where he was graduated in 1633, and became fellow of Peterhouse in 1637. In 1634 he published anonymously at Cambridge a volume of Latin poems under the title of Epigrammata Sacra, in which occurs the celebrated verse on the miracle at Cana:

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Nympha pudica Deum vidit et erubuit. (The modest water saw its God and blushed.) The English verse (which often has "conscious" instead of "modest ") has been attributed also to Milton and Dryden. Crashaw was afterward admitted to holy orders, and lived for several years in St. Mary's church, near his college, occupied with religious offices, and with composing devotional poems. He is spoken of as now offering, like a primitive saint, more prayers by night than others usually offer in the day." At this period he was noted as an eloquent and powerful preacher. In 1644, for refusing to accept the covenant, the parliamentary army ejected him from his fellowship, and he removed to Paris, where he became a Roman Catholic. Cowley sought him there in 1646, and finding him in great poverty, obtained in his behalf the favor of Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I. of England, who gave him letters of recommendation to dignitaries of the church in Italy. He went to Rome, and became successively secretary to one of the cardinals, and a canon in the church of Loretto. His English poems, entitled "Steps to the Temple, Sacred Poems, with other Delights of the Muses," were published in London in 1646 (2d edition in 1648). A posthumous volume appeared at Paris in 1652 under the title Carmen Deo nostro. Several of his pieces are admirable translations from Latin and Italian. He was an admirer of mystical writings, especially of those of St Theresa, and his poems are remarkable for the beauty, force, and passion with which they treat religious subjects. He has also left some miscellaneous poems of remarkable beauty. One of the finest of Cowley's compositions is a monody on his death. Editions of his collected works appeared in 1670 and 1785. His complete works, edited by W. B. Turnbull, were published in London in 1858. CRASSUS. I. LUCIUS LICINIUS, celebrated as the greatest orator of his age, born in 140 B. C., died in 91. When 21 years old he distinguished himself by the prosecution of C. Carbo. As consul of the year 95, with Quintus Mucius Scævola, he contributed to the enacting of a law expelling all allies, not citizens of Rome, from the city, which rigorous measure was one of the sources of the social war. Sent as proconsul to the province of Gaul, his administration was distinguished for strict justice. While censor in 92, he caused the schools of the Latin rhetoricians to be closed, as pernicious to the morals of the people. Shortly before his death he vehemently defended the laws proposed by the tribune Marcus Livius Drusus against L. M. Philippus, one of the consuls. Crassus was fond of elegance and luxury; his house on the Palatine hill was remarkable for its splendor, and adorned with works of art. In Cicero's De

Oratore he figures as one of the speakers, and is supposed to express the opinions of the author. II. MARCUS LICINIUS, one of the first triumvirs, killed near Carrhæ in Mesopotamia, 53 B. C. He was the descendant of a family several members of which had attained high honors in the republic, and borne the surname of Dives (rich). His father, who was consul and censor, was in the civil war a zealous partisan of Sylla, and died by his own hand after the victorious return of Marius and Cinna in 87. Young Crassus escaped to Spain, whence he went to Africa after the death of Cinna, and from there to Italy (83) to fight against the Marian party. Enriched with the spoils of the defeated and proscribed party, his avaricious and speculative spirit found ample means to augment his wealth to an immense amount by purchases at auction, by farming, mining, and letting out houses and slaves, and thus fully to deserve the family surname. His riches and hospitality gave him influence and favor with the people, which paved his way to civil and military distinctions, though he was possessed of no remarkable talents. In 71 he was prætor, and received the command against the revolted slaves under Spartacus; he rapidly raised 6 legions, and defeated Spartacus in a bloody battle on the river Silarus, in which that terrible enemy of Rome was slain. Crassus received an ovation, being crowned, as conqueror of slaves, with a wreath of laurel instead of myrtle, and was elected, together with Pompey, consul of the following year. Rivalling the influence of his great colleague, he bribed the people of Rome by extraordinary banquets and distributions of corn, but was finally reconciled with his rival, and united with him and Cæsar in forming the first triumvirate (60 B. C.). Cæsar, who received the province of Gaul, a field for vast conquests, lulled by some minor undertakings the attention of his colleagues, who supported him by the influence of their fame and wealth. The compact was renewed, and Crassus was again elected with Pompey consul for the year 55. According to the new terms, Cæsar was to continue his government in Gaul, Pompey received Spain, and Crassus Syria. Lavish preparations betrayed his intention of entering upon a great expedition against the Parthians, which promised to become a source of boundless conquests and riches. In anticipation of these, his joy is said to have been childish; and the opposition of the tribunes, as well as various omens which alarmed the people, could not deter him from his undertaking. He marched through Macedonia and Thrace to Asia, crossed the Euphrates (54 B. C.), ravaged Mesopotamia, but returned to Syria, where he spent the winter, before starting on a new campaign in 53. He recrossed the Euphrates, following the false advice of an Arabian chief, and was attacked by Surena, the general of Orodes, king of the Parthians, near Carrhæ, supposed to be the biblical Haran. The Romans were defeated with immense slaughter. Crassus retreated to the town, but was compelled by a

