to 1835, Mr.Crittenden practised law at Frankfort, occasionally representing his county in the state legislature. President J. Q. Adams nominated him judge of the U. S. supreme court in 1828, but the senate refused to confirm him, and Mr. McLean was subsequently put in his place. In 1835 he was again chosen U. S. senator, served a full term, and was reëlected, but in 1841 resigned, having accepted the post of attorney-general under President Harrison. On Sept. 11 of the same year, with the other members of the cabinet, excepting Mr. Webster, he tendered his resignation to President Tyler in a brief and dignified letter. He was immediately elected to the senate for the residue of Mr. Clay's term, that senator having resigned, March 31, 1842, after the passage of the tariff bill; and Mr. Crittenden was reelected for a full term from March 4, 1843. In 1848 he retired, having received the whig nomination for governor of Kentucky, to which office he was elected by a large majority. He was attorney-general in President Fillmore's cabinet from July 20, 1850, till the accession of President Pierce. In the spring of 1854 he was induced by long standing relations of friendship with the Ward family to undertake the defence of Matthew F. Ward, indicted for the murder of Prof. W. H. G. Butler in his school at Louisville. This step created at the time much popular excitement against Mr. Crittenden. He had previously been reelected to the U. S. senate for a term which expires in 1861. In early life Mr. Crittenden belonged to the republican and subsequently to the whig party. He is now called an American. He was one of Mr. Clay's most devoted friends, and supported him in most of those measures with which his name is identified. He has always favored the protective policy, and voted for the tariff of 1842 and against that of 1846. He was for a U. S. bank and against the sub-treasury system. In 1835 he opposed Mr. Calhoun's bill empowering postmasters to take from the mails documents hostile to slavery. He opposed the remission of Gen. Jackson's fine for contempt of court in declaring martial law at New Orleans. The question of apportionment coming up in 1842, Mr. Crittenden favored the smallest ratio of representation, arguing that with more representatives the house would become more democratic. In 1841, a bill establishing a preemptive system in favor of actual settlers on the public lands being under consideration, he moved an amendment denying the privileges of the act to aliens who had not made a declaration of their intention to become citizens, which he supported in several speeches. Upon the Oregon question Mr. Crittenden spoke often, deprecating haste and excitement, favoring peace, though not at the expense of honor, and supporting such measures as seemed likely to conduce thereto. The same tone runs through his speeches on the annexation of Texas, which he opposed as unconstitutional, unwise, and unnecessary, and on the Mexican war, which he strove to bring to a peaceful termination as soon

as practicable. He manifested a similar spirit in 1858 in the debate upon the alleged illegal exercise of the right of search by Great Britain. In 1848 he opposed Mr. Hannegan's bill providing for the military occupation of Yucatan, as subsequently in 1858 he took ground against interference in the affairs of Central America. It was Mr. Crittenden who in 1847 introduced the bill in the senate which authorized the purchase of provisions and the employment of public ships for the relief of the starving in Ireland and Scotland, supporting it in an eloquent and feeling speech. In 1848 he offered a resolution congratulating France upon the successful revolution of February, from which, in common with most Americans, he anticipated the establishment of a lasting republican government in that country. He opposed the admission of Kansas under the Topeka constitution in 1856; voted against the repeal of the territorial laws, and in favor of Mr. Toombs's Kansas bill, on the ground that, however objectionable some of its features might be, it was a measure of peace. In 1858 he opposed the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton constitution, on the ground not only that that instrument did not represent the will of the majority of the people, but that it was a fraud upon them. From his age, ability, and position as the representative of a slave state, as well as from the bold and dashing style of its delivery, his speech on this question carried great weight with it. He subsequently offered a substitute for the bill, which, somewhat modified, afterward passed the house, but was defeated in the senate. It provided for the submission of the Lecompton instrument to the vote of the people of Kansas; if a majority approved, it was to become their constitution; otherwise they were empowered to form a new constitution. Throughout the acrimonious Kansas debates Mr. Crittenden never forgot that he was an American senator, and more than once found himself arbiter of disputes between others. He is sometimes called the patriarch of the senate, a designation to which his character as well as his age entitles him. He has always been considered an excellent extemporaneous debater, and has not yet lost the fire and spirit of his youth. Mr. Crittenden has been twice married; his second wife, who is now living (1859), was the widow of Gen. Ashley of Kentucky.

