative, especially on the Hindu law. He was syndic of the university from 1881, and vice-chancellor from 1892 till his death. In that year also he was elected president of the local branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. These two offices had never been held by a native of India before. The decoration of C.I.E. conferred on him in 1882 was a recognition of his services as a member of a mixed commission appointed by the government to deal with the educational system of the whole of India. He was nominated to the local legislative council in 1884, but declined a similar position on the viceroy's council. Along with P.M. Metha, he was the originator of the Bombay Presidency Association. When a student he had won the Bhugwandas scholarship in Sanskrit, and in this language his later studies were profound. His translation of the Bhagwadgita into English prose and verse is a standard work; and he criticized Professor Weber's hypothesis that the story of the Ramayana was influenced by the Homeric epics. While devoted to the sacred classics of the Hindus, Telang did not neglect his own vernacular, Mahratti literature being enriched by his translation of Lessing's Nathan the Wise, and an essay on Social Compromise. He died at Bombay on the 1st of September 1893.

TELAV, a town of Russian Transcaucasia, in the government of Tiflis, 63 m. N.E. of the town of Tiflis, on the river Alazan and at an altitude of 2420 ft. Pop. (1897) 11,810, chiefly Armenians (9000) and Georgians (2000). Telav is a very old town, founded in 893, and until 1797 it was the capital of Kakhetia, and has ruins of old forts. In the neighbourhood are the Ikaltoi monastery (6th century), the Shuanty monastery (16th century), and the originally 10th century Alaverdi church, visited by many pilgrims. Wine is exported.

TELEGONY (Gr. τîλe, far, and yóvos, offspring), the name now given to the hypothesis that offspring sometimes inherit characters from a previous mate of their dam. Until recent years the supposed inheritance of characters acquired by a dam from one or more of her former mates was usually designated by breeders" throwing back"; by physiologists, "infection of the germ," or simply "infection.". The doctrine of "infection," like the somewhat allied doctrine of "maternal impressions," seems to be alike ancient and widespread. Evidence of the antiquity of the belief in "maternal impressions we have in Jacob placing peeled rods before Laban's cattle to induce them to bring forth" ring-straked speckled and spotted " offspring; evidence of the antiquity of the "infection" doctrine we have, according to some writers, in the practice amongst the Israelites of requiring the childless widow to marry her deceased husband's brother, that he might "raise up seed to his brother." Whatever may have been the views of stockowners in the remote past, it is certain that during the middle ages the belief in "infection was common amongst breeders, and that during the last two centuries it met with the general approval of naturalists, English breeders being especially satisfied of the fact that the offspring frequently inherited some of their characters from a former mate of the dam, while both English and Continental naturalists (apparently without putting the assertions of breeders to the test of experiment) accounted for the "throwing back "by saying the germ cells of the dam had been directly or indirectly "infected" by a former mate. It is noteworthy that L. Agassiz, C. Darwin,

Telegony in the Horse Family.-Beecher at the end of the 17th century pointed out that "when a mare has had a mule by an ass and afterwards a foal by a horse, there are evident marks on the foal of the mother having retained some ideas of her former paramour, the ass." That mares used in mule breeding are liable to be infected is still widely believed, but irrefragable evidence of the influence of the ass persisting, as Agassiz assumed, is conspicuous by its absence. Darwin says, "It is worth notice that farmers in south Brazil are convinced that mares which have once borne mules when subsequently put to horses are extremely liable to produce colts striped like a mule" (Animals and Plants, vol. i. p. 436). Baron de Parana, on the other hand, says, "I have many relatives and friends who have large establishments for the rearing of mules, where they obtain from 400 to 1000 mules in a year. In all these establishments, after two or three crossings of the mare and ass, the breeders cause the mare to be put to a horse; yet a pure-bred foal has never been produced resembling either an ass or a mule."

The prevalence of the belief in telegony at the present day is largely due to a case of supposed infection reported to the Royal Society in 1820 by Lord Morton. A chestnut mare, after having a hybrid by a quagga, produced to a black Arabian horse three foals showing a number of stripes-in one more stripes were present than in the quagga hybrid. The more, however, the case so intimately associated with the name of Lord Morton is considered, the less convincing is the evidence it affords in favour of "infection." Stripes are frequently seen in high-caste Arab horses, and cross-bred colts out of Arab mares sometimes present far more distinct bars across the legs and other zebra-like markings than characterized the subsequent offspring of Lord Morton's seven-eighths Arabian mare. In the absence of control experiments there is therefore no reason for assuming Lord Morton's chestnut mare would have produced less striped offspring had she been mated with the black Arabian before giving birth to a quagga hybrid. To account for the stripes on the subsequent foals, it is only necessary (now that the principles of cross-breeding are better understood) to assume that in the cross-bred chestnut mare there lay latent the characteristics of the Kattiawar or other