mutiny of the soldiers to accept the invitation of the enemy to a conference, in which he was killed. The circumstances of this event are variously related. His head was sent to the Parthian king, who is said to have poured into his mouth melted gold, saying: "Now be satiated with what thou covetedst through life."

CRATER (Gr. κparηp, a bowl), the opening on the tops or sides of volcanic mountains, through which the lava and ashes are ejected. The crater of Etna, like many of the most ancient volcanoes, does not retain the bowl-like shape to which the name owes its origin; that of Vesuvius, however, preserves its primitive form.

CRATERUS, a general of Alexander the Great, received after the death of that conqueror, in 323 B. C., together with Antipater, the government of Macedonia and Greece. He assisted Antipater in the Lamian war, and also against the Etolians and Perdiccas, and fell in a battle against Eumenes (321).

CRATES. I. A comic poet of Athens, flourished about 450 B. C., and was contemporary with Cratinus. Eminent as an actor, he often performed the principal parts in the plays of Cratinus. As a comic poet he was the first Athenian who ventured to follow the example of Epicharmus so far as to bring drunken characters on the stage. Aristotle in his "Poetics" bears testimony to the excellence of his works. Little, however, is really known of them. Meineke, who has made a careful analysis of the statements of ancient writers on the subject, gives the titles of 14 which were ascribed to him. Fragments of 8 of these are still extant. II. A Cynic philosopher, born at Thebes, early removed to Athens, where he became the pupil of Diogenes, and afterward one of the most eminent in that school of philosophers. He flourished about 320 B. C. According to Diogenes Laertius, he lived a Cynic of the straitest sort. Fearing that the quiet of philosophical pursuits would be disturbed by the cares of wealth, of which he had an abundance, he is said to have thrown his money into the sea; or, according to another account, to have placed it in the hands of a banker, with the condition that if his sons should have the misfortune to be fools, they should inherit the property, and that otherwise it should be distributed to the poor. "For," said Crates, "if they are philosophers, they will not need it." III. An Athenian philosopher, the pupil and friend of Polemo, and his successor in the chair of the academy, flourished in the first half of the 3d century B. C. He contributed little to the progress of philosophical investigation, and is known mainly as the instructor of Arcesilaus and others. IV. An eminent Greek grammarian, called also by Suidas a Stoic philosopher, founded the celebrated Pergamene school of grammar, and became the great rival of Aristarchus, of the Alexandrian school. From his work on Homer, he is said to have been called 'Ounpikos. He wrote commentaries on Hesiod, Euripides, and Aristophanes. Only a few fragments of his works are preserved.

CRATINUS. I. A comic poet of Athens, mentioned by Quintilian and Horace as one of the 3 great masters of the old comedy. Не was a native of Attica, born about 520 B. C., died about 445 B. C. His private life seems to have been marked by many irregularities and excesses. Suidas calls him the "wine-bibber," as Aristophanes and Horace, indeed, had done before him. He was already far advanced in life before he entered upon his dramatic career. The "Archilochoi," supposed to have been his earliest production, was not exhibited till he was upward of 70 years of age; but he lived to achieve much for his profession, and at the advanced age of 97 died at the height of his fame, having just triumphed over Aristophanes himself. He found the Greek comedy a mere plaything, employed to excite merriment and laughter, and at once converted it into a terrible weapon for the chastisement of public and private vice. Horace particularly commends the public spirit and the impartial justice with which he exercised his censorship over the morals of his age. The uniform testimony of ancient writers places Cratinus in the first rank as a comic poet. His great rival, Aristophanes, was fully aware of his power. In the Knights" he compares him to a torrent carrying every thing before it, and tells his fellow citizens that Cratinus was entitled to a high place in their regard, to a choice seat at the Dionysia, and to a public support in the Prytaneum. According to the best authorities he wrote but 21 dramas, 9 of which were successful in the Dionysiac contest. Not a single one of his dramas is now extant; only a few fragments remain to attest the excellence of his admired productions. II. A poet of the middle comedy, contemporary with Plato the philosopher, sometimes confounded with his elder and more celebrated namesake just mentioned. Eight plays are ascribed to him.

CRATIPPUS. I. A Greek historian contemporary with Thucydides. He continued the work of the great historian, and brought it down, according to Plutarch, to the time of Conon. The well-known words of Dionysius: "He wrote what Thucydides left unwritten," evidently show that Cratippus not only continued the history of Thucydides, but also supplied whatever omissions he thought he found in it. II. A celebrated Peripatetic philosopher. He was born at Mytilene, on the island of Lesbos, where he established a school of philosophy; but afterward having repaired to Athens, he became the instructor of Brutus and of M. Cicero, the son of the great Roman orator. Cicero himself pronounces high encomiums upon him in the De Officiis, declaring him the ablest of the Peripatetics whom he had ever known, and equal at least to the best of the school. Though highly esteemed by the ancients, he never produced, so far as we can learn, any important philosophical work. Cicero tells us that he believed in inspiration and in dreams, but rejected all other kinds of divination. He is supposed to have been the au

thor of the work on dreams cited by Tertullian in his work De Animá.

CRAVEN, a S. E. co. of N. C.; area estimated at 1,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 14,709, of whom 5,951 were slaves. It borders on Pamlico sound, and is intersected by the Neuse river, navigable throughout the county. The surface is low, swampy, and in great part covered with pine forests, the turpentine and lumber procured from which are among the chief articles of export. The agricultural products in 1850 were 174,366 bushels of corn, and 92,788 of sweet potatoes. This county was formed in 1729, and was at first a precinct of Albemarle county. It was named in honor of the earl of Craven, one of the lords proprietors of the soil. Capital, Newbern.

CRAVEN, CHARLES, secretary to the proprietors of South Carolina, and governor of the colony from 1712 to 1716. He was the hero of the Yamassee war in 1715. That tribe of Indians having united the savages from Cape Fear to the St. Mary's, for the destruction of the colony at Ashley river, Gov. Craven immediately proclaimed martial law, laid an embargo on all ships to prevent the departure of men or provisions, and at the head of 1,200 men, a part of whom were faithful blacks, met the Indians in a series of desperate encounters, and finally drove them beyond the Savannah.

CRAVEN, ELIZABETH. See ANSPACH. CRAWFISH, a macrourous or long-tailed crustacean, of the order decapoda, and genus astacus; this genus is fluviatile, while the lobster, belonging to the same family but to the genus homarus, is marine. The body is elongated and somewhat compressed, and the abdomen large; it is covered by a corneous envelope or carapace, terminating anteriorly in a wide, short, flattened beak, which covers the base of the eye pedicles. There are 2 pairs of antennæ: the 1st pair of moderate length, with 2 terminal filaments; the external, or 2d pair, being much longer, with a large lamellar appendage on the upper surface of its pedicle. The mouth apparatus consists of 2 mandibles, 2 pairs of jaws, and 3 pairs of jaw feet, moving horizontally. The legs are 5 pairs, the 1st the largest, and ending in a 2-bladed nipper or claw, by which objects are seized in the pursuit of prey, and in self-defence; the 2d and 3d pairs are also didactylous, but smaller, and the 4th and 5th are single-pointed. The 5th thoracic ring is simply articulated to the preceding ones. The abdomen is of about the same width for its whole length, presenting on each side a series of lamina prolonged so as to encase more or less the base of the false or swimming feet; the last segment is very wide, forming, with the 2 lamina from the 6th ring on each side, a large caudal fin, nearly even when expanded, the external plate having a transverse joint at its posterior 3d, the middle plate being round at the end, with a tooth on each side posteriorly. The sternum forms no plastron, as in the crab; the pincers of the