CROATIA, one of the crown lands of the Austrian empire as reorganized by the fundamental statute of 1849, consisting of the former kingdom of Croatia (a dependency of Hungary), the kingdom of Slavonia, the Croatian Littorale, and the town and territory of Fiume. Croatia (or the 4 counties of Agram, Warasdin, Kreutz, and Fiume) and Slavonia have an aggregate area of about 7,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1851, 878,456; in 1854, 967,136. Croatia is bounded N. by Styria and Hungary, E. and S. by the Military Frontier district, W. by the Adriatic, Illyria, and Styria. It is mountainous, being almost wholly filled up by the continuations of

the Julian and Dinaric Alps. Its principal rivers are the Save, with its tributary the Kulpa, the Drave, and the Mur. The 2 last form the fertile island of Murakōz, area nearly 350 sq. m. The climate is mild and wholesome, at least in the interior. Croatia is poor in natural resources. The grape and chestnut are cultivated extensively, but grain and fruit are grown only in the county of Kreutz and the Littorale. The mountains, although poor in minerals, abound in valuable timber, but very little use is made of it. A fine marble is worked in the Littorale.-The inhabitants, principally Croatians and Rascians or Servians, with a small proportion of Germans, belong with few exceptions to the Roman Catholic church. They are very little cultivated, in fact semi-barbarians. Their idiom is an Illyrian dialect belonging to the S. branch of the Slavic languages. The industry and commerce are scarcely worth mentioning. Wine and timber are the only articles of export to the neighboring provinces. For the domestic trade Agram, Karlstadt, and Old Sziszek are the principal marts. The Littorale has some shipping and ship-building; also several extensive paper manufactories. Public education was in a deplorable state until 1851. Up to that time there was only one school for every 29 sq. m. and every 3,743 inhabitants. Since then, the Austrian government has introduced a complete system of common school education, the results of which are as yet not very perceptible. There are also in Croatia 5 colleges and 2 academies. The province is governed by a ban (governor). Justice is administered by 57 district courts, 4 superior courts, 3 supreme courts, and a court of appeals. Croatia, which in antiquity formed a part of Pannonia, was a province of the Roman empire from the time of Augustus, being attached to Illyricum. It was conquered by the Goths, recovered under Justinian, invaded by the Avars, and in the 7th century settled by Croats, who after long struggles with the Franks finally formed a vassal state of the Byzantine empire. Toward the end of the 10th century the princes of Croatia assumed the royal title. It was conquered by the Hungarians in 1091, by Venice in 1117, and again by the Byzantines in 1168. Having once more been independent for a century, it was ultimately annexed to Hungary in 1342, and subjected to the Hapsburg dynasty in 1527. In 1848 the hatred of the Croatians against the Magyars made them one of the principal instruments of the Austrian government in crushing the Hungarian revolution.

CROCKETT, DAVID, an American backwoodsman and member of congress, born at Limestone, on the Nolachucky river, in Tennessee, Aug. 17, 1786, died in Texas, March 6, 1836. His father, of Irish birth, after various other avocations, opened a tavern on the road from Abingdon to Knoxville, where David passed his youth from 7 to 12 years of age, making acquaintance with hard times and doubtful characters. He was sent to a country school, but on the 4th day quarrelled with the school

