ou, as in our, th, as in thin ; TH, as in this, N, nearly like ng ; &, like j. to be well built, and to be surrounded by mud walls, with six gates; and is estimated to contain 10,000 houses. (B.) Lat. about 43° 30′ N., Lon. 82° 30' E.

GOOм/-TY, a r. of Hindostan, which flows into the Ganges.

GOR/-KUM, a fortified t. of S. Holland, situated on the Merwe. Lat. 51° 50′ N., Lon. 4° 58′ E. Pop. about 5,000. (B.)

GÖR/-LITZ, a fortified t. of Prussia, in Upper Lusatia, situated on the Neisse (nil-ceh). It has a gymnasium and several other literary and scientific institutions. Lat. 51° 9' N., Lon. 15° 1' E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) GÖRTZ (It. Gorizia, go-rid/-se-á), an archiepiscopal t. of the kingdom of Illyria, cap. of a large circle of the same name. It has an academical gymnasium, a public library, and various other institutions. Lat. 45° 57′ N., Lon. 13° 29′ E. Pop. 9,700. (P. C.)

Gos'-LAR, an ancient t. of Hanover, in Hildesheim, celebrated for its mines of silver, lead, and copper, which are possessed in common by the king of Hanover, and the duke of Brunswick. Lat. 51° 54' N., Lon. 10° 26' E. Pop. near 6,000. (B.)

Gos/-PORT, a fortified seaport t. of England, in Hampshire, situated on the W. side of Portsmouth harbour, 68 m. S. by W. from London. Pop. of the chapelry, 8,862. S. of the town stands the Royal Hospital of Haslar, containing accommodations for more than 2,000 patients. GOSPORT. See NORFOLK.

GOTHA, go/-tå, a handsome t. of Germany, formerly the cap. of the duchy of Saxe-Gotha, now of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, is situted 78 m. W. by S. from Leipsic. Among its numerous literary and scientific institutions, may be mentioned the Gymnasium, one of the best in Germany; the National Library, with 60,000, and the Ducal Library, with 20,000 vols. ; and the celebrated collection of coins, one of the finest in the world, contained in the palace of Friedenstein (free/den-stine), besides various collections in natural history and in the arts. Pop. 12,000. (B.) The Observatory of Seeberg (så/-beRG), in the vicinity of Gotha, is in Lat. 50° 56′ 5′′ N., Lon. 10° 44′ 6′′ E.

GOTHA, PRINCIPALITY OF. See SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA.

GÖTHEBORG, göl-te-borg, or GoT/-HEN-BURG, an important t. of Sweden, on the Götha-elf (or "Götha River"), about 3 m. from its entrance into the Cattegat. The river widens at this place to near a mile, and forms an excellent harbour. The Royal Academy of Sciences, the Gymnasium, and the School of Navigation, may be noticed among the literary and scientific institutions of Götheborg. With respect to com merce, manufactures, and population, this town is the second in the kingdom. Lat. 57° 42′ N., Lon. 11° 58′ E. Pop. 27,000. (B.)

GOTH/-LAND (SW. Götaland, yöl-tå-lånd, or Göthland, yöt/-lånd, the "land of the Goths;" Lat. Go'thia); a name formerly applied to the southern portion of Sweden, which was divided into East, West, and South Gothland. None of these appellations, however, are recognised in the recent distribution of Sweden into provinces. (E. G.)

GOTH/-LAND, or more properly, GOTT/-LAND, (i. e. "good land,") an i. in the Baltic, situated between 56° 55′ and 58° N. Lat., and 18° 10

Fåte, får, fåll, fât; mẻ, met; pine or pine, pîn; nỏ, nôt; ŏŏ, as in good :

and 19° 13′ E. Lon. It is near 80 m. in length; its greatest breadth is above 30 m. The area is computed at 1,118 sq. m. The pop. in

1833 was estimated at 39,800. (P.C.)

GÖTTINGEN OF GETTINGEN, get/-ting-en, a celebrated city of Germany, in Hanover, the cap. of a principality of the same name, situated on the New Leine (li-neh), a canal derived from the river Leine, an af fluent of the Aller. It is chiefly remarkable for its university, founded by George II., of England, in 1734, which is justly regarded as one of the very first in Europe, and which contains a library of above 300,000 vols., considered the richest in the world with respect to modern literature. Among the numerous other literary and scientific institutions of Göttingen, we may mention the Royal Society of Sciences; the Botanic Garden, one of the finest in Europe; the Academical Museum; and the Veterinary School. Lat. of the Observatory, 51° 31′ 48′′ N., Lon. 9° 56' 37" E. Pop. 11,000. (B.)

GOU-DA Or How/-då, a t. of Holland, on the Yssel, 12 m. N. E. of Rotterdam. The church of St. John, of this place, is a handsome edifice; its painted windows are esteemed among the finest in Europe. Gouda, though not regularly fortified, is surrounded by wide and deep ditches; and, by means of sluices, the surrounding country can be laid under water in a few hours. Lat. 52° N., Lon. 4° 43′ E. Pop. esti mated at 12,000. (B.)

GOYAZ, go`-yȧz!, a large prov. in the central part of Brazil, extending from about 6° to 21° 40′ S. Lat.

Goyaz, called, also, VIL'-LA BO-A, the cap. of the above, is situated on the r. Vermelho (ver-mel/-yo), near its source, about 170 m., in a straight line, from its entrance into the Araguay. Lat. about 16° 20′ S., Lon. 50° 30′ W. Pop. about 8,000. (B.)

Gozzo, got/-so, (Anc. Gau/dus,) an i. in the Mediterranean, situated N. W. of Malta, to which it belongs. It is intersected by the parallel of 36° N. Lat., and by the meridian of 14° 15′ E. Lon. The area is near 40 sq. m. Pop. 15,000. Gozzo, the principal town, contains about 3,000 inhabitants. (P. C.)

GRACIAS A DIOs, grå/-se-ås à deel-oce, a cape on the E. coast of Central America. Lat. about 14° 55′ N., Lon. 83° 12′ W.

GRACIOSA, grå-se-o'-sa, one of the Azores, intersected by the 39th parallel of N. Lat., and 28th meridian of W. Lon. It is only about 20 m. in circumference. Pop. 7,500. (P. C.)

GRADISCA, grå-dis/-kå, a small t. in Austrian Italy, important on account of its fortifications. Lat. 45° 53′ N., Lon. 13° 25′ E.

GRETZ. See Grätz.

GRAF-TON, a co. of N. H., bordering on the Connecticut r. Pop 42,343. Co. towns, Haverhill and Plymouth.

GRAMMONT, grå-mòn', a t. of E. Flanders, situated on the r. Dender, 18 m. S. S. E. of Ghent. Lat. 50° 41′ N., Lon. 3° 50′ E. Pop. in 1834, 7,349. (P. C.)

GRAM-PI-AN HILLS, a chain of mountains in Scotland, which stretches like a mighty wall along the southern front of the Highlands,

ou, as in our ; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng ; Ģ, like J. running from Argyleshire, on the Atlantic, across the island, into Aberdeenshire, on the German Ocean, and then forming another ridge in a north-westerly direction, extends to the county of Moray, and the borders of Inverness. There appears, however, to be considerable diversity among geographers respecting the application of the name Grampian. The term is not used by the natives of that part of Britain. It is derived from the Mons Grampius, mentioned by Tacitus in his Agricola. In its most extensive application, it appears to comprehend all the mountain ranges N. of a line drawn from the Frith of Clyde to the Frith of Tay, thus including all the higher mountains of Scotland. Ben Nelvis, in Inverness-shire, is the highest of the Grampian system, and of all the mountains in Great Britain, rising 4,368 ft. above the level of the sea. Ben Mac Dhu, situated in the W. part of Aberdeenshire, is second only to Ben Nevis, having an elevation of 4,305 ft. above the sea; Ben Cruachan (crool-Kan), in Argyleshire, S. of Loch Etive, is 3,669 ft. high. Ben Lo-mond, in Stirlingshire, is perhaps the best known of the mountains of Scotland, on account of its forming the southern extremity of the Highlands. It rises 3,197 ft. above the level of the sea. Ben Ven-u', in Perthshire, extends along the southern shores of Loch Katrine, and presents the most striking features in the picturesque scenery for which that lake is so remarkable. Ben Vorlich (vor/-lik) or Voirlich, in Perthshire, is second only to Ben Venu, among all the mountains of Scotland, for wild and variegated scenery. GRAN, grån, (Hung. Esztergom, es-ter-gom,) an archiepiscopal and royal free t. in the central part of Hungary, cap. of a co. of the same name, is situated on the right bank of the Danube. At the foot of the castle, which stands on an island in the river, connected with the town by a flying bridge, is an establishment for warm baths. Lat. 47° 47′ N., Lon. 18° 45′ E. Pop. about 10,950. (P. C.)

GRANADA, gran-a/-da,* (Sp. pron. grå-nå/-Då,) a kingdom or prov. of Spain, in Andalusia, bordering on Murcia and the Mediterranean. It is sometimes called Upper Andalusia.

GRANADA, an archiepiscopal city of Spain, the cap. of the above, is situated near the river Genil (Hà-neel'), in the midst of a plain celebrated for its fertility and for its delicious climate. This town was built by the Saracens, in the 10th century. After the overthrow of the kingdom of Cordova, Granada became, in 1238, the cap. of the new kingdom and the last bulwark of the Moslems in Spain. Towards the close of the Moorish dominion, its population amounted to 400,000 (B.), and, in 1491, its walls were defended against the armies of Ferdinand and Isabella, by 100,000 men; but it was at last reduced, on the second day of the year 1492. The Alhambra, formerly the palace and fortress of the Moslem kings, an edifice of almost unequalled magnificence, is

This accentuation not only corresponds with the Spanish, but is supported by the usage of nearly all our best poets (see Int. I.); nevertheless, in the "carefully revised" edition of Stewart's Modern Geography, published at Edinburgh in 1843, the name is thrice given with the accent on the first syllable.

Fate, får, fall, fất; mẻ, mét; pine or pine, pin; nỏ, nốt; ðo as in good : justly regarded as the finest existing monument of Moorish architecture. Granada possesses a number of literary institutions, among which the University stands pre-eminent. Lat. 37° 17′ N., Lon. 3° 50′ W. Pop. computed at 80,000. (B.)

GRANADA, NEW. See NEW GRANADA.

Grand Isle, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Vt. Pop. 4,145. Co. t. North Hero.

GRAND RIVER. See OTTAWA.

GRAND RIVER, a r. of Mich., which flows into L. Michigan.

GRAND RIVER, a r. which rises in Iowa, and, flowing through the N. part of Missouri, falls into the r. Missouri.

GRANGER, grane/-jer, a co. in the N. E. part of Tenn., between the Holston and Clinch rivers. Pop. 12,370. Co. t. Rutledge.

GRANT, a co. in the N. part of Ky., a little E. of the Kentucky r. Pop. 6,531. Co. t. Williamstown.

GRANT, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ind., a little S. of the Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. 11,092. Co. t. Marion.

GRANT, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Wisconsin. P. 16,170. GRANT/-HẠM, a t. of England, in Lincolnshire, about 100 m., in a straight line, N. by W., from London. Pop. of the parish, 4,683.

GRAN-VILLE, a co. in the N. part of N. C., bordering on Virginia. Pop. 21,249. Co. Oxford.

GRANVILLE, grån-vill', an important seaport t. of France, in the dep. of Manche. Lat. 48° 50' N., Lon. 1° 36′ W. Pop. in 1832, 7,350. (P. C.)

GRASSE, gråss, a t. of France, in the dep. of Var, with a college and some other institutions. Lat. 43° 39′ N., Lon. 6° 55′ E. Pop. in 1832, 7,552. (P. C.)

GRATIOT, grash/-e-ot, a co. in the S. central part of Mich.

GRÄTZ, grets, the cap. of Styria, as well as of a circle of its own name, is situated on the r. Mur (moor), a branch of the Drave, about 90 m. S. S. W. of Vienna. This place holds a distinguished rank among the towns of Austria, as a seat of literature and science. Among its institutions may be mentioned the University, attended by from 300 to 350 students; the Public Library, one of the richest in the empire; and an institution called the Johanneum, named in honour of the Archduke John, by whom it was founded in 1811. Lat. 47° 4′ N., Lon. 15° 27 E. Pop. above 40,000. (B.)

GRAUDENZ, grou/-dênts, a t. and fortress of Prussia, situated on the Vistula, 60 m. S. of Dantzic. It has a progymnasium and a large house of correction, serving for the whole of W. Prussia. Pop., exclusive of the military and the prisoners, 5,500. (B.)

GRAVELINES, gråv`-leen', a fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, on the r. Aa, near its mouth. Lat. 50° 59' N., Lon. 2° 8' E. GRAVES, a co. near the W. extremity of Ky., bordering on TennesPop. 11,397. Co. t. Mayfield. GRAVES -END', a t. of England, in Thames, about 20 m. E. of London.

see.

Kent, on the right bank of the
It is the common landing place

ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; TH, as in this ; N, nearly like ng ; G, like j. for seamen and strangers, in their passage to the metropolis. Here every outward-bound vessel must come to anchor, to be examined and obtain its clearance; in like manner, every vessel coming up the river must be examined by the custom-house officers, a number of whom are constantly stationed here. Pop. 6,414.

GRAY-SON, a co. in the S. W. part of Va., intersected by New River, and bordering on North Carolina. Pop. 6,677. Seat of justice, Grayson c. h.

GRAYSON, a co. in the W. central part of Ky., a little N. of Green River. Pop. 6,837. Co. t. Litchfield.

GREAT BRITAIN, (Anc. Al/bion, afterwards Britannia or Britannia Major-major, i. e. "greater," being added, in order to distinguish it from Brittany, which was also sometimes called Britannia or Britannia Minor, i. e. "Lesser Britain,") the largest island of Europe, containing the countries of England, Wales, and Scotland. Lizard Point, the most southern part, is in Lat. 49° 57′ 30′′ N; Dunnet Head, in Caithness, the most northern point, in Lat. 58° 41' N. The most eastern point is Lowestoft, on the coast of Norfolk, 1° 46′ E. Lon. The most western, Airdnamurchan Point, in the N. part of Argyleshire, Scotland, is in 6° 13' W. Lon. The distance from Lizard Point to Dunnet Head, is about 608 m. The greatest breadth of the island, from Land's-end to the most eastern part of Kent, is about 311 m. Area 83,827 sq. m. The pop., according to the census of 1851. amounts to 20,919,531. Great Britain contains, in all, 84 counties, of which 40 belong to England,* 12 to Wales, and 32 to Scotland.‡ Great Britain and Ireland form together what is termed the United Kingdom, of which London is the capital. The government is a limited hereditary monarchy. The legislative power is vested in the parliament, consisting of the king, the house of lords, and the house of commons. The king is regarded as the fountain of justice and the supreme head of the church. He is the commander-in-chief of all the forces of the empire, both on land and sea. To him belongs the exclusive prerogative of granting pardons and of commuting punishments. The house of lords consists of the temporal peers of England, who are hereditary, the elective peers of Scotland and Ireland, the bishops of England, and four Irish lords

* Bedford, Berks, Bucks (or Buckinghamshire), Cambridge, Chester (or Cheshire), Cornwall, Cumberland, Derby, Devon. Dorset, Durham, Essex, Gloucester, Hereford, Hertford, Huntingdon, Kent, Lancaster (or Lancashire), Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex, Monmouth, Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland, Nottingham, Oxford, Rutland, Salop (or Shropshire), Somerset, Southampton (or Hampshire), Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, Warwick, Westmoreland, Wilts, Worcester, York.

† Anglesey, Brecon (or Brecknockshire), Cardigan, Caermarthen, Caernarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Glamorgan, Merioneth, Montgomery, Pembroke, Radnor.

Aberdeen, Argyle (or Argyll), Ayr, Banff, Berwick, Bute, Caithness, Clack mannan, Dumbarton, Dