important researches have been concerning terrestrial magnetism. He determined upon charts the place of the magnetic poles, and fixed the southern magnetic pole at the point where the observations made on the last expedition of Dumont d'Urville had demonstrated it to be.

DU PETIT-THOUARS, ABEL AUBERT, & French vice-admiral, born Aug. 3, 1793. He entered the navy at an early age, and the ability which he displayed on various occasions led to his rapid promotion. From 1837 to 1839 he was engaged in circumnavigating the globe. The description which he gave of Tahiti on his return to France called attention to that island, and eventually led to the protectorate of France over it. The English missionary Pritchard, in order to prevent the ascendency of France, instigated the natives to attack Du Petit-Thouars. Pritchard was finally driven from the island, which led the English government to insist upon the recall of the French admiral. Guizot not only yielded to this demand, but caused the chambers to vote an indemnity to Pritchard. Much public sympathy was expressed toward Du Petit-Thouars, who declined the ovations intended for him. In 1846 he became viceadmiral, and in 1849 member of the board of admiralty. In the latter year he was elected to the legislative assembly by the department of Maine-et-Loire. His principal work is his Voyage autour du monde, in 10 vols., with 180 illustrations (Paris, 1840.)

DUPIN, ANDRÉ MARIE JEAN JACQUES, a French lawyer and politician, born in Varzy, department of the Nièvre, Feb. 1, 1783. He was early distinguished as a learned lawyer and an able speaker. A member of the chamber of deputies in 1815, he opposed in secret session the motion to proclaim the son of Napoleon I. emperor after his father's second abdication. The same year, in conjunction with Berryer, he was appointed counsel for Marshal Ney, and gaining great popularity by his defence of his illus. trious client, was chosen to defend many political offenders. His pleadings were extensively reported in the opposition papers, and eagerly sought for by the public. Among the most famous were his speeches in behalf of Béranger the poet, in 1821, and of the Journal des débats newspaper, on the eve of the revolution of 1830. After that event it was in great part through Dupin's exertions in the chamber of deputies that the duke of Orleans, whose legal adviser he had been since 1817, secured the crown. The office of attorney-general in the court of cassation was his reward, and he became a member of Louis Philippe's first cabinet. In 1882 he was elected to the presidency of the chamber of deputies, which office he held for 8 years. On the revolution of 1848 he made at first some effort in behalf of the Orleans family; but perceiving the turn events were taking, he desisted, and as a proof of his devotion to the new system, he moved the court of cassation to declare that henceforth justice would be administered in the name of the people. In the

constituent assembly he was a member of the committee on the constitution, but left the framing of that instrument to Cormenin and Marrast. The legislative assembly elected him president. He made some show of opposition to the government of Louis Napoleon, but was taken unawares by the coup d'état of Dec. 2. He declined all participation or responsibility in the parliamentary resistance, and retained his office of attorney-general. This, however, he resigned on the publication of the imperial decrees of 1852, confiscating the Orleans property; in 1857 he was reinstated. The eldest of 3 brothers, be is generally known as Dupin the elder. His writings on legal subjects are very numerous.— CHARLES, brother of the preceding, a French geometer and statistician, born in Varzy, Oct. 6, 1784. He entered the navy as an engineer, and was actively employed in France and the Ionian islands. In 1812 a series of scientific papers attracted the attention of the academy of sciences. During 1814 and 1815 he evinced liberal opinions, but finally adhered to the Bourbons. In 1816 he visited Great Britain, to examine the financial, commercial, industrial, naval, and military resources of the United Kingdom. The results of his travels, which he continued for more than 4 years, appeared in his Voyages dans la Grande Bretagne (Paris, 1820 -'24), and in his Force commerciale de la Grande Bretagne (1826). He caused gratuitous lectures on the application of science to industry, for the benefit of workmen and artisans, to be established in the conservatoire des arts et métiers at Paris, and received the appointment of professor of geometry in that institution. His services were rewarded with a barony. In 1825 and 1826 he instituted a private inquiry into the intellectual and productive resources of France, the results of which he embodied in his Situation progressive de la France depuis 1814. In 1828 he was elected to the chamber of deputies. He adhered to the government of Louis Philippe, and was promoted to a peerage in 1838; but he nevertheless continued his regular course of public lectures. After the revolution of Feb. 1848, he was elected to the constituent and legislative assemblies, voted and acted with the majority, and on the overthrow of the republic became a supporter of the present imperial government, under which he is a senator.

DUPLEIX, JOSEPH, a French soldier and statesman, born about 1700, died in 1763. At the age of 20 he was sent as an agent to Pondicherry, and in 1730 was appointed to direct the declining settlement of Chandernagore. Within 10 years he had acquired an immense fortune, and had changed the insignificant town, which Chandernagore had become before his arrival, into one of the finest and most flourishing cities of India. In 1742 he was made governor-general, and being thus placed at the head of French affairs in India he gave scope to his ambition, established commercial relations with every district of Hindostan, with the Red sea, the Persian gulf, and even with

Thibet, and received Indian princes or their ambassadors with splendid pomp. He had already begun to disturb the English East India company when war broke out between England and France. At the commencement of hostilities Labourdonnais, governor of the Isle of France, appeared in the Indian seas at the head of a squadron armed at his own expense and took possession of Madras. His instructions, however, forbade him to keep any conquest, and he therefore accepted a capitulation which secured the payment to him of a heavy ransom. But Dupleix, to whom Madras would be of immense value, determined to possess himself of it at whatever cost, and therefore broke the terms of the capitulation, seized the town, imprisoned Labourdonnais, and sent him to France under accusation of treason. The English, alarmed at the energy and unscrupulousness of the French governor, attacked Pondicherry by land and sea. The energy of Dupleix increased with every difficulty, and, serving at once as captain and engineer, he forced the English commander Boscawen to raise the siege 40 days after he had opened the trenches. The fame of this victory spread through all India, and gave the native princes a high idea of the valor of the French. The war was soon terminated by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle, and India being then almost in a state of anarchy, Dupleix sought to make territorial acquisitions by interfering in the politics of other states. Upon the death of the Nizam-ul-mulk, who had made himself independent in the Deccan, Dupleix resolved to put upon the vacant throne Mirzapha Jung, who was willing to receive the crown from the hands of the renowned defender of Pondicherry, and to grant in return large territorial and pecuniary possessions. At the same time and with the same motive he supported Chunda Sahib as nabob of the Carnatic. He was successful in both schemes, defeating all opposition, and gained a triumph as yet unprecedented in India. The English now set up a rival candidate for the throne of the Deccan, and increased their forces under Lawrence and Clive. Dupleix, who was extending his views even to Delhi, imparted to the court of Versailles a plan of operations which was to open the way to this capital of the Mogul empire. But the French company, though delighted with his former exploits, were alarmed at his new projects, and the reënforcements of men and vessels which he asked were refused; at the same time an order was given him not to push further his acquisition of territory. Thus unsupported, the English and native forces gathered about him, yet he maintained the war at his own expense and that of his friends. He was still formidable to his enemies, though he had suffered severe disasters, when the French government, urged by English influence, and mistaking its own interests in India and the genius of Dupleix, recalled him from his command. He arrived in France in 1755, and after having so long exercised the authority

and lived with the splendor of an eastern sovereign, died of chagrin at having solicited in vain the payment of the debts due him from the company which he had loaded with riches.

DUPLIN, a S. E. co. of North Carolina, watered by the north branch of Cape Fear river; area, 670 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 13,514, of whom 6,007 were slaves. It has a level surface, with several forests of pitch pine. The general character of the soil is sandy, but there are fertile tracts in the valleys of the streams. The staple productions are cotton, grain, potatoes, lumber, tar, and turpentine. Sweet potatoes are more extensively cultivated here than in any other part of the state. In 1850 the county yielded 461 bales of cotton, 372,530 bushels of Indian corn, and 258,097 of sweet potatoes. It contained 12 saw mills, 40 tar and turpentine manufactories, and 19 churches. The Wilmington and Weldon railroad intersects it. Formed in 1749. Capital, Kenansville. DUPONCEAU, PETER STEPHEN, an American lawyer and scholar, born in St. Martin, Isle of Ré, France, June 3, 1760, died in Philadelphia, April 1, 1844. His father, who held a military position, had early determined that he should follow the same profession; but owing to an imperfection in his sight it was found necessary to abandon these plans, and his mother was then anxious that he should be educated for the priesthood. To this his father would not consent; and on its being decided that he should receive a collegiate education before his profession was definitely settled upon, he was in the autumn of 1773 sent to a college of Benedictine monks at St. Jean d'Angély. In this institution he continued for 18 months, when returning home he found that his father had just died. His mother and other members of his family now prevailed upon him to study for the church. Through the offices of the bishop of Rochelle, who was a friend of his father's family, he was sent to the college of Bressuire in Poitou; but the treatment he received there induced him to sever his connection with the college, and on Christmas day, 1775, he set off for Paris, where he designed to rely upon his own exertions for a livelihood. Here he arrived early in January, to use his own words, "at the age of 15, with a light heart and a still lighter purse," but "full of hope." He was kindly received by many of the former friends of his father, and he continued to enlarge his circle of acquaintance, among whom were the baron de Montmorency, the count de Genlis, and M. Beaumarchais. He principally engaged in the translation of English books for republication, being a good English scholar, and enthusiastically fond of the language and its literature, which latter he esteemed much above the French. For a time he was secretary to Court de Gébelin, and afterward to Baron Steuben, with whom he came to the United States. They reached Portsmouth, N. H., Dec. 1, 1777. So well did Duponceau speak the language, that hardly had he arrived in the

country, as he himself has informed us, "when he felt at home;" and letters are still preserved written by him at this time, which show a remarkable fluency and command of English. In Jan. 1778, Steuben, having previously communicated by letter with Gen. Washington, set off with his secretary for York, Penn., where congress was then in session. To this body he offered his services, and asked commissions for Duponceau and Depontière, a Frenchman of his suite, and on Feb. 18, 1778, the former became captain by brevet in the American service. On the following day Steuben, accompanied by his suite, set out for the camp at Valley Forge, where they were received with great cordiality by the commander-in-chief. On May 5 following Steuben was appointed inspector-general of the army, with the rank of major-general; and in all his movements he was accompanied by Capt. Duponceau, up to the close of the campaign of 1779, when the army went into winter quarters in Philadelphia. Here Duponceau was threatened with a pulmonary disease, which for some time prevented him from performing active duty. Toward the close of 1780 he accompanied Steuben to the south, but renewed ill health forced him to return to Philadelphia early the next summer, taking with him a letter from the baron to the president of congress, recommending him in the highest terms. On July 25, 1781, he took the proper oaths and became a citizen of Pennsylvania. Robert R. Livingston, who had recently been appointed secretary of foreign affairs by congress, gave him a place in his office in Oct. 1781, which he held until June 4, 1783. The war having closed, he now commenced the study of the law, and was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 1785. In 1788 he was married. At an early day he acquired an extensive practice as well in the courts of Pennsylvania as in those of the United States, including the supreme court, where he was engaged in many important suits. His professional life was a successful one, and as the pecuniary result of his labors he left a handsome fortune at his death. So high an opinion did President Jefferson entertain of his legal abilities that he tendered to him the office of chief justice of Louisiana, which, however, he declined. In addition to the absorbing duties of his profession, he devoted throughout his life no inconsiderable attention to philology. As chairman of the committee of history, moral science, and general literature of the American philosophical society, in 1819 he made a report to that institution on the "Structure of the Indian Languages," which was printed, and at once gave him a high position in this department of knowledge. In May, 1835, he received from the French institute, for a "Memoir on the Indian Languages of North America," the linguistic prize, founded by the count de Volney. In 1838 he published "A Dissertation on the Nature and Character of the Chinese System of Writing," in which, in opposition to generally advanced opinions, he

held that the written language was lexigraphic, representing sounds and not ideas. For several years he was much interested in an effort to introduce into the United States the production and manufacture of silk. He published several essays, letters, and reviews on the subject, expended several thousand dollars as well as much valuable time in the cause, but without success. His other writings are of a miscellaneous character, comprising an extensive range of subjects; among which may be mentioned original treatises on points of law; translations from the Latin, German, and French on similar subjects; various treatises on philology; numerous contributions to American history, including a translation of "A Description of New Sweden," by Thomas Campanius Holm. He was a member of more than 40 literary and scientific institutions of Europe and America, including the American philosophical society, the historical society of Pennsylvania, and the Philadelphia Athenæum, of which 3 institutions he was the presiding officer at the time of his death.