master, and after playing truant for a time in the woods fled from home to avoid a flogging threatened both by his father and master. For 5 years he roamed about the middle states with drovers and carriers, till in his 18th year he returned home, attended school for 2 months, learning his letters for the first time, and soon after married and went to live in the wildest portions of the state, distinguishing himself as a hunter. In 1813 he served in the Creek war under Gen. Jackson, and after the peace settled on Shoal creek, in a desolate region of Tennessee. A community of reckless characters having flocked together after 2 years, it was found necessary to establish a temporary government, and he was appointed one of the magistrates. He soon after became a candidate for the legislature, and though he had scarcely yet read a newspaper he made a successful electioneering tour by the skilful use of his rifle, his companionable habits, and his faculty for telling amusing stories. He was twice reelected to the legislature, but devoted himself especially to bear hunting, till in 1827 he was elected by the party of Gen. Jackson a representative in congress. At Washington he immediately obtained general notoriety by the eccentricity of his manners and language, and was regarded as a gifted and genial specimen of the "half horse and half alligator." In 1829 he was again chosen to congress, but soon after changed from a partisan to an opponent of Jackson's administration; and in 1831 it required his most strenuous exertions to secure a reelection. From this time the influence of Jackson became predominant in the West, and especially in Tennessee, and Crockett therefore withdrew from the political arena of the United States. He sought a new career in Texas, then in revolt against Mexico, and after a series of military exploits met his death while bravely defending Fort Alamo, in San Antonio de Bexar. The fort, containing about 140 Texans commanded by Col. Travis and under him by Col. Crockett, was attacked in the latter part of February by a Mexican army numbering 2,000 men. Amid scarcity of provisions and constant watching, shells and assaults were successfully withstood till on March 6 only 6 of the garrison survived. These, including Col. Crockett, then surrendered, but by order of Santa Anna the latter immediately perished with a dozen sword thrusts. The exaggerated stories of his wit and peculiarities afterward made him almost a mythical person. His autobiography was published at Philadelphia in 1834.

CROCODILE, a genus of reptiles which, with the alligator of America and the gavial of the Ganges, constitute the family of crocodilians. Some authors elevate the family into an order, the emydosauri of Gray, the loricata of Fitzinger, and the rhizodonta of Prince Bonaparte, the latter including the large fossil ichthyosaurus and plesiosaurus. In the class of reptiles they are higher than the saurians, and second to the testudinata; among them are included some of the largest, most powerful,

and best protected of their class. The crocodilians, including the alligator and gavials, are characterized as follows: the skin is tough and thick, and protected by firm scales, of different shapes and sizes, forming a coat of mail sword and bullet proof; different species have been distinguished according to their arrangement on the neck; they are square on the upper and under surfaces of the body and on the tail, large and ridged longitudinally on the back, small and rounded on the sides of the body and neck and limbs; on the head the skin is applied directly on the bone, following its eminences and depressions, and unprotected by scales, in this differing from the true saurians; the scales are thinnest below, and of a lighter color, almost white, the upper tints being greenish with dark spots, or an obscure brown. Under the jaw, in the longitudinal folds of the skin, open the ducts of odoriferous glands, which secrete a viscid matter having a strong and disagreeable musky odor; similar pores open near the cloaca. For the details of the skeleton the reader is referred to Cuvier, Meckel, Oken, and other writers on comparative anatomy. The vertebræ are concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly, and are 7 or 8 in the neck, 12 in the back, 5 in the loins, 2 in the sacral region, and from 34 to 42 in the tail; the number is the same in individuals of a species at all periods of life. The vertebræ of the neck have long articulated transverse processes, or cervical ribs, which prevent any extensive lateral motion of the neck; on the under surface of the caudal vertebræ is a series of V-shaped bones, the hæmal arches, for the protection of the vessels. The ordinary ribs are 12 to 13 on each side. The sternum is prolonged even to the pelvis, and gives attachment to 6 or 7 pairs of cartilages, not extending to the spine; these serve to strengthen and protect the abdominal walls, and are represented in man by the transverse lines of the rectus abdominis muscle; the sternum is also prolonged as a point in advance of the ribs; there are no true clavicles, and the bones of the pelvis remain separate. The lower jaw is longer than the cranium, because the condyles of the temporal bones, corresponding to ossa quadrata, are placed considerably behind the articulation of the head with the spine, and are united to the skull as in the turtles; the gape of the mouth is really longer than the extent of the head, from this backward situation of the glenoid cavity. The muscles which move the jaws arise so far back, that they act in part upon the whole head, explaining the assertion made from the time of Aristotle to that of Cuvier, and at various times believed and disputed, that the crocodile has the ability to move both jaws; when the lower jaw is fixed upon the ground, the action of the muscles may raise the whole head, and with it the upper jaw, otherwise immovable. The jaws have no lateral motion, and none from before backward, the articulation being

