commerce with the United States? The New England fishermen a valuable right, British came to the conclusion that hitherto used from the earliest time, that the new national government contain- of catching and curing fish on the shores ed vastly more vitality than the league of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It was of States, and could enforce its wishes agreed that both parties should use their with energy; so in August, 1791, George Hammond was sent as full minister to the United States. But the treaty of 1783 was not fully executed until after that of Jay was negotiated and ratified. See JAY,

JOHN.

best endeavors to suppress the African slave-trade. Hostilities on land were to terminate with the ratification of the treaty of peace, and on the ocean at specified periods, according to distance, the longest being four months. It did not secure to the Americans what they went to war for-namely, immunity from search and impressment.

In 1814 the British government rejected the mediation of the Empress of Russia in bringing about a peace with the United States, but finally offered to The treaty was ratified Dec. 28, 1814, treat directly with the United States. by the Prince Regent, and then sent to The ancient city of Ghent, in Belgium, the United States in the British sloop-ofwas selected, and there the commission- war Favorite. She arrived in New York ers of the two governments met in on Feb. 11, 1815. Mr. Hughes, principal the summer of 1814. The American com- secretary to the American commissioners, missioners were John Quincy Adams, left Ghent with a copy of the treaty at James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan the same time, sailed for the Chesapeake Russell, and Albert Gallatin. The Brit- from the Texel in the schooner Transit, ish commissioners were Lord Gambier, landed at Annapolis two days after the Henry Goulburn, and William Adams. Favorite reached New York, and put his These joined the American commission- copy of the treaty into the hands of ers at Ghent, Aug. 6, 1814. Christo- President Madison before the ratified copy pher Hughes, Jr., the American chargé arrived there. The treaty of peace spread d'affaires at Stockholm, was appoint- joy over the land, because it assured ed secretary to the American com- peace; but when its contents were known, missioners. Negotiations were speedily and that immunity from search or imopened, when a wide difference of views pressment had not been secured, it was appeared, which at first threatened the severely criticised. The opposition pointmost formidable obstructions to an agree- ed to it exultingly as proof of the wisdom ment. The discussions continued several of their prophecies, the patriotism of their months, and a conclusion was reached by course in opposing the war, and the truth a mutual agreement to a treaty on Dec. of their declaration that the "war was a 24, 1814, when it was signed by the re- failure." The English people, too, indulged spective commissioners. It provided for in strong condemnation of the treaty, bethe mutual restoration of all conquered cause it made concessions to the Ameriterritory, and for three commissions-one cans. to settle the titles to islands in Passama- The effect of the treaty upon financial quoddy Bay, another to mark out the matters was very marked. Six-per-cents northeastern boundary of the United rose, in twenty-four hours, from 76 to States as far as the St. Lawrence, and a 86, and treasury notes from 92 to 98. third to run the line through the St. Law- Coin, which was 22 per cent. premium, rence and the Lakes to the Lake of the fell to 2 per cent. in forty-eight hours. Woods. In case of disagreement in either The effect on commerce was equally great. commission, the point in dispute was to Within forty-eight hours sugar fell be referred to some friendly power. No from $26 per cwt. to $12.50; tea, from provision was made as to the boundary $2.25 per pound to $1; tin, from $80 a west of the Lake of the Woods, nor as to box to $25. In England medals were the fisheries on the shores of British struck in commemoration of the event. America. It took away from the British See ALASKA; CLAYTON-BULWER TREATY; a normal right (never used), that of PANAMA CANAL; WASHINGTON, TREATY navigating the Mississippi; and from the of.

Treaties, FRANCO-AMERICAN.

the treaty were authorized to promise that, in case France should become involved in the war, neither party should make a definitive treaty of peace without six months' notice to the other.

In Sep- with that power in goods contraband of tember, 1776, the Continental Congress, war. The commissioners sent to negotiate after weeks of deliberation, adopted an elaborate plan of a treaty to be proposed to France. They wanted France to engage in a separate war with Great Britain, and so give the Americans an opportunity for establishing their independence. They re- Franklin, Deane, and Lee were United nounced in favor of France all eventual States commissioners at the French Court conquests in the West Indies, but claimed at the close of 1776. The Continental Conthe sole right of acquiring British Con- gress had elaborated a plan of a treaty tinental America, and all adjacent is with France, by which it was hoped the ands, including the Bermudas, Cape Bre- States might secure their independence. ton and Newfoundland. They proposed The commissioners were instructed to press arrangements concerning the fisheries; for an immediate declaration of the French avowed the principle of Frederick the government in favor of the, Americans. Great that free ships made free goods, Knowing the desire of the French to widen and that a neutral power may lawfully the breach and cause a dismemberment of trade with a belligerent. Privateering the British Empire, the commissioners was to be restricted, not abolished; and were to intimate that a reunion of the while the Americans were not willing to colonies with Great Britain might be the make common cause with the French, they consequence of delay. But France was were willing to agree not to assist Great then unwilling to incur the risk of war Britain in the war on France, nor trade with Great Britain. When the defeat of

Burgoyne was made known at Versailles, tions between the English and the Six assured thereby that the Americans could Nations, the Delawares, Shawnees, and help themselves, the French Court were Mohegans were critical, for the Indians, ready to treat for an alliance with them. especially the Delawares, had become The presence of an agent of the British greatly incensed against the white people ministry in Paris, on social terms with the of Pennsylvania. The Quakers of that American commissioners, hastened the State had espoused the cause of the Indnegotiations, and, on Feb. 6, 1778, two ians and formed an association for setreaties were secretly signed at Paris by the American commissioners and the Count de Vergennes on the part of France. One was a commercial agreement, the other an alliance contingent on the breaking out of hostilities between France and Great Britain. It was stipulated in the treaty of alliance that peace should not be made until the mercantile and political independence of the United States should be secured. The conciliatory bills of Lord North made the French monarch anxious, for a reconciliation between Great Britain and her colonies would thwart his scheme for prolonging the war and dismembering the British Empire; and he caused the secret treaties to be officially communicated to the British government, in language so intentionally offensive that the anonuncement was regarded as tantamount to a declaration of war, and the British ambassador at the French Court was withdrawn.

curing justice for them, and friendship between them and the white people. They held two conferences at Easton with the Indians, and Sir William Johnson complained that the Quakers had intruded upon his office. Finally, in July, 1756, a conference was held between the Delawares, Shawnees, Mohegans, the Six Nations, and Governor Denny and his council, and George Croghan, an Indian trader. At the suggestion of the Quakers, TEEDYUSCUNG (q. v.) invited Charles Thomson, master of the Quaker Academy in Philadelphia, and afterwards permanent secretary of the Continental Congress, to act as his secretary. Denny and Croghan opposed it; Teedyuscung persisted in having Thomson make minutes of the proceedings, so that garbled and false reports of interested men might not be given as truth.

By this arrangement the Indians received fair play.

The conference was thinly attended; but Because the treaties with France had at another, begun on Nov. 8 the same been repeatedly violated; the just claims year, the Indian tribes were well repreof the United States for the reparation of sented. In reply to questions by Governor injuries to persons and property had been Denny of what he complained, Teedyusrefused; attempts on the part of the cung charged the proprietaries of PennUnited States to negotiate an amicable sylvania with obtaining large territories adjustment of all difficulties between the by fraud, and specified well-known intwo nations had been repelled with in- stances like that of the "Indian Walk." dignity; and because, under the authority At that conference there were many citiof the French government, there was yet zens from Philadelphia, chiefly Quakers, pursued against the United States a sys- and the result was, after deliberations tem of predatory violence infracting those kept up for nine days, a satisfactory treaties, and hostile to the rights of a treaty of peace was made between the free and independent nation-Congress, on Indians and the English, the governor July 7, 1797, passed an act declaring the offering to indemnify the Delawares for treaties heretofore concluded with France any lands which had been fraudulently no longer obligatory on the United States. taken from them. That matter was deTreaties, INDIAN. Easton, on the Dela- ferred until a council was held at Easton ware, was a favorite place for holding in July, 1757, when Teedyuscung was well councils with the Indian chiefs between plied with liquor. The Quakers, with 1754 and 1761. On these occasions 200 much exertion, enabled the old chief to to 500 Indians were frequently seen. resist the intrigues of Croghan to weakTeedyuscung, an eminent Delaware chief, en his influence among the Indians. who represented several tribes, was chief Another council was held there in the speaker and manager. In 1756 the rela- autumn of 1758. The object was to ad