DUPONT, A. PIERRE, a French song writer, born in Lyons, April 23, 1821. His father was a mechanic, who apprenticed him to a silk wearer, but he soon left weaving and obtained a clerkship in a banking house. His first book, Les deux anges, interested in his behalf M. Pierre Lebrun, a member of the French academy, who in 1841 saved him from the conscription by opening a subscription which enabled him to procure a substitute. Les deuz anges afterward won a prize at the academy, but it was scarcely noticed, and the young poet was still unknown when he published a collection of rural poems entitled Les paysans, mostly songs, the music of which he also composed. Among these, Les bœufs attained an immense popularity, and Pierre Dupont was proclaimed the true successor of Béranger. On the revolu tion of 1848 the poet leaned to the new socialist doctrines, and wrote several songs which were somewhat imbued with them. His poems have been collected and published under the titles of Cahier de chansons, La muse populaire, and Chants et chansons, poésie et musique (Paris, 1850-'54).

DUPONT DE L'ÉTANG, PIERRE, count, s French general, born in Chabannais, department of Charente, July 14, 1765, died Feb. 16, 1838. Appointed brigadier-general in 1793 and general of division in 1797, he joined Bonaparte on the 18th Brumaire, contributed to the victory of Marengo, and subsequently at the head of 14,000 troops, defeated 43,000 Austrians on the banks of the Mincio. He won new laurels in 1805 and 1806 during the campaigns in Austria and Prussia. With but 5 battalions he routed 22,000 of the enemy at the bridge of Halle, and afterward by a bold movement against the Russian imperial guard decided the victory of Friedland. Sent to Spain in command of the army which was to conquer Andalusia, he was successful at first, but permitted himself to be surrounded in the Sierra Morena by a Spanish army, and consented to sur

render with his whole force-an event known as the capitulation of Baylen, and stigmatized as shameful by Napoleon. He was arrested on his return to France, and by an imperial decree of 1812 was degraded from his rank, sentenced to imprisonment, and sent to the fort of Joux in the Jura. The fall of the empire restored him to liberty, and his supposed hatred of the emperor led to his appointment as minister of war, and the cancelling of all the proceedings against him; but he was soon dismissed from that office. After the 2d restoration he was appointed member of the privy council. His native department elected him several times to the chamber of deputies. A man of literary taste, he wrote several poems and a translation in verse of the odes of Horace; he also published pamphlets on the recruiting system and the campaign of Austria, and critical observations upon Montgaillard's Histoire de France.

DUPONT (DE L'EURE), JACQUES CHARLES, & French politician, born in Neubourg, department of Eure, Feb. 27, 1767, died in Paris, March 3, 1855. First an attorney at the parliament of Normandy, he became a magistrate, and was finally promoted in 1811 to the presidency of the high court at Rouen, which post he held until 1818. He commenced his political career in 1798 in the council of 500, was a member of the legislative corps in 1813, and deputy to the chamber in 1814. His motions and speeches during this period pointed him out as an unflinching adherent of liberal institutions. He was constantly reelected by his department from 1817 to 1848, and during this long political career won the esteem of both friends and opponents. On the revolution of 1830, he was prevailed upon by Lafitte to take the ministry of justice; but his independence and rigidness of principle could hardly please Louis Philippe, and he left the office at the end of 4 months to resume his seat among the opposition in the chamber of deputies. In Feb. 1848, he was unanimously elected president of the provisional government, but old age interfered with his activity. He was elected, however, to the constitnent assembly, and in 1849 retired to private life. DUPONT DE NEMOURS, PIERRE SAMUEL, a French economist, born in Paris, Dec. 14, 1739, died in Delaware, Aug. 6, 1817. An adherent of Quesnay, he became the expounder of his doctrine. He was the assistant of Turgot during his short tenure of the ministry of finance, 1774-'6. Under the ministry of Vergennes he was employed in framing the treaty of 1783, in which the independence of the United States was formally recognized by Eng. land. In the constituent assembly in 1789 he advocated liberal principles, but opposed the harsh measures of the revolutionists; after the fall of the Girondists he was imprisoned, but was saved by the revolution of the 9th Thermidor. In the council of 500 he was suspected of favoring the royalists. In 1795 he repaired to the United States, and returning to France in 1802, became a contributor to several periodicals,

