ing a bath in which the iron is heated under a constantly increasing temperature. The cinder and fluxes boil from the escape of the gases caused by the oxydation of the carbon in the iron, and of the iron itself. To prevent the too rapid decarbonization of the iron, a much larger quantity of cinder is charged than in case of making iron, and a much higher temperature is employed-the highest that can be obtained. The metal "comes to nature," or parts with its carbon, sooner if the heat is kept comparatively low.

The cinder bath is composed largely of the slag from the boiling furnaces which are employed in making iron, and in which more cinder and a higher heat are employed than in the common puddling furnaces. A solvent of manganese and its earthy bases, prepared in a manner which is not made public, for obvious reasons, is charged with the iron, and forms a part of the bath, all of which, under the high heat, melts as thin as water, and covers the molten mass of iron. The presence of the manganese is found to produce great uniformity in the product, and to prevent, in a considerable degree, the blistering of boiler plate rolled from the blooms thus obtained.

As in the ordinary puddling process, the operator breaks up the lumps of iron, turns them over, to expose all parts to the heat, and, when they become pasty, works them into puddle balls. When 336 lbs. of iron are charged, five heats per day are made; with a charge of 280 lbs., six heats per day are made, in each furnace. The puddle balls are removed from the furnace from 18 to 20 minutes sooner than in case of making iron from the same charge; the time of stopping the process being decided by the operator, from the appearance and consistency of the mass, and with reference to the quantity of iron used.

A longer time is required to work the pig metal into steel than into iron. The same time is required to convert 336 lbs. of pig iron into steel as would be necessary to work 448 lbs. into wrought iron in a boiling furnace. A higher heat being employed, more coal is consumed, a ton of steel requiring 30 cwt., and a ton of iron requiring but 16 cwt.

The puddle balls are hammered, two together, into a slab, under a three-ton hammer; the slab is heated and hammered twice at a welding heat; at a fourth heat it is rolled into plate.

The long-celebrated Salisbury iron is exclusively used at this establishment for steel-making, and its peculiar qualities promise a higher success for the product than is likely to be obtained from almost any other variety of raw material. The Salisbury is a neutral iron, being neither red short nor cold short, from the presence of either phosphorous or sulphur; it is naturally extremely tough, and stands a tensile strain equal at least to that borne by the best irons in the market. The Albany Works' steel, thus far, proves more uniform than any of the puddled steels that have been imported. Its chief defect, in the shape of plates, is a tendency to blister in the rolls. A remedy for this, however, appears to be perfecting. All plates are tested by hammering their entire surface. A quarter to a third of them are found to have small blisters; all of those sent out, however, have proved perfectly sound. A larger proportion of imported plates a e found to blister. All puddled steel, which is free from blisters, is more homogeneous and uniform than iron.

THINGS WE SEND ABROAD,

We have sent vast quantities of agricultural implements to all parts of Europe, and some to Asia and Africa. A good many of our importations have been taken to Palestine, but it has been found next to impossible to get the Arab population to use them. In some other countries, where the laborers are almost equally barbarous, they have shown much more affection for things that lessen labor-that of drawing water from wells in particular. In a late conversation with J. D. WEST, the inventor of a most effective iron pump, he told us that his firm had frequent orders for pumps to be sent to Russia, Germany, Turkey, Egypt, and now a party is asking for its exclusive sale in Hungary. It is popular in all northern regions, on account of its anti-freezing properties. It is also in use in the city of London, and it is sent abroad, as well as used at home, with the Ericsson hot-air engines, which begin to be ordered for several foreign countries.

The pump above spoken of is manufactured by J. D. WEST & Co., 179 Broadway, N. Y., and for its simplicity, durability, and ease of action is a truly valuable invention, and we think we may be doing our readers a service by speaking of it, especially as our recommendation is sustained by the best engineers and judges of hydraulic machinery in the country, many of whom speak of it after practical trial. It is adapted for every place where liquids are to be raised, from common wells and cisterns to mines and manufactories, and it is quite economical both in price and in the power required to drive it. It has taken the first premium at the United States agricultural fair at Richmond, and at numerous State fairs.

ORIGIN OF IRON BRIDGES.

It is a curious circumstance that the most successful contriver of an iron bridge, and that of the very boldest design, was no other than the celebrated THOMAS PAINE. He was an exciseman, and drew up a petition for an increase of pay. He studied mathematics and mechanics, and became acquainted with GOLDSMITH and FRANKLIN; the latter persuaded him to go to America. He settled down at Philadelphia to mechanical and philosophical studies, and speculations on electricity, minerals, and the uses of iron. In 1787, when a bridge over the Schuylkill was proposed to be constructed without any piers, as the stream was apt to be choked with ice in the spring freshets, PAINE boldly offered to build an iron bridge with a single arch of 400 feet span. The same year we find him at Paris, submitting the plan of his bridge to the Academy of Sciences, whose opinion was decidedly favorable. He sent a copy to Sir JOSEPH BANKS, to be submitted to the Royal Society; and he next proceeded to Rotherham Iron Works in Yorkshire, to have his bridge cast. It was a segment of an arch of 410 feet span, and constructed of framed iron panels, radiating towards the center in the form of voussoirs. An American named WHITESIDE advanced him money on the security of his property in the States; he was unable to complete the castings of the bridge, which were then shipped off to London, and erected on a bowling green at Paddington. There it was visited by a large number of persons, and regarded as a great success.