just all differences between the English powers on Oct. 18 (N. S.), 1748. By it and the Six Nations, as well as other the treaties of Westphalia (1648), of Nimetribes farther westward and southward. guen (1678-79), of Ryswick (1697), of The governors of Pennsylvania and New Utrecht (1713), of Baden (1714), of the Jersey, Sir William Johnson, Colonel Triple Alliance (1717), of the Quadruple Croghan, and a large number of the Alliance (1718), and of Vienna (1738), Friendly Association were present. Teedy- were renewed and confirmed. It was fonduscung acted as chief speaker, which ly hoped this treaty would insure a peroffended the Six Nations, who regarded manent peace for Europe. It was, howthe Delawares as their vassals; but he ever, only a truce between France and Engconducted himself admirably, maintain- land, contending for dominion in America. ed his position finely, and resisted the The English regarded as encroachments wiles of Colonel Croghan and the gov- the erection by the French of about twenernor. This great council continued eigh- ty forts, besides block-houses and tradingteen days. The land question was thor- posts, within claimed English domain. oughly discussed. All causes for misun- So while ACADIA (q. v.) furnished one derstanding between the English and the field for hostilities between the two naIndians were removed, and a treaty for a tions, the country along the lakes and in general peace was concluded Oct. 26, 1758. the Ohio and Mississippi valleys furnished There was another council held at Easton another. in 1761, concerning settlements at Wy- Treaty of Ghent. See TREATIES, oming, in which Teedyuscung took an ANGLO-AMERICAN. active and eloquent part. See SUSQUE- Treaty of Guadalupe - Hidalgo. A

HANNA SETTLERS.

A treaty signed in New York, Aug. 7, 1790, by Gen. Henry Knox for the United States, and Alexander McGillivray and twenty-three other Creek chiefs, provided for the relinquishment of Georgia to claims of an immense tract of land belonging to the Creeks south and west of the Oconee River; the acknowledgment of the Creeks being under the protection of the United States; the resignation of the Creeks of all pretensions to lands north and east of the Oconee River; a mutual exchange of prisoners, and an agreement for the delivery of an Indian murderer of a white man. A secret article provided that presents to the value of $1,500 should be distributed annually among the nation; annuities of $100 secured to six of the principal chiefs, and $1,200 a year to McGillivray annually, in the name of a salary; also the privilege of importing goods for supplying the Indians. These money considerations to the leaders were intended to secure their fidelity to the terms of the treaty.

treaty of peace, friendship, limits, and settlements was concluded at GuadalupeHidalgo, a city of Mexico, Feb. 2, 1848, between Nicholas P. Trist on the part of the United States, and Don Luis Gonzaga Cuevas, Don Bernardo Couto, and Don Miguel Atristain on the part of Mexico. It provided for a convention for the provisional suspension of hostilities; for the cessation of the blockade of Mexican ports; for the evacuation of the Mexican capital by the United States troops within a month after the ratification of the treaty, and the evacuation of Mexican territory within three months after such evacuation; for the restoration of prisoners of war; for a commission to survey and define the boundary-lines between the United States and Mexico; for the free navigation of the Gulf of California and the Colorado and Green rivers for United States vessels; freedom of Mexicans in any territory acquired by the United States; Indian incursions; payment of money to Mexico for territory conquered and held, and of debts due citizens of the United States by Mexico; regulation of

Treaty, THE HAY-PAUNCEFOTE. See international commerce, and other minor CLAYTON-BULWER TREATY.

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, a treaty between Great Britain, France, Holland, Germany, Spain, and Greece; signed by the representatives of these

IX.-H

See

regulations about property, etc. Both governments ratified the treaty. MEXICO, WAR WITH.

Treaty of Lancaster. See LANCASTER, respective TREATY OF.

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