2

party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the congress shall make.s

That is, such a suit must commence in the Supreme Court, and so cannot be tried elsewhere.

2 That is, the action must commence in some lower court, but it may be appealed to the Supreme Court.

The U. S. District Court has jurisdiction over crimes committed on the high seas, and over admiralty cases in general; over crimes cognizable by the authority of the United States committed within the district, and over cases in bankruptcy. Since 1912 this District Court has also had original jurisdiction over equity cases, and over cases arising under the patent and copyright laws of the United States.

To relieve the Supreme Court, which was years behind with its work, congress by an Act approved March 3, 1891, provided for a U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals in each of the nine circuits, which courts have final appellate jurisdiction in nearly all cases except those involving the constitutionality of a law.

Clause 3.-The Trial of Crimes.

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury,' and such trial shall be held in the state where said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state,3 the trial shall be at such place or places as congress may by law have directed.

'A trial by jury is a trial by twelve men impartially selected. This is regarded as one of the great bulwarks of liberty.

Civil cases may, at the desire of both parties, be tried by the court only. But for criminal trials a jury is guaranteed by this provision. In a criminal trial, the state or the nation is the prosecutor, and state or national judges might be temped to decide unjustly, if the matter were left to them.

2This leaves the accused in better condition to defend himself, than if he could be taken away far from home. He is thus able at the least expense to bring witnesses in his own behalf. In harmony with this, each state has at least one U. S. District Court for the trial of crimes against the general government. (See Declaration of Independence.)

This provision is probably binding also upon the states. That is, in the District of Columbia, in one of the territories, in the Indian country, in the forts or arsenals of the United States, or upon the high seas.

Congress has specified courts for the trial of such crimes. Those committed on the high seas are tried in the state where the vessel arrives. (See pages 230-4.)

SECTION III.-TREASON.

Clause 1.-Definition and Trial.

Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort.1 No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.2

'Treason is, in essence, a deliberate and violent breach of the allegiance due from a citizen or subject to his government. Being directed against the powers that be, the government in self defense is tempted to punish

19

it severely. The more tyrannical a government is the more likely it is to be plotted against, and the more suspicious it becomes. If treason were undefined, the government might declare acts to Le treasonable which the people never suspected to be so. This had occurred so many times, and good men had so often been sent on this charge to an ignominious death, that the framers of the constitution deemed it prudent to define treason carefully in the fundamental law itself.

These provisions are taken from the famous statute of Edward III which first defined treason in England. This statute declared five things to be treasonable, only the third and fourth of which are held by our constitution to be so.

'An overt act is an open act, not one that is simply meditated or talked about, but one actually performed. The Supreme Court has decided that there must be an actual levying of war; that plotting to overthrow the government is not treason. But if hostilities have actually begun, if war has commenced, "all those who perform any part, however minute, or however remote from the scene of action, and who are leagued in the general conspiracy, are to be considered traitors."

Two witnesses, at least, "to the same overt act," are required, because thus only can a "preponderance of testimony" be secured.

Clause 2.-Punishment.

The congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted.

As has been hinted, the punishment of treason had been very severe in European countries. Not only was

the person convicted of treason put to death in the most horrible ways, but his property was forfeited, and no one could inherit property from him or through him. Thus not only the person himself, but also his children and his children's children, were punished. The purpose of this provision is, in the words of Mr. Madison, to restrain congress "from extending the consequences of guilt beyond the person of its author."

Pertinent Questions

By what authority was the Supreme Court established?__ By whom is it organized? Why is such a court necessary? How many judges or justices constitute the Supreme Court? Name them. Tell what president appointed each. How many and what "inferior courts has congress established? Name the Supreme Court justice assigned to this circuit. How many other states are in this circuit? Name our United States circuit judges. Name the United States district judge. How are these officers appointed? How long do they serve? State the salary of each class of judges. What legal provision is there in regard to retiring United States judges?

If a person should rob the mail, in what court would he be tried? Tell about the Dartmouth College case. If any one should be caught making cigars without à license, before what court would he be tried? If an American owed money to an ambassador from a foreign country, and declined to pay it, how could the ambassador get his pay? If the ambassador owed an American, how could the American get his pay? Would you, if the United States government asked you to represent it in a foreign country, like to be tried by a court of that country? If a murder be committed in the District of Columbia, in what court is the trial had? If committed in Minnesota? In Wyoming? If a sailor should steal from a passenger, when out on the ocean, where would the case be tried and in what court? If a state other than the one in which you live should sue you where could the case be tried? How can the United States be a party to a suit?

Have you knowledge of any case in which one state sued another? If a merchant in your town should buy goods from a wholesale house in Chicago or New York, and should fail or refuse to pay for them, how could the house get its pay? What laws would apply to the case? What principle seenis to be involved in these answers?

How many acts of congress have been declared unconstitu tional by the Supreme Court?

Can a citizen of Wyoming bring a suit in a United States court? If you lived in Montana, how could you recover money owed you in Minnesota? Can a United States official be sued for acts performed in the discharge of his duties?

What famous case of treason was tried in 1807? Was Jefferson Davis ever tried for treason?

If the property of a traitor is taken by the government, must it be restored to his heirs at his death? Can you commit treason against this state? What do you know about the John Brown case?

Compare III. 2, 3, with amendments 5 and 6, and state the rights of a person accused of crime, which are guaranteed by the constitution.

'Debate.

Resolved, That all judicial officers, including those of the several states, should be appointed, and for life.

Tabular View.

Prepare a tabular view comparing the three branches of the United States government.

CHAPTER XXV.

ARTICLE IV. THE RELATIONS OF THE STATES.

2

SECTION I.-STATE RECORDS.

3

Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

'That is, such faith and credit as would be given to such acts, etc., in the state in which they orignated. 2That is, the legislative acts,-the statutes and the constitutions.