a simple hinge joint. There are no cutaneous lips, the teeth being visible even when the jaws are closed. The teeth are numerous, conical, isolated, unequal in size, hollowed at the base, arranged in a single row, implanted by a true gomphosis in the substance of the maxillary borders in special alveoli directed from before backward, and provided with a kind of gum; the new teeth push up into the hollow of the old, and cause their absorption; the new. teeth are larger, but the same in number at all ages. The tongue is flat, wide, fleshy, and attached all around to the jaw bone; it is not divided at the tip, and cannot be extended, being apparent only when the jaws are separated, and forming the floor of the mouth; it cannot be used to seize or retain their prey, nor for respiratory purposes; it is for the most part smooth, except at the base, where irregularly contorted folds are prominent. The nostrils open at the end of the muzzle, near together, and may be closed by valves; their cavity forms 2 canals extending along the cranium, and opening, not into the mouth, as in other reptiles and birds, but into the posterior fauces behind the soft palate, as in mammals; the hyoid bone sends upward a rounded cartilaginous continuation, which can be made prominent at the will of the animal; the soft palate hangs down to meet this, by which the cavity of the mouth can be completely shut off from the fauces; by this arrangement, when the animal is under water, with only the tip of the nose in the air, and even with the mouth filled with water, respiration can be perfectly carried on; and by the same mechanism the act of swallowing can be accomplished beneath the surface. Unlike the saurians, this family have the external opening of the ears protected by 2 folds of the skin, resembling lids, by which the meatus can be closed; the opening is just behind the eyes. The eyes are very small, and provided with 3 lids, an upper and lower, with a third or nictitating membrane moving transversely, transparent, and evidently designed to protect the cornea and permit vision under water; the pupil is a vertical slit, and the crystalline lens almost spherical. The anterior limbs have 5 toes, the external 2 without nails; the posterior limbs are 4 toed, more or less webbed, the external one without a nail; the limbs are so short that they barely raise the body from the ground, and are almost at right angles to the spine; their gait is, therefore, slow and awkward. The tail is longer than the trunk, flattened on the sides, surmounted with crests continued from the back, and serrated below; the powerful muscles of the dorsal region are carried to their greatest development in the sides of the tail, which is the principal organ of locomotion in the water. The stomach is muscular, but in no way resembling the gizzard of a bird; in this cavity are frequently found stones and pieces of wood, which were once supposed to be swallowd intentionally to assist in triturating the food, or

for the purpose of distending the stomach during the season of hibernation which some of them undergo; it is altogether probable that such foreign bodies have been accidentally swallowed during the repasts of the voracious animal. The lungs consist of 3 principal cavities, communicating freely with each other; the walls are divided into innumerable cells, the fleshy compartments of which form a very intricate network, resembling the columnæ cornew of the heart; when fully expanded, they will contain a large quantity of air. The most interesting organ is the heart, as it shows an approach to, and as it were the connecting link with the birds. In reptiles generally the heart consists of 3 cavities, a ventricle and 2 auricles-the ventricle receiving both arterial and venous blood, and sending this mixed fluid over the system at the same time that it sends to the lungs blood of which a portion has just been received purified from them. In the crocodilians the ventricle has a complete division into right and left, and the circulation is so arranged that while the head and anterior half of the body receive pure arterial blood when the animal is in the air, the posterior half receives a mixed arterial and venous blood; the mingling of the 2 bloods taking place, not in the heart itself, but by an opening between the 2 aortas-a fact unknown to naturalists till the time of Meckel and Panizza. For full details on this point the reader is referred to the "Journal of the Boston Society of Natural History," vol. vi. pp. 113–118. The ordinary course of the circulation would be through the vena cava to the right auricle, thence to the right ventricle; from this more than half of the venous blood goes to the lungs by the pulmonary artery, the rest being distributed to the lower extremities through the left or venous aorta; from the lungs the pure blood comes to the left auricle, thence it passes to the left ventricle, and then by the right or arterial aorta to the head and anterior extremities and body generally, after mixture with the venous blood. In the common circulation, or when the animal is in the air, there would probably be but a trifling, if any, mixture of the bloods through the opening in the aortic wall, and during the contraction of the ventricles the pressure of the valves of the aortæ against the opening would prevent the mingling; but during the diastole of the ventricles, when the valves close to prevent regurgitation into the heart, the aortic opening would be free, and the bloods could mix in whichever direction the pressure was the strongest; the opening, however, performs its special function after the animal has been under water a long time, when there is no respiration nor pulmonary circulation, no blood in the left ventricle, and none sent through the true aorta; were it not for this opening, the head and anterior limbs, which are supplied by the right aorta, would be unprovided with blood; it has been naturally concluded that venous blood is sent through the

opening from the left aorta to supply these parts. By its 4 cavities the heart of the crocodilians resembles that of the birds, and also, by the mixture of the blood in the vessels, that of the foetal mammalia. Meyer compares the left aorta to the ductus arteriosus, and he believes this structure to be a temporary condition, disappearing as the animal advances in age. In the dissection alluded to above, the specimen was 7 feet long, and old enough to be impregnated; the edges were firm and well defined, like those of a persistent foramen; and physiological reasons have been given why it should be permanent in this family, when the respiration ceases during submersion and hibernation. In the males the genital organs are simple; as in turtles and birds, the cloaca is longitudinal. The female alone prepares the hole in the sand in which the eggs, sometimes 60 in number, are placed probably during the night; she covers them with sand and leaves to hide them from the ichneumon and certain reptiles which feed upon them; the eggs are hatched in from 3 to 6 weeks, according to season and latitude. The amphibious habits of the crocodilians are indicated by the nostrils, separation of the posterior fauces from the mouth, shape of the limbs and tail, and structure of the lungs and heart. The crocodiles proper are distinguished from the alligators by their head being longer in proportion to the breadth, by the less number of teeth (30 below and 38 above, according to Cuvier), by the 4th lower tooth on each side being received into a groove in the upper jaw instead of a pit when the mouth is closed, by the dentated crest on the external border of the hind legs in most of the species, by the complete webs of the hind toes (at least the external), and by the larger cranial openings perceptible through the skin behind the eyes. Nothing is more characteristic than the narrowing of the muzzle behind the nostrils caused by the groove just alluded to, added to the perforation of the upper jaw by the 1st lower teeth; the plates of the nape occupy the middle portion only, a space before and behind being without them; as age advances the head becomes very rough. The species are difficult to distinguish from each other, and the variations within the limits of species are considerable. Europe has no crocodile, nor crocodilian, in its present fauna; America has 2, Asia 2, and Africa 1; other species are described, of unknown habitat, and of uncertain characters. The following species will sufficiently characterize the genus I. The common crocodile of the Nile (crocodilus vulgaris, Cuv.), one of the sacred animals of the Egyptians, is mentioned by Herodotus, and well described by Aristotle in his "History of Animals;" the latter also mentions the spur-winged plover, which enters the mouth of the crocodile to pick out and eat the insects attached to the mucous membrane. This species has the widest jaws, 6 cervical plates, the dorsal plates quandrangular with 6

longitudinal series of moderate ridges; cranium rather flat; teeth 66, 36 above and 30 below, the longest being the 3d and 9th of the upper jaw, and the 1st, 4th, and 11th of the lower; 16 to 18 transverse rows of bony plates from the shoulders to the tail, and on the latter from 26 to 38 circles of scales surmounted by a thin, flexible, serrated crest, double for about half its length. The color of the upper surface is olive-green, spotted with black on the head and neck, and marbled with the same on the back and tail; 2 or 3 wide, oblique black bands on each flank; beneath greenish yellow; claws brown. It grows to the length of 20 to 25 feet, and possibly longer. A variety of this (C. palustris, Less.), found in Asia, has the head rougher, the scales of the sides, flanks, and upper part of the neck convex and ridged, and the color above olive-yellow, marbled with blackish brown. A 3d variety (C. marginatus, Geoff.), a native of southern Africa, has the jaws narrower and elongated, the cranium slightly concave, 6 narrow nuchal plates, the upper parts deep bottle-green, with small brown waving lines disposed in a radiating manner. This variety grows to a large size, and is doubtless the one so often seen by Dr. Livingstone and Mr. Cumming in their journeyings in South Africa. Dr. Livingstone mentions the following facts from personal observation: Sixty eggs have been taken from a single nest; they are about the size of a goose egg, of the same diameter at both ends, white, and partially elastic from having but little lime in their composition and a firm internal membrane; the nests are within a few feet of the water, and are used for successive years if undisturbed; the female assists the young out of the nest, and leads them to the edge of the water, where she leaves them to catch fish for themselves; fish is the principal food at all ages; a wounded animal, or even a man, going into a lake infested by them, is almost sure to be seized; they seldom leave the water to catch prey, but often come out to bask in the sun; they fish chiefly by night, and when eating make a loud champing noise; the natives are very fond of the eggs, eating only the yolk. The Egyptians kept crocodiles in their temples, where they were fed by the priests and ornamented with gold and precious stones; these were highly venerated by the people, and after death they were carefully embalmed and buried with great ceremony; it is very common to find mummies of crocodiles in their tombs, and many may be seen in our museums. The ich neumon, a carnivorous mammal allied to the civets, renders important service to man by destroying the eggs of the Nilotic crocodile. The common crne, Bodmin, and confined to Africa, but occurs blin. In 182 on the Malayan peninsula; it. He favoret with 3 or 4 miles at sea, and has beras known to attack boats returning from fishing, and occasionally with the loss of human life. II. The most common Asiatic species is the

double-crested crocodile (C. biporcatus, Cuv.), so named from the 2 rough lines on the upper jaw extending forward from the anterior angle of each eye; the lateral borders are irregularly convex, and deeply grooved for the lower teeth; the upper surface is very rough, especially in large individuals; the teeth are generally 66, 36 above and 30 below, the largest being the 2d, 3d, 8th, and 9th above, and the 1st and 4th below; the hind legs are as long as the trunk, the fore legs are a third shorter; the armature of the neck consists of 6 shields, 4 in a square, and 1 on each side of these, of an oval shape and strongly crested; on the back are 16 or 17 transverse rows of ridged plates, of an ovoid form; the tail has 38 or 40 scaly rings, double crested for half its length. The color is yellowish green, with black oval spots above. It grows to a length of at least 20 feet. In Gironière's "Twenty Years in the Philippines" (pp. 215-222), is an account of the capture of an immense individual of this species, measuring 27 feet in length and 11 feet in circumference under the arm-pits; the skull of this specimen is now in the cabinet of the Boston society of natural history, and measures nearly 4 feet from the nose to the end of the lower jaw; the head and soft parts attached weighed over 400 lbs. It is found in most of the rivers and lakes of eastern Asia and the Indian archipelago. III. The lozenged crocodile (C. rhombifer, Cuv.) of the West Indies has the forehead surmounted by 2 ridges diverging backward, the upper jaw much arched transversely, the jaws narrow, the body thick, the toes and swimming membranes short, the scales of the flanks, sides, and upper part of the neck tuberculated, and the limbs without serrated crests; the sides of the upper jaw are very prominent between the 6th and 11th teeth; the teeth are 64, 34 above and 30 below, the largest being the 2d and 7th in the upper jaw, and the 4th and 10th in the lower; on the nape are 4 small shields in one row, and on the neck 6 oval ridged plates, 4 in a row and 2 behind these; dorsal scales square, in 18 transverse rows. The general color is dark brown above with zigzag lines of deep yellow, and spots of the same on the flanks and limbs; yellow and chestnut below. It attains a considerable size. IV. The long-nosed crocodile (C. acutus, Geoff.) is found also in the West Indies, particularly in St. Domingo, and in the northern parts of South America. It is characterized by its lengthened muzzle, convex forehead, and the irregular disposition of the outer dorsal scales; the hind feet are strongly webbed; on the nape are 2 or 4 shields, and on the neck 6, as in the Nilotic species; the teeth 66, 36 above and 30 below, the longest being the 4th and 10th in the upper jaw, and the 4th in the lower. The color is brown and yellow above, and yellow below. It is said to grow to a length of 20 feet. The C. cataphractus (Cuv.) and C. Journei (Bory de St. Vincent) form the connecting links between the crocodile and the gavial.-Crocodilians existed in great vari