by his will founded an alms-house in Rochester, under strange terms and conditions, as will be seen by the following inscription in front of the house, which is in the midst of the city.

Richard Watts, Esq., by his will, dated 22nd August, 1579, founded this enarity for six poor travellers, who, not being ROGUES or PROCTORS, may receive gratis, for one night, lodging, entertainment, and four-pence each; &c. This old house is neatly kept, and the object of the founder fulfilled. There is a good-sized room, in which the poor travellers take tea, and they have small but clean beds in separate rooms.

The reason sometimes given for Mr. Watts's excluding proctors from a share in his hospitable design, is, that when suffering under an alarming illness, he had employed a proctor to make his will; and that, on his unexpected recovery, he found that the lawyer had made over the estates to himself! But the most probable explanation is, that he disliked those Proctors, otherwise Procurators, who, in the reign of Elizabeth, had dispensations from the Pope to absolve the queen's subjects from their allegiance. The mansion which he left to be sold for this endowment, was called Satis; and it is said to have received its name from the following circumstance. Mr. Watts had the honour of entertaining Queen Elizabeth at this house on one of her progresses. On this occasion, he apologized to his Sovereign on her departure, for the smallness and inconvenience of his residence; to which she eplied shortly, but to the point, by the word "Satis" (Sufficient).

ENGLISH PROSE WRITERS.

No. III. LORD BACON.

FRANCIS BACON, the son of Sir Nicholas and Lady Anne Bacon, was born at York-House in the Strand, on the 22nd of January, 1560-1. Queen Elizabeth was so struck by the steadiness and ability which he displayed, at a very early age, that she called him "her young lord keeper.' He was entered of Trinity College, Cambridge, June 10, 1573, and is said, not only to have mastered all the branches of science, as they were then taught, before he was sixteen, but to have arrived at the opinions he afterwards entertained, of the impossibility of acquiring a true knowledge of the laws of nature, without a complete change in the manner of studying them. On leaving Cambridge, he went to reside under the roof of Sir Amias Powlet, the English ambassador at Paris, whose opinion of his ability and discretion was such, that he intrusted him with an important commission to the queen, which he executed to his complete satisfaction, At the age of nineteen, he published, A Succinct View of the State of Europe, the fruit of his observation on the continent. After his return, which took place upon his father's death, he entered himself of Gray's Inn, for the purpose of studying the law, though he was so far from confining himself to his intended profession, that he took a comprehensive survey of the whole state of science, and planned, and probably sketched, the philosophical work, which is the great monument of his fame. His progress in his professional and public life, was less rapid than might have been expected, from his extraordinary powers and family influence: but at last, in 1616-17, he was raised to the highest dignity of his profession, that of Lord Chancellor, having passed through the offices of Solicitor and Attorney General, and that of Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and acquired a great reputation, by many learned works. He was created Baron Verulam in 1618, and afterwards, Viscount St. Alban's. Lord Bacon is justly considered as the father of "2-2

modern science. The great doctrine which he taught, and which was soon to be followed so successfully by Newton, was, that the foundation of all reasoning on scientific subjects must be laid in facts, collected by patient observation. The laws of nature can only be discovered by observing the operations of nature: and it is not till they are certainly established by observation and experiment, that they can be made the subjects of reasoning, and pushed to their consequences. It was a favourite saying of this great man's, "that the kingdom of science, like the kingdom of God, could only be entered in the character of a child;" another was, that "a blind man in the right road, would outstrip a swift runner in a wrong one." He employed all his powers in establishing this new method, the importance of which was foreseen by him, and is constantly receiving additional proof. He pointed out the principal errors by which the human mind is apt to be misled; and laid down numerous rules, for contriving and conducting profitable experiments; but he did not himself leave any successful example of his own method, and was even behind some of his contemporaries, especially Galileo, in scientific knowledge. His language is so stately, so rich in figures and comparisons of extraordinary force and aptness, so nervous, and yet full, that the admirer of Bacon is justly attached to the very words of his master: and the Christian is gratified by the powerful and splendid passages, in which the truth as it is in Jesus is professed by this great philosopher. I cannot refrain from here inserting one short composition of his,

THE STUDENT'S PRAYER.

"To God the Father, God the Word, God the Spirit, we pour forth most humble and hearty supplications; that he, remembering the calamities of mankind, and the pilgrimage of this our life, in which we wear out days few and evil, would please to open to us new refreshments, out of the fountains of his goodness, for the alleviating our miseries. This also we humbly and earnestly beg, that human things may not prejudice such as are divine; neither, that from the unlocking of the gates of sense, and the kindling of a greater natural light, any thing of incredulity, or intellectual night, may arise in our minds towards divine mysteries. But rather, that by our mind thoroughly cleansed and purged, from fancy and vanities, and yet subject and perfectly given up to the divine oracles, there may be given unto faith, the things that are faith's.—Amen."

Painful, most painful it is to hear, that this great, and in mind and knowledge, Christian philosopher, fell into a great sin; and that not from any strong temptation, not in any doubtful matter, but in the obvious and easy duty of judicial integrity. He was accused and convicted of having received bribes, and that frequently, and to a great amount, " to blind his eyes therewith." This conviction was followed by a heavy fine and by disgrace, from which he never entirely recovered himself. We are told by Rushworth, that 'he treasured up nothing for himself or his family, but was over-indulgent to his servants, and connived at their takings, and their ways betrayed him into that error:" and that "though gifts rendered him suspected for injustice, yet never any decree made by him was reversed as unjust." This is some palliation of the crime, but cannot be admitted as a sufficient excuse.

IN the parish of Kirkoswald, upon the north-west point of a rocky angle of the coast turning towards Girvan, are the ruins of the ancient and once celebrated Turnberry Castle. It originally belonged to Alexander Earl of Carrick, who died in the Holy Land, and left three daughters. The eldest, named Margaret, married to Allen Lord of Galloway; Isabella; and Adama, the youngest, who espoused Henry Lord Hastings. Isabella the second daughter, married Robert Bruce, Lord of Annandale, in 1274; and from this marriage sprung the kings of Scotland, of the race of Stuart. The successors of Bruce, till the period when they ascended the throne of Scotland, were styled Earls of Carrick.

Turnberry Castle was in the hands of the English in the expedition of King Edward the First. In -306, Bruce, having taken shelter in the Isle of Arran, sent from thence a trusty confidant into Carrick, to learn how his vassals in that territory stood affected to the cause of their ancient lord. If he saw that the dispositions of the people were favourable, the messenger was directed to make a signal on a day appointed, by lighting a fire on an eminence, above the Castle of Turnberry. The messenger found the English in possession of Carrick; Percy with a numerous garrison at Turnberry; the country dispirited, and in thraldom; no one ready to espouse the party of Bruce; and many whose inclinations were hostile.

From the first dawn of the day appointed for the signal, Bruce anxiously looked towards the coast of Carrick, and, soon after noon, perceiving a fire on the eminence above Turnberry, he flew to his boats; but night surprised him and his associates while they were yet on the sea. Guided by the fire, they reached the shore, where the messenger met them, and reported that there was no hope of aid: Traitor!" exclaimed Bruce, "why did you make the signal." "I made no signal," was the reply; "but observing a fire on the eminence, I feared it might

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deceive you, and I hastened hither to warn you from the coast."

Amidst the dangers which encompassed him, Bruce hesitated what to avoid, or what to encounter. At length, yielding to the dictates of courage and despair, he resolved to persevere in his enterprise. He attacked the English, who were carelessly cantoned in the neighbourhood of Turnberry, put them to the sword, and pillaged their quarters. Percy, from the castle, heard the uproar, yet durst not issue against an unknown enemy. Bruce, with his followers, not exceeding three hundred in number, remained for some time near Turnberry; but, succours having arrived from the neighbouring garrisons, he sought shelter in the mountainous parts of Carrick.

Some years after this, Bruce stormed Turnberry Castle, and pursuing his policy of disabling all the fortifications of this kind which fell into his possession, nearly destroyed it; the ruins which remain are those of the original castle, for it does not appear ever to have been rebuilt. He saw that the English, by means of forts judiciously placed, had maintained themselves in Scotland with little aid from their sovereign, and wished to prevent such a misfortune from occurring for the future; perhaps also he apprehended, that when the country should become settled in peace, the possession of fortified castles might render his own barons no less formidable than the English garrisons had been.

The situation of the Castle of Turnberry is extremely delightful, having a full view of the Frith of Clyde, and its shores. Upon the land-side, it overlooks a rich plain of about 600 acres, bounded by hills which rise beautifully around. There are still to be seen the vestige of a ditch, and part of the buttresses of the drawbridge.- -Beauties of Scotland.

THOSE who understand the value of time, treat it as prudent people do their money; they make a little go a great way.HANWAY.

HERALDRY.

II. METALS. COLOURS.

IN a former paper on Heraldry, we treated of the SHIELD; in the present, we will enter on the TINCTURES, used in Heraldry.

Shields were originally covered on the outside, either with a plate of metal, a hard wood, or the thick skin of some animal. The metal shield of a remarkable person would soon become washed either with gold or silver; the wood would in a short time be painted, or the skin would be selected with regard to beauty. Hence the Tinctures of Heraldry.

The most simple plan of dividing these Tinctures, is to consider them as three;-Metals, Colours, and Furs. To begin with the

METALS.

Two only are used in Heraldry, namely, Gold, and Silver, which are called by their French names, Or, and Argent; indeed, we may remark, once for all, that the language of Heraldry is generally drawn from the French. Of these metals, Or, both from its splendour, and from the superior value of the metal itself, ranks first: in painting these Tinctures, yellow, of which chrome is the best, is substituted for Or, and white for Argent, when the metals themselves cannot be laid on; in engravings, Or is represented by an indefinite number of minute spots spread over the shield, while argent is left by the engraver plain, as in the annexed examples.

of which she permits seven-which are thus named; Gules (red), Azure (blue), Vert (green), Purpure (purple), Sable (black), Tenné (orange), and Sanguine (blood colour.)

GULES, which is a brilliant shade of red, has by many been supposed to be derived from the colour of blood. Indeed, we may easily imagine a warrior, proud of his shield sprinkled with the blood of a formidable antagonist; or that some follower, perhaps a son, who had with great hazard rescued the bloody corpse to which his affections were united, might determine, either in warlike pride, or in the warmth of piety, that the blood-stained shield should never again depart out of his house. This might be accepted as a reason why Gules was admitted among the colours of Heraldry; indeed, in the coat-armour of the noble houses of Hay and Keith, and in the imperial coat of Austria, Gules was introduced as representing blood; but the legends which prove this are better referred to another paper. The etymology of the word, however, would point to another origin, and one which, with our ancestors, was second only to their habit of war, a fondness for the chase. Gules, is evidently derived from the French gueule, a word signifying the jaws and throat of an animal, particularly the dog-whence our vulgar word gullet: and when we remember the beauty of the colour of that part of the animal, the constant display of it by the dog, both in the cry of the chase, and in his fawning on his master, and the affection which exists between the sportsman and his hound, we may

AZURE, the second colour used in Heraldry, is probably taken from the clear blue of the heavens. The shields of the Saxon Kings of England and the Kings of France will appear to fortify this opinion; but the description of these shields must also be deferred, because, at present, the reader is not informed sufficiently in the terms of Heraldry. In painting, Azure is well produced by ultra-marine, with a slight admixture of white; in engraving, the colour is designated by fine horizontal lines. We may well conceive that VERT, the third colour in Heraldry, is taken from hunting scenes, and the green shades of the forest. Vert is grass-green, and produced by the combination of yellow and blue. It is represented by the engraver by lines falling, diagonally, from the dexter* (or right hand) and upper part of the shield to the base.

AZURE, (blue.)

VERT, (green)..

PURPURE. The language of heraldry is generally derived from the French; this word, however, retains its original Greek aspect, and the colour purple, and the name, have evidently been handed down to us from the throne of the Cæsars. There is, we believe, some uncertainty as to what was the exact shade of the imperial purple, and it is very possible that Heraldry may throw some light on this question. The colour purple, as appearing in coat-armour, is the compound tint of blue and red, in which the red is just sufficiently predominant to give it warmth, and we may, with every probability, connect this colour with antiquity, when we consider, that the Popes, on their obtaining the supremacy at Rome, adopted the imperial colour, and from their example it was used by noble ecclesiastics in their armorial bearings; this colour, indeed, has generally, both in modern and ancient heraldry, originated with the clergy: nevertheless, in the arms of the kings of Leon, and of the noble family of Lacey, earls of Lincoln, there appears a "Lion purpure." This colour is also introduced in the coat of the ancient family of Burton of Longnor, near Shrewsbury. The learned Dr. Burton, Regius professor of Divinity at Oxford, is descended immediately from this house. Purpure is delineated in engravings by lines falling diagonally from the left-hand side of the shield to the base. The arms of Leon are annexed in order to give the reader a first view of the complete heraldic shield, a bearing on a different tincture; namely a lion purpure, on a shield or; the general mode of describing this coat for the sake of brevity would be " Or, a lion rampant purpure."