1st pair of feet are not so large in proportion, and are without the angle seen in the lobster. The swimming feet are 5 pairs, long and narrow; in the females all end in wide leaf-like plates, with ciliated edges; in the males the 1st pair are styliform. The gills are very numerous, disposed in tufts, and arranged in rows at the base of the walking feet, and within the carapace; they are separated by cartilaginous plates, whose motions serve to introduce and expel the water, which issues at an aperture on each side of the mouth. According to MilneEdwards, the duodenum has a great number of internal villosities, no valve between it and the rectum, the latter smooth, and no cæcal appendage, the opposite of which is the case in the lobster. The eyes have compound facets, and are supported on movable pedicles arising from the 1st segment of the head, and may be in a measure withdrawn into cavities answering the purposes of orbits. The organs of generation are distinct in the two sexes; the number of eggs is very great, and they are carried for a time attached to the false feet, under the tail. Like other decapods, the crawfish changes its shell annually, coming out with a new and tender one, which becomes hard in a few days; at each moult the animal increases considerably in size, and the change appears to be continued through life; the shell, which is an epidermic covering, consists of chitine united to calcareous salts. This genus also has the power of reproducing claws and feet which have been lost by accident. Their food is almost exclusively animal, both living and dead matter being eagerly devoured; fish, mollusks, aquatic larvæ, terrestrial insects, and sometimes their own species, form the principal sources of their subsistence. Their enemies are also many; mammals frequenting the water, aquatic birds, voracious fishes, and even insect larvæ, destroy great numbers of them, especially in their young state. They are considered luxuries on the table, and those who will not eat them catch a great many for bait for white perch and other fishes; they are caught in nets, and may be easily taken from holes and under stones. In some of the Russian rivers they attain a large size, and are caught for the sake of the calcareous masses found in their stomachs before the period of moulting; these concretions, the famons "crabs' eyes" and yeux d'écrevisses of the old pharmacopoeias, consist of carbonate and phosphate of lime, and are no better than prepared chalk for the correction of stomachal acidity, for which they were formerly much employed. They delight in clear and running streams, but are common in lakes and ponds; they conceal themselves by day, and feed by night. The color is generally a light yellowish brown. The European crawfish (A. fluviatilis, Fabr.) has the large claws studded with granulations, and the beak with a tooth on the side near its internal third. Among the American species are the A. affinis (Say), and A. Bartonii

(Bosc.), found in the southern and western rive ers; in these the claws and the carapace are less granular. Other species are described in South America and Australia by Milne-Edwards. Crawfish swim rapidly by means of the tail, whose strokes propel them backward; they crawl well on the bottom, and are sometimes seen at a considerable distance from streams, using holes filled with water, and occasional pools, as places of retreat. From their propensity to eat carrion, Audubon calls them "little aquatic vultures." They are fond of burrowing in the mud, and from this habit are often great pests, undermining levees and embankments, frequently to the serious loss of the miller and the planter; it is stated that on account of the depredations of these animals, the owners of the great dam in the Little Genesee river have been once compelled to rebuild it. In the Mammoth cave of Kentucky some of the crawfish are blind; they have the eye pedicles, but no facets, only simple integuments covered with hairs; very probably, as in the case of the blind fish of the same cave (amblyopsis spelaus), internal rudiments of a visual organ would be found, especially as it is said that some of these crustacea have well developed eyes, as also do the crickets which live in the cave; the non-development of the external eye may be owing to the absence of the stimulus of light through several generations. There is no evidence that the species within and without the cave are different, and it is altogether probable that the progeny of the blind crawfish would have eyes, if raised under the ordinary influences of sunlight. The popular name of the crawfish is "fresh-water lobster."

CRAWFORD, the name of counties in several of the United States. I. A N. W. co. of Penn., bordering on Ohio, intersected by a number of creeks; area, about 975 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 37,849. It has an undulating surface, and a soil of good quality, but better adapted to grazing than to tillage. Iron ore and lime marl are found in considerable quantities. Lumber is abundant, and forms one of the chief articles of export. Grain, potatoes, hay, and dairy produce, are the other staples. In 1850 the harvest amounted to 387,556 bushels of Indian corn, 142,414 of wheat, 418,751 of oats, and 165,662 of potatoes. There were 1,267,436 lbs. of butter made. The public schools numbered 9,906 pupils; there were 63 churches, 5 newspaper offices, 140 saw mills, 15 flour and grist mills, 3 woollen factories, 2 iron founderies, 16 tanneries, and various other mills, factories, &c. The county was organized in 1800, and named in honor of Col. William Crawford, who was killed by the Indians at Sandusky, Ohio, in 1782. Capital, Meadville. II. A W. co. of Ark.; area, 585 sq. m.; pop. in 1854, 4,658, of whom 530 were slaves. It borders on the Indian territory, and is bounded on the S. by Arkansas river, here navigable by steamboats. The surface is mountain

ous, and some of the highest summits in the state are in this county. Boston mountain is estimated to have an elevation of 2,000 feet. Stone coal and other minerals are found in several parts. The productions in 1854 were 360,669 bushels of Indian corn, 20,025 of wheat, 69,600 of oats, and 829 bales of cotton. In 1850 there were 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 405 pupils attending public and other schools. Capital, Van Buren. III. A central co. of Ga.; area, 289 sq. m.; pop. in 1852, 8,912, of whom 4,803 were slaves. It is bounded S. W. by Flint river, and drained by several creeks. The land is uneven, and of various qualities. In the north it is moderately fertile, and in the south sterile. The arable land produces cotton, grain, and sweet potatoes; the rest of the surface is chiefly covered with pine forests. In 1850 the county yielded 7,477 bales of cotton, 339,426 bushels of Indian corn, 35,284 of oats, and 93,100 of sweet potatoes. There were 20 churches, and 867 pupils attending public schoools. Named in honor of William H. Crawford, U. S. senator from Georgia. Capital, Knoxville. Value of real estate in 1856, $1,172,600. IV. A N. co. of Ohio; area, 412 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 18,177. The surface is level, but elevated, and the soil of moderate fertility. The southern part is occupied by pastures, and the principal production of the northern is wheat. In 1850 the county yielded 275,653 bushels of Indian corn, 133,153 of wheat, 16,000 tons of hay, and 108,874 lbs. of wool. It contained 39 churches, and the public schools numbered 4,740 pupils. Capital, Bucyrus. V. A S. co. of Ind., bordering on Ky., bounded S. by the Ohio river, and drained by Blue river; area, 280 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 6,524. The valleys of the streams are productive, but nearly all the rest of the land is rugged and sterile. Coal, iron, and limestone are the most valuable minerals. Lumber, flour, pork, and beef are exported in considerable quantities. The productions in 1850 were 183,930 bushels of Indian corn, 2,009 of wheat, 37,397 of oats, and 918 tons of hay. There were 11 churches, and 1,418 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Leavenworth. VI. An E. co. of Ill.; area, 420 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 10,152. It is separated from Indiana on the E. by the Wabash river, and drained by Embarras river and its N. fork, the former passing through the S. W. part, and the latter flowing along the W. boundary. The surface is occupied in great part by fertile prairies. In 1850 the productions were 453,955 bushels of Indian corn, 16,943 of wheat, 5,001 of oats, and 1,411 tons of hay. There were 7 churches, and 620 pupils attending public schools. Named in honor of William H. Crawford, U. S. senator from Georgia. Capital, Palestine. VII. A S. E. co. of Mo.; area, 1,380 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 7,672, of whom 237 were slaves. It is intersected by Maramec river, and drained by 2 of its branches. The surface is much diversified, and in many parts hilly. It is occupied by tolerably fertile prai

ries and tracts of excellent timber. The valleys and river bottoms are generally very fertile, but the county is less remarkable for its agricultural productions than for its great mineral wealth. The hills contain very rich mines of copper and iron, the latter being extensively worked. Lead is also found in various localities, and stone is obtained in the vicinity of the iron district. The productions in 1850 were 297,133 bushels of Indian corn, 26,482 of wheat, 48,440 of oats, and 597 tons of hay. There were 7 churches, and 280 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Steelville. VIII. A S. W. co. of Wis., separated from Iowa by the Mississippi river, bounded S. E. by the Wisconsin; area, 612 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 8,323. The surface is hilly, and occupied partly by prairies. The productions in 1850 were 9,655 bushels of Indian corn, 9,522 of wheat, 16,644 of oats, and 8,688 of potatoes. There were 4 grist mills, 9 saw mills, 1 newspaper office, 1 church, and 226 pupils attending public schools. Organized in 1818. Capital, Prairie du Chien. IX. A N. co. of the S. peninsula of Mich., recently erected, and not inIcluded in the census of 1850. It is drained by the sources of the Au Sable river. X. A newly formed and thinly settled co. in the W. part of Iowa, intersected by Boyer and Soldier rivers; area, about 600 sq. m., very little of which is under cultivation; pop. in 1856, 235. The productions that year were 878 bushels of wheat, 470 of oats, 11,135 of Indian corn, 1,080 of potatoes, 3,867 lbs. of butter, and 310 of wool.

CRAWFORD, GEORGE W., an American statesman and lawyer, born in Columbia co., Ga., Dec. 22, 1798. He was graduated at Princeton college, in New Jersey, in 1820, and on his return to Georgia became a law student in the office of the Hon. Richard Henry Wilde in Augusta, and was admitted to practice in 1822. In 1827 he was elected attorney-general, which office he retained until 1831. In 1837 he was elected a representative in the legislature from Richmond co., and, with the exception of one year, he continued to represent that county until 1842. In 1843 he was elected a representative to congress, but the same year was nominated by the whig convention as their candidate for governor, and elected by a large majority. His administration gave great satisfaction, and he was reëlected in 1845. In 1849 Mr. Crawford was appointed secretary of war in President Taylor's cabinet, which office he held until the death of the president, when he resigned. He has since lived in retirement at his home in Richmond co.

CRAWFORD, NATHANIEL MACON, D.D., an American divine, born near Lexington, Oglethorpe co., Ga., March 22, 1811, was graduated at Franklin college (university of Georgia), Aug. 5, 1829. He studied law with his father, the Hon. William H. Crawford, and was admitted to the bar, but never practised. In 1837 he was elected professor of mathematics in Oglethorpe

university, Ga., which office he held until the close of 1841. In 1843 he was licensed to preach, and was ordained in the Baptist ministry in 1844. He was pastor of the Baptist church in Washington, Ga., during the year 1845, and of the Baptist church in Charleston, S. C., in 1846. From 1847 to 1854 he filled the chair of Biblical literature in Mercer university at Penfield, Ga. In December, 1854, he was elected to the presidency of Mercer university, and held the office during the years 1855 and 1856, when he resigned. He filled the chair of mental and moral philosophy in the university of Mississippi during the spring session of 1857. In September of that year he resigned this position, and accepted a professorship in the western Baptist theological seminary at Georgetown, Ky., where he remained until July, 1858. In the mean time, having been reelected to the presidency of Mercer university, and strongly solicited to return to that institution, he did so, and is now (1859) its presiding officer. In 1857 he was elected president of the Bible revision association. Dr. Crawford has written many articles for periodicals, and several small works on some of the tenets of his church. In 1858 he published a volume of 442 pages entitled "Christian Paradoxes," which has been favorably received by the denomination and the press generally. He is considered one of the first pulpit orators of the Baptist church in the South.

CRAWFORD, QUINTIN, an English translator and author, born at Kilwinning, Sept. 22, 1743, died in Paris, Nov. 23, 1814. He went in early life to the East Indies, where he served in the war against Spain. After the peace he became president of the company of the Indies at Manila, and in a short time gained a considerable fortune. Returning to Europe in 1780, he trav elled in Italy, Germany, and Holland, and finally established himself at Paris, where he formed valuable collections of books and paintings. Obliged to leave France at the revolution, he resided successively at Brussels, Frankfort, and Vienna, but returned as soon as he was able to Paris, to the task of restoring the collections which had been dispersed and sold in his absence. After the rupture of the peace of Amiens, he was allowed to remain at Paris, through the protection of Talleyrand and the empress Josephine. He was the author of a "History of the Bastile, with a Disquisition upon the Prisoner of the Iron Mask," "Essays on French Literature," "Historical Essay on Swift, and his Influence on the English Government," ""Sketches relating to the History, Learning, Religion, and Manners of the Hindoos," and other works, some of which are published in English and some in French.

CRAWFORD, THOMAS, an American sculptor, born in New York, March 22, 1814, died in London, Oct. 10, 1857. In early childhood he manifested an extraordinary fondness for art, and from the time when he could guide a pencil correctly until the age of 14 his leisure hours, and many of those which should have been em