WHITESIDE having become bankrupt, PAINE was arrested by his assignees,

but was liberated by the assistance of two other Americans, who became bail for him. When returned from France to America, he in 1803 presented a memoir to Congress on the construction of iron bridges, with several models. It does not appear that he succeeded in erecting his bridge. In the meantime, however, the bridge exhibited at Paddington produced results; the manufacturers agreed to take it back as part of their debt, and the materials were used in the noble structure over the river Wear, at Sunderland, where it was erected in 1794. This bridge was long regarded as the greatest triumph of art. Its span exceeded that of any existing stone arch, being 236 feet, with a rise of 34.feet, the springing commencing 95 feet above the bed of the river, allowing vessels of 300 tons burden to sail underneath without striking their masts. "If," says Mr. STEPHENSON, "we are to consider PAINE as its author, his daring in engineering certainly does full justice to the fervor of his political career; for, successful as the result has undoubtedly proved, want of experience and consequent ignorance of the risk, could alone have induced so bold an experiment; and we are rather led to wonder at than to admire a structure which, as regards its proportions, and the small quantity of material employed in its construction, will probably remain unrivaled."

MANUFACTURING IN OHIO.

Prior to 1850, Ohio had about 4,000,000 of sheep, yielding about 10,000,000 pounds of wool; nearly all this wool was sold in Manhatta, New York, Lawrence and Lowell, Massachusetts, and other manufacturing towns. It might have been manufactured in Ohio, and would have been except for the want of capital. The immense capital accumulated in Boston and New York was ap plied to the manufacture of woolen and cotton goods. For want of capital the West could not compete with these factories; but raised the wool and sent it to them.

Ohio is wholly an interior country, and hence can grow only with the cultivation of its lands, unless its capacities for manufacturing be brought out. This will be done, and done on an immense scale, whenever the coal and iron region is developed. This has been done to a moderate extent. We take from the report of the Commissioner of Statistics, the following digest of the production of coal and iron in Ohio, for the year 1857 :

The development of coal, especially in the counties of Meigs, Vinton, and Lawrence, has no doubt been increased since 1857; but is still far short of what it ought to be and might be, under a prosperous state of manufactures.

The pig metal produced from this ore amounted to 105,500 tons.

299,516

It will be seen that the iron region round Portsmouth, on the Ohio side, has 44 furnaces, and makes 86,000 tons of pig metal. This, however, is only a part of that iron belt. There are about 20 furnaces on the Kentucky side-making about 64 furnaces in all, and producing about 110,000 tons of metal. The results of this production are centered chiefly in Cincinnati, where iron is manufactured extensively.

RAILROAD, CANAL, AND STEAMBOAT STATISTICS.

FREIGHTS FROM THE WEST.

The roads centering at Chicago met in convention September 1st, and agreed upon the following new tariff of through rates from Chicago, to take effect from

RATES FROM LOUISVILLE AND NASHVILLE TO SOUTHERN CITIES BY RAIL.

The Superintendent of the Chattanooga Railroad announced September 1st,

1255

1 23

83

55

1 10

155

1 23

83

65

130

155

1 23

83

65

1 30

1.40

1 08

75 60

1 20

155

the following tariff of rates on freight from Louisville and Nashville to southern points by all rail:

In the Merchants' Magazine for August, page 251, was given the statistics of the existing railways in India. The London Engineer remarks upon these railroads and their effects as follows:

The construction of railways in India has awakened a spirit of enterprise; had caused the country to be examined for its more valuable products, of which iron and coal had been found; had induced designs for docks, and for the improvement of navigation and of irrigation; had given employment, on an average, to 100,000 laborers; had led to an expenditure of £14,000,000, within a few years, chiefly among the native population; and had involved the delivery into the country of 700,000 tons of material, irrespective of contractors' plant, &c. costing about $10,500,000. That they would ultimately lead to the development of the rich resources, and to the civilization of the immense native population of India, could not now be doubted.

The number of men employed on the opened portions of the Indian railways, in 1859, was 590 English and 7,855 natives, giving an average of sixteen men per mile. At this rate the lines now being constructed would give permanent employment to 77,000 persons. The fares in the Bombay Presidency in 1859 were first class, 24d.; second class, d.; and third class, d. per mile. The speed of the trains, including stoppages, was from sixteen to twenty miles per hour. The total number of passengers carried was 1,161,501, and the number conveyed over one mile, per mile of railway open, was 192,974; the average distance traveled by each person being 324 miles. The total number of passengers, on all the lines, in 1859, was 2.822,382, of which nearly 93 per cent were third class. The average receipts in the Bombay Presidency, for the year ending June, 1859, had been, for passengers, £453, and for goods, £464 per mile. It was evident that the goods traffic had not yet been fully developed, as the lines were not continuous, nor had they reached the principal producing districts. The cost of working to June, 1859, which had since been increased, was only 44.1 per cent of the gross receipts, notwithstanding that the cost of fuel was three guineas per ton. The dividend on the expended capital was about 5.14 per cent. The East Indian had realized even a larger dividend.

In reply to the inquiry as to the reasons which had led to the execution of