and published pamphlets, among which was an essay Sur l'éducation nationale dans les États Unis d'Amérique (Paris, 1812). On the first overthrow of the empire he was appointed secretary to the provisional government. On the return of Napoleon he left France in disgust, repaired to the state of Delaware, where his sons had established a manufactory of gunpowder, and passed his latter years there.

DUPPA, BRIAN, an English bishop, born in Lewisham, Kent, in 1588, died in Richmond in 1662. He was educated at Westminster school, and at Christchurch, Oxford, and after taking orders travelled in France and Spain. He was successively dean of Christchurch, chancellor of the diocese of Salisbury, chaplain of King Charles I., tutor to Charles, prince of Wales, and his brother James, duke of York, bishop of Chichester, and in 1641 bishop of Salisbury. He accompanied Charles I. during the conflicts of the civil war, and was highly esteemed by that monarch. He lived in retirement during the protectorate, but was promoted by Charles II. to the bishopric of Winchester, and made lord high almoner. A short time before his death he received a visit from Charles II., and gave his blessing to that king with great solemnity. He published several works of practical piety, of which the "Soul's Soliloquies," a sermon preached before Charles I., is the most important.

DUPRAT, PASCAL, a French publicist, born in 1812, was professor of history at Algiers from 1839 to 1844, and wrote an Essai historique sur les races anciennes et modernes de l'Afrique septentrionale (Paris, 1845). Coöperating with Lamennais and other reformers, he was sent to the national assembly in 1848, and on June 24 he moved the resolution which conferred the executive power upon Gen. Cavaignac. After the coup d'état of Dec. 2, 1851, he was arrested, and banished from France in 1853. He has since resided in Brussels, and more recently in Lausanne.

DUPREZ, GILBERT LOUIS, a tenor singer, born in Paris, Dec. 6, 1806. He was educated at the conservatoire, and made his début at the Odeon in Dec. 1825. His success not fulfilling his expectations, he went to Italy in 1828, and for 9 years sang in the principal cities with constantly increasing reputation. In 1837 he was able to return to Paris and dictate his own terms to the director of the grand opera, where he made his first appearance as Arnold, in the opera of "William Tell," April 17. His predecessor, Nourrit, a celebrated tenor singer, was so affected by the applause which greeted this representation, that he eventually committed suicide. Thenceforth, until his retirement from the stage, Dec. 14, 1849, the career of Duprez was a series of triumphs. No tenor singer has ever been held in higher estimation by French audiences, among whom his manner of sounding the Ut de poitrine in "William Tell" produced an extraordinary effect. Duprez is an accomplished musician, and has published a work entitled the Art du chant. Several tenor roles have been written for him. A new opera for which he fur

nished the music and his brother Edouard the libretto was accepted by the manager of the Lyons opera in 1859. His daughter CAROLINE (born in Florence in 1832, and married in 1856 to M. Van den Heuvel) made her début in 1850 in the Sonnambula at the Italian opera, and has held since 1852 a leading position at the opéra comique in Paris.

DUPUIS, CHARLES FRANÇOIS, a French scholar and philosopher, born at Trie-le-Château, Normandy, Oct. 16, 1742, died near Dijon, Sept. 29, 1809. The son of a country schoolmaster, he was first instructed in mathematics and land surveying; and afterward, through the protection of the duke de la Rochefoucauld, was enabled to complete a course of collegiate studies at Paris. He was made professor of rhetoric at the Lisieux college when only 22 years of age, and delivered in 1780, in the name of the university of Paris, a funeral oration in honor of the empress Maria Theresa. In 1787 he was promoted to the chair of Latin eloquence in the college of France. Meanwhile he attended the scientific lectures of the great astronomer Lalande, with whom he became intimately acquainted; and these studies, combined with his thorough knowledge of ancient mythology, led him to undertake to trace the origin of all religions to astronomy. Ancient divinities, he asserted, were but constellations; the names of mythological gods were those of the stars; and the strange adventures ascribed to the former merely an allegorical account of the various motions of the latter, and their relations to each other. The theory was first presented by him in several papers which appeared in the Journal des savants; was more fully expounded in a 4to. volume printed in 1781, under the title of Memoire sur l'origine des constellations et sur l'explication de la fable par l'astronomie; and then, after 14 years of unremitting labor, was unfolded in all its mysteries and particulars in the bulky work, L'origine de tous les cultes, ou la religion universelle (3 vols. 4to., Paris, 1795). This performance did not command the popularity which its author had anticipated; he therefore, in 1796, published an abridgment, which was more acceptable, and has been frequently reprinted. Amid his literary pursuits, Dupuis had been somewhat unwillingly drawn into politics. A deputy to the convention, he acted with the moderate party; he was a member of the council of 500, and a candidate for the directorship. On the establishment of the empire he returned to private life, and in 1806 published his Dissertation sur le zodiaque de Tentyra ou Denderah, which forms the complement of his great work.

DUPUYTREN, GUILLAUME, & French surgeon, born at Pierre-Buffière, Oct. 6, 1777, died in Paris, Feb. 8, 1835. He attracted attention in his boyhood by his beauty, intelligence, and haughty character, and at the age of 12 was placed by a military officer, who was fascinated by his peculiarities, in the college of La Marche at Paris. He there engaged in literary studies,

but was rebellious to discipline, abandoned Latin for the sciences, and became enthusiastic only after undertaking the study of medicine. Repeating the words of Cæsar, that it is better to be first in a village than second at Rome, he resolved to be unsurpassed in the art of surgery. At the age of 18 he was appointed assistant dissector in the école de santé; and in 1801, after a brilliant examination, he became chief of the faculty of medicine. The indisputable superiority of Bichat at this time was a spur to his ambition, and he displayed an unprecedented skill and activity in dissections. He became successively surgeon of the second class in the Hôtel Dieu; inspector-general of the university; professor of medical practice; and in 1815 surgeon-in-chief of the Hôtel Dieu. Having now absolute power in the oldest and wealthiest hospital of France, he regularly passed 5 hours in the morning in performing operations in the presence of over 400 students. With a severe exterior, and a grave and mysterious manner, he kept his audience in perfect stillness. With scalpel in hand and the patient before him, he delivered lectures which were unequalled in Paris for clearness of exposition, elegance of expression, or novelty of ideas. He was never gentle, and never smiled except when he sought to draw from a patient the symptoms of his malady; he seemed to possess only practised senses and a severe logic; and the masterly unconcern with which he framed his discourses in the midst of suffering and death, gained for him a peculiar reputation. Upon the assassination of the duke de Berry, in 1820, Dupuytren was called to the Tuileries for consultation, and 3 years later he was made first surgeon to the king. But though the transition from the Hôtel Dieu to the court increased his renown, yet his proud, silent, and capricious character became the object of innumerable epigrams and calumnies. His health failed in 1833, and he repaired to Italy, but could not be restrained from renewing his studies and observations in Rome. He died after much suffering, which excited rather his curiosity than complaints or disquietude, and left a part of his large fortune for the foundation of a chair of pathological anatomy in the faculty of medicine in Paris, and of a museum which now bears his name. His principal works have been collected in an edition entitled Leçons orales. He simplified many surgical operations, and made some valuable innovations in the art.

DUQUESNE, ABRAHAM, a French naval officer, born in Dieppe in 1610, died in 1688. He was the son of a seaman, was educated in his native town, early entered the naval service, and gained distinction in several encounters with the Spaniards, especially in 1637 off the Lerins isles, in 1641 off Tarragona, and in 1648 off Cape Gata. On the suspension of hostilities he offered his services to Sweden, then at war with Denmark, received the rank of vice-admiral, and completely defeated the Danish fleet under the command of King Christian IV. He then