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stituting the board of inquiry for the investigation of the charges against Generals Scott, Pillow, and Worth. In 1847, while still in Mexico, he was nominated by the democratic party of Massachusetts as its candidate for governor, but was defeated. In 1850, for the 6th time, he represented Newburyport in the legislature of his native state, where he was active in opposing the election of Mr. Charles Sumner as U. S. senator, and the coalition between the free-soil and democratic parties. In 1850 he was elected as the first mayor of the city of Newburyport, and in the year following was reelected for a second term. In 1852 Mr. Cushing was appointed a justice of the Massachusetts supreme court, a position which he filled with marked ability until March, 1853, when he was invited by President Pierce to fill the office of U. S. attorneygeneral, from which he retired, March 4, 1857. Notwithstanding the number and complexity of novel questions (arising partly from the expansion of the national domain) submitted for the attorney-general's consideration, the duties of the office were never, on the whole, more thoroughly and ably performed than by Mr. Cushing. The opinions given by him as legal adviser to the cabinet have been published, and although more voluminous and covering a more extended variety of topics, they are in no respect surpassed by those of his official predecessors. In 1857, 1858, and 1859 he again served in the legislature of Massachusetts. In addition to his speeches in congress and at the bar, Mr. Cushing has delivered many addresses on occasions of literary and political festivity, and is the author of various published letters, elaborately discussing the political questions of the time.

CUSHING, LUTHER STEARNS, an American jurist, born in Lunenburg, Mass., June 22, 1803, died in Boston, June 22, 1856. He became clerk of the Massachusetts house of representatives in 1832, judge of the court of common pleas in 1844, and after 4 years on the bench became reporter to the supreme court. In the last capacity he published 8 vols. of reports. He was a leading editor for some years of the "Jurist and Law Magazine," and left several able works on jurisprudence, including "Rules of Proceedings and Debates in Deliberative Assemblies " (18mo. 1854); "Introduction to the Study of Roman Law" (12mo. 1854); "Law and Practice of Legislative Assemblies in the United States" (8vo. 1855).

CUSHING, THOMAS, LL. D., lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, born in Boston in 1725, died Feb. 19, 1788. He represented the city of Boston in the general court, became speaker of that body in 1763, and so warmly espoused the cause of his country in the disputes with Great Britain that Dr. Johnson, in his "Taxation No Tyranny," made this remark: "One object of the Americans is said to be, to adorn the brows of Mr. Cushing with a diadem." He was a member of the 1st and 24 congresses, and afterward of the council of his own state. On the adoption of the present constitution he left the

bench of Suffolk co., where he had filled the office of judge of the courts of common pleas and of probate, and was elected lieutenant-governor, a station which he retained until his death.

CUSHING, WILLIAM, LL.D., an American jurist, born in Scituate, Mass., in March, 1733, died in 1810. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1751, and in 1772 succeeded his father, John Cushing, as justice of the superior court of Massachusetts. He became chief justice 5 years later, and on the organization of the federal government in 1789 was raised by Presi dent Washington to the bench of the U. S. supreme court.

CUSHMAN, CHARLOTTE SAUNDERS, an American actress, born in Boston, Mass., July 23, 1816, the oldest of a family of 5 children by a 2d marriage. In consequence of the bankruptcy of her father she was called upon at the age of 12 to contribute to the family support. Possessing a fine voice and much musical taste, she had already acquired some local reputation as a vocalist, when she was engaged to sing in a concert with Mrs. Wood, who declared her voice to be the finest contralto she had ever heard, and advised her to cultivate it for the stage. Against the advice and wishes of her friends she resolved to adopt this course, and made her début at the Tremont theatre, Boston, April 18, 1835, as the Countess, in the English adaptation of Mozart's Nozze di Figaro. Her success was such that an engagement was procured for her to sing in English opera at New Orleans. Scarcely had she arrived there when her voice failed her under the effect of a sudden change of climate and of an unwise attempt to convert it into an available soprano. In this emergency she resolved to become an actress, and under the tuition of Mr. Barton, an actor who proved a sincere friend, studied the part of Lady Macbeth, in which to the surprise of all she made her appearance with complete success. The piece was repeated many nights, and she returned to New York with considerable reputation for histrionic ability. She accepted a 3 years' engagement at the Bowery theatre, but after performing a week to large audiences, she was prostrated by fever, the result of overexcitement and exertion, and during her illness the theatre, and with it her entire theatrical wardrobe, was destroyed by fire. After an interval of several months she accepted an engagement as stock actress in the Park theatre, and for 3 years appeared in a great variety of parts, thus perfecting herself in stage business and acquiring the versatility for which she afterward became distinguished. During this period she assisted her younger sister, Mrs. Merriman, better known as Miss Susan W. Cushman, to make her début on the stage, and afterward appeared with her for several seasons at Philadelphia and New York. For the purpose of encouraging and improving the young actress, and of obtaining for her prominent female characters, Miss Cushman was accustomed to take the chief male parts in the plays in which her sister

appeared. In this manner they performed in "London Assurance" in New York for upward of 90 nights; and for one season in Philadelphia they played all the principal characters. Miss Cushman afterward undertook the direction of one of the Philadelphia theatres, which she retained until invited by Mr. Macready in 1844 to accompany him on a professional tour in the northern states, in the course of which she undertook the higher range of tragic parts with great success. In 1845 she went to England, and, unknown and unheralded, made her first appearance before a London audience, at the Princess's theatre, as Bianca, in Milman's tragedy of "Fazio." Her reception was enthusiastic, and for 84 nights she appeared in a variety of characters, including Lady Macbeth, Julia in the "Hunchback," Mrs. Haller, Beatrice, Lady Teazle, Rosalind, and Juliana in the "Honeymoon." Her sister having joined her, they acted together for several years at the Haymarket theatre in London and in the chief provincial towns of Great Britain. In 1849 she revisited the United States, and, in addition to her ordinary characters, assumed that of Meg Merrilies, in the play of "Guy Mannering"-a striking personation, and one which she may be said to have created. After another professional tour in England she returned to America, and having accumulated a fortune by her profession, took a formal leave of the American stage. She subsequently acted a round of engagements in England, and appeared again in the United States in 1857 and '58, after which she returned to Rome, where she had previously resided. As an actress, particularly in the higher walks of the serious drama, Miss Cushman ranks with the most eminent living, and in her Shakespearean characters is distinguished for a rigid adherence to the letter as well as the spirit of the text.-Her sister SUSAN, who attained considerable popularity in such parts as Ophelia, Juliet (which she acted to her sister's Romeo for upward of 200 nights in England), Olivia, &c., was married in March, 1848, to Dr. James S. Muspratt of Liverpool, where she now resides.

CUSHMAN. I. ROBERT, one of the founders of Plymouth colony, born in England about 1580, died in 1625. He joined the nonconformist exiles at Leyden, and in 1617 was sent by them to London with John Carver, as their agent to negotiate with the Virginia company for leave to settle within their domain in North America, and to petition King James for "liberty of conscience there." Not gaining the last point, which was the chief desire of the exiles, he returned to Leyden, after an absence of about 6 months. In the latter part of the same year he, with the same colleague, was again despatched with written terms from the Leyden Congregational church, but gained no better result, for the company was now distracted by dissensions among its officers, so that "no business could well go forward." In 1619 Mr. Cushman was sent the 3d time on the same embassy (associated with Elder William BrewVOL. VI.-11

ster), and a patent was finally obtained in the name of John Wincob, which, however, was not used, as that person did not emigrate. In 1620 he was despatched the 4th time to London, with Carver and Martin as his associates, to receive money and provide for their embarkation. The "Merchant Adventurers " of London now began to withdraw their means and promises, and insisted upon two stringent alterations in the terms of their contract previously agreed upon with his associate. Cushman assented to them, a step which gave temporary dissatisfaction to many of his friends, though they afterward perceived that it saved the expedition and their ventures in it from utter failure. He procured the Mayflower, a pilot, &c., and finally sailed in her, as "assistant governor" to the passengers, from Southampton, Aug. 5, 1620, in company with the Speedwell. Eight days out, the Speedwell proving leaky, both vessels put into Dartmouth for repairs, and remained there 8 days. They took their 2d departure Aug. 21, and in 3 days the Speedwell was reported leaking again; both vessels then put into Plymouth, when the Speedwell was dismissed as unseaworthy, and her company compelled to remain. Mr. Cushman was appointed to the care of those left ashore, and followed in the next vessel, the Fortune, 55 tons, bringing most of them and others, and reaching New Plymouth, Nov. 9, 1621. On Dec. 12 he preached in the " common house" of the little colony the first sermon in America that was printed: "On the Sin and Danger of Self-Love"-a practical, far-seeing discourse, abounding in wisdom, and enriched with very many illustrations and examples drawn from sacred history, evidently written to allay any dissatisfaction that might have been apprehended among the colonists. He sailed for England the next day, in the same vessel by which he came, which was captured by the French, plundered, and detained 2 weeks on their coast. After his arrival he wrote and published an eloquent vindication of the colonial enterprise, and appeal for Christian missions to the American Indians; which was the first published argument for English emigration to this country. He continued to reside in London, acting as agent for the colonists. In 1623, he with Edward Winslow, envoy from New Plymouth, procured from King James, through Lord Sheffield, a charter for territory on Cape Ann. Early in 1625, while preparing to emigrate thither by the next ship, to join his son, and make New Plymouth his permanent residence, he died. II. THOMAS, son of the foregoing, born in England in 1608, died at Plymouth, Dec. 11, 1691. He came with his father to New Plymouth in the Fortune, Nov. 9, 1621, and was left in the care of Gov. Bradford, in whose family he lived till manhood. He married Mary, 3d child of Isaac Allerton, who was the last survivor of the Mayflower passengers, and who died in 1699, aged 90. His life and death are best depicted in the following extract from the Plymouth 1st church records, vol. i.:

"1691. It pleased God to seize upon our good Elder, Mr. Thomas Cushman, by sickness, and in this year to take him from us. He was chosen and ordained Elder of this Church, April 6, 169; he was neere 43 yeares in his office, his sick nesse lasted about eleven weeks; he had bin a rich blessing to this church scores of years, he was grave, sober, holy and temperate, very studious and solicitous for the peace and prosperity of the church, and to prevent and heale all breaches: He dyed, December 11, neare the end of the 84th yeare of his life; December 16: was kept as a day of humiliation for his death, the Pastor prayed and preached. Mr. Arnold and the Pastor's 2 sons assisted in prayer; much of God's presence went away from this church when this blessed pilfar was removed.

"A liberal contribution was made that fast day for the Elder's widow, as an acknowledgement of his great services to the church whilst living.

"August 7, 1715. A contribution was moved and made, both by the church and congregation, to defray the expense of Grave Stones sett upon the grave of that worthy and useful servant of God, Elder Thomas Cushman; the whole congregation were very forward in it."

A massive granite monument to the memory of these 3 Cushmans was erected at Plymouth by their numerous descendants, and publicly consecrated, Sept. 16, 1858.

CUSK, a fish belonging to the cod family or gadide, and to the genus brosmius (Cuv.), characterized by an elongated body, a single dorsal fin extending the whole length of the back, fleshy ventral fins, and one barbel at the chin. The American cusk, which is considered specifically distinct from the European, is the B. flavescens (Lesueur); the color varies from brownish with yellowish sides, to whitish with brownish patches; the immature fish is of a uniform dark slate color, sometimes with transverse yellow bands; the dorsal, caudal, and anal fins are bordered with bluish black, and edged with white; the dorsal and anal are continued to the base of the tail. The length of the fish varies from 2 to 3 feet and more, one of the first dimensions weighing about 4 lbs.; it is taken generally on the middle bank, with the hook, by the deep water cod-fishers. In the spring it is seen in Boston market, when it is less esteemed than cod, but in the winter it commands a higher price; as a fresh fish it is considered a delicacy, and salted is generally preferred to cod. It is found along the shore of the British provinces, and even to high latitudes. The European species, B. vulgaris (Cuv.), called torsk or tusk, is also a northern fish, occurring plentifully among the Shetland islands, where it forms a considerable article of trade; it is caught, salted, and dried in the same manner as cod; it is common on the coasts of Norway, Iceland, and the Faroe islands. It resembles very much the B. flavescens, and the two are considered by some as varieties of one species.

CUSP (Lat. cuspis, a spear-point), in astronomy, a horn or point of the moon, or of any other luminary. In geometry, it denotes the point or corner in which two branches of the same or of different curves meet. In architecture, it is applied to the spear-shaped ornaments which terminate the internal curves of trefoiled and quatrefoiled Gothic arch windows. In astrology, it denotes the first point of each of the 12 houses in a scheme of the heavens.

CUST, SIR EDWARD, an English major-general, master of ceremonies at the court of Queen

Victoria since 1847, born in London in 1794, served in the army under Wellington, and was for several years, until 1832, a member of the house of commons.

CUSTINE. I. ADAM PHILIPPE, count de, a French general, born in Metz, Feb. 4, 1740, guillotined in Paris, Aug. 29, 1793. He served with distinction in the 7 years' war, and in the American war of independence under Washington. On his return to France he was appointed governor of Toulon, and in 1789 was elected by the nobility of Lorraine as deputy to the states-general. He was a partisan of the revolution, but his noble birth and associations with the nobility made him a constant object of suspicion to the republicans of plebeian origin. He returned to military life, and was in June, 1792, appointed commander-inchief of the French army on the lower Rhine. He took possession of Landau, Spire, Worms, Mentz, and Frankfort-on-the-Main; but suddenly evacuated the German towns, and withdrew to Alsace. This gave umbrage to the leaders of the convention; but he succeeded in vindicating himself, and received the command of the northern army. However, he was finally accused of treason, sentenced to death on Aug. 28, 1793, and guillotined on the following day, but asserted to the last his loyalty to the principles of the revolution. A few months later, his son, RENAUD PHILIPPE, his aide-de-camp, was doomed to share the same fate. II. AsTOLPHE, marquis de, grandson of Count Adam, born in Paris in 1793, died at his chateau of St. Gratien, near Pau, Sept. 1857, was the author of several novels, of which Romuald and Le monde comme il est (the former of a religious, and the latter of a philosophical tendency) have been translated into German. A tragedy of his, Beatrix Cenci, disappeared from the stage after a single representation. He travelled extensively on the continent, in England and Russia, and published 3 works of travels, of which that on Russia, La Russie en 1839, achieved the greatest popularity. It is written in a somewhat flippant, but entertaining, and in many respects instructive vein. It passed through many editions, and was translated into English and German.

CUSTIS, GEORGE WASHINGTON PARKE, the adopted son of George Washington, born at Mount Airy, Md., in April, 1781, died at Arlington house, Fairfax co., Va., Oct. 10, 1857. He was the youngest child of John Parke Custis, a son of Mrs. Washington by her first husband, and an aide-de-camp to Gen. Washington at the siege of Yorktown. John Parke Custis died at Eltham, Md., of camp fever, just after the surrender of Cornwallis, leaving 4 children, the 2 youngest of whom were adopted by Washington. George Washington Parke Custis was brought up at Mount Vernon, subsequently pursued his classical studies at Princeton, and remained a member of Washington's family until the death of Mrs. Washington in 1802, when he went to reside at Arlington, an estate of 1,000

acres in the neighborhood of Washington, which he had inherited from his father. He erected the mansion known as Arlington house, and devoted his life to literary and agricultural pursuits. After 1852, when his sister Eleanor Parke Custis, who was married to Major Lawrence Lewis, died, he was the sole surviving member of Washington's family, and his residence was for many years an attractive resort on account of the many interesting relics of that family which it contained. Mr. Custis was the author of a number of remarkable orations, of several plays, and of the "Recollections of Washington," published at various times in the "National Intelligencer," of Washington. He was fond of painting, and in the latter part of his life executed a number of pictures of revolutionary battles. He was married in early life to Miss Mary Lee Fitzhugh, of Virginia, and left a daughter and several grandchildren.

CUTCH, or CUтCH Вноол, a native state of Hindostan, under the political superintendence of the Bombay government, bounded N. W. and N. by Sinde, E. by the Guicowar's dominions, S. by the peninsula of Cattywar and the gulf of Cutch, and S. W. by the Arabian sea. It lies between lat. 22° 47′ and 24° 40′ N., long. 68° 26' and 71° 45′ E.; greatest length from E. to W. 205 m., breadth 110 m.; area, exclusive of the great salt marsh called the Runn of Cutch, which covers the N. part of the territory, and communicates with the gulf, 6,764 sq. m.; pop. 500,536. The Runn is 160 m. long from E. to W., from 4 to 80 m. wide, and about 7,000 sq. m. in area, including several islands. During the rainy season it is impassable except in a very few spots, and the S. part of the state becomes a vast island; but as the waters subside tolerable pastures appear here and there, and barren sand banks, covered with saline incrustations, are left exposed. The rest of the surface is hilly, and exhibits traces of volcanic action. Earthquakes are occasionally felt, and in 1819 a severe shock was experienced, which destroyed several hundred lives, and raised an enormous mound of sand and earth, several miles in extent, while a corresponding depression took place in the neighborhood. With the exception of a few fertile tracts, the country is generally sterile, and almost destitute of perennial rivers. The staple agricultural product is cotton, beside which there are plantations of sugar and of the common grains of India. Timber is scarce, but there are valuable minerals, including coal, iron, and alum. Cutch produces excellent horses, a poor breed of oxen, and numerous sheep and goats. Wild asses are met with in large herds near the Runn. The principal towns are Bhooj, the modern capital, and Anjar. The dominant race is a Rajpoot tribe, formerly noted for their almost universal practice of female infanticide. CUTCH, GULF OF, an arm of the Arabian sea, running N. N. E. between Cutch and the peninsula of Cattywar (Guzerat), 110 m. long, and 25 m. wide at the entrance. It has often been described as very dangerous to navigation,

but though full of eddies it is tolerably free from rocks, and is crossed by the natives at all seasons without fear.

CUTCH GUNDAVA, a province in the N. E. of Beloochistan, bordering on Sinde and Afghanistan, and bounded W. by the Hala mountains, in which is the famous Bolan pass. It lies between lat. 27° 40′ and 29° 50' N., long. 67° 20′ and 69° 17′ E.; length from N. to S. about 160 m., breadth 130 m.; area, about 10,000 sq. m.; pop. about 100,000. It consists mainly of a vast arid plain, little cultivated, but in some parts thickly peopled. The S. E. part is occupied by the desert of Shikarpoor, 40 m. in extent, the soil of which is hardened clay, almost destitute of vegetation. The climate is proverbially sultry, water is scarce, and the chief productions are bajra and Indian millet. There are some fertile tracts, however, devoted to the cultivation of cotton, sugar, madder, and fruits. Capital, Gundava.

CUTHBERT, a saint and bishop of the English church, born near Melrose, probably in the first quarter of the 7th century, died March 20, 687, which day is observed as his festival. He was early attracted to the monastic life by the virtues of St. Aidan and his pious brethren, and was constrained by a timely vision to join himself to the fraternity. In 664 he was chosen prior of Melrose, and some years later was transferred to the charge of the monastery of Lindisfarne, or the "Holy island," a few miles S. of Berwick. His fondness for ascetic practices was not satisfied by the comparative ease and indulgence of this large establishment, and after a few years he retired to the lone and desolate isle of Farne, where he might enjoy a life of solitude. The island was barren, without wood or water; but the industry of the hermit, aided, according to the legend, by repeated miracles, opened springs, awakened fertility, and covered the ground with fields of grain. The fame of his holiness brought to him many visitors, among them Elfleda, daughter of the Northumbrian king Oswy, with whom he usually conversed through a window in the wall, not stirring out of his cell. For the purpose of more effectual isolation he dug a trench around his cabin. But he was compelled at last to yield to the persuasions of the Northumbrian king and church, and take the bishopric of the province of Lindisfarne. He held this office for 2 years, when, worn out by labors and austerities, he died in the island of Farne. His body, buried at his request in the monastery of Lindisfarne, was exhumed 11 years later, when, according to Bede, it was found to be undecayed. The Danish invasion, breaking up these northern convents, dispersed the monks over all the northern region. The bones of St. Cuthbert found a final resting place on the banks of the river Wear, and a convent, cathedral, and city were successively built around them. The legends and relics of St. Cuthbert remained for ages the chief treasure of the cathedral of Durham. He received the name of the "Thaumaturgus of

Britain." His memory was venerated for many centuries, and no intercession was deemed so powerful by the peasantry of the north of England. Pilgrimages were made to his shrine as to the shrine of St. Thomas of Canterbury. Diseases of the eye and palsy of the limbs were cured by the sight of his relics, or by kneeling at his tomb. A tooth of the saint was preserved in a nunnery in Paris, and a copy of John's Gospel in MS., taken from Cuthbert's coffin, was still extant in the last century. The Roman Catholic church celebrates on Sept. 4 the festival of the translation of St. Cuthbert's relics from Lindisfarne to Durham; in some parts of the region of Northumberland the day is still observed as a holiday.-St. Cuthbert of Durham is to be carefully distinguished from Cuthbert the Benedictine monk, who was a pupil of Bede, attended him in his last hours, and wrote a memoir of his life. Another Cuthbert was archbishop of Canterbury for 18 years from 740 to 758.

CUTLER, MANASSEH, an American clergyman, born in Killingly, Conn., in 1744, died at Hamilton, Mass., July 28, 1823. He was graduated at Yale college in 1765, engaged in the whaling business, and opened a store at Edgartown, on Martha's Vineyard. While thus actively employed, he still continued his studies, and was admitted to the bar of Massachusetts in 1767, and pleaded a few cases in the court of common pleas. But this profession was not a congenial one; he cherished a preference for the ministry, and determined to prepare himself for it. After living in Edgartown 3 years, he removed with his family to Dedham, for the purpose of pursuing his theological studies with the Rev. Thomas Balch, whose daughter he had previously married. He was licensed to preach in 1770, and preached 6 months as a candidate at the Hamlet parish, then a part of Ipswich, Mass., but which was incorporated as a separate town under the name of Hamilton in 1793. Over this parish he was ordained, Sept. 11, 1771. At that period the difficulties between the colonies and Great Britain were assuming a threatening aspect, and he watched with deep interest the approach of the revolution. When the news of the battle of Lexington reached him, he made a short and stirring address to the minute men mustered in Ipswich on that occasion, and accompanied them on horseback to Cambridge, coming in sight of the enemy as they were retreating into Boston. Desirous of serving his country in deed as well as in word, he received a commission, Sept. 1776, as chaplain of the regiment commanded by Col. E. Francis, under whom and Col. Titcomb he served a year. Toward the close of the revolutionary struggle, as the physician of the Hamlet parish was employed in the army, and the people left destitute of medical advice, Mr. Cutler applied himself to the study and practice of medicine. For several years he administered to the bodily as well as spiritual maladies of his flock, for the former services receiving little or no compensation;

yet notwithstanding these arduous labors, he soon became noted for his scientific taste and attainments. In 1781 he was elected a member of the American academy, and in the volume of memoirs published by that society in 1785 will be found scientific papers from his pen, bearing the following titles: "On the Transit of Mercury over the Sun, Nov. 12, 1782;" "On the Eclipse of the Moon, March 29, 1782, and of the Sun in the following April;" "Meteorological Observations, 1781, '82, '83;" "An Account of some of the Vegetable Productions naturally growing in this part of America;" and in the 3d volume of the memoirs appeared "Remarks on a Vegetable and Animal Insect." His botanical paper was the first attempt at a scientific description of the plants of New England. Dr. Cutler may well be termed the pioneer of botany in that region. He was induced to pursue this branch of science by casually meeting with an English work on botany, and his attention being thus drawn to the plants growing in his own immediate neighborhood, he examined and described 350 species according to the Linnæan system. In the preface he remarks that he may be guilty of many errors, as he had never before that year (1784) looked at plants with an eye to their scientific arrangement. During the same year he, with 6 others, ascended the White mountains; this party are said to have been the first white men who ever reached the summit. Dr. Cutler carried up instruments, and computed Mount Washington to be 10,000 feet above the level of the sea, thus giving it too great an elevation. With Dr. Peck's assistance he prepared the chapter on trees and plants in Dr. Belknap's "History of New Hampshire." Owing to the difficult and uncertain condition of affairs at the close of the revolutionary war, Dr. Cutler thought he could improve his condition by removing to the West, then a wild and almost unexplored part of the union. In 1786 a number of officers of the army met to form the Ohio company for the purpose of having their bounty lands located together. Major Winthrop Sargeant, one of the most efficient of their number, was acquainted with Dr. Cutler, and consulted with him about the proposed colony; the result was that he became a member of the company, and was appointed by its directors an agent in connection with Major Sargeant, with whom in this unexpected capacity Dr. Cutler visited the seat of government, and made a contract with the proper authorities for 1,000,000 acres of land north-west of the Ohio river. They also obtained a grant of 500,000 acres more, as an allowance for bad lands and incidental charges. By order of the directors Dr. Cutler, on his return home, immediately prepared to fit out an expedition for the intended settlement. He had a large wagon built and covered with black canvas, on which were painted in white letters the words: "Ohio, for Marietta on the Muskingum." The use to which this vehicle was appropriated, the circumstances under which it left New England and reached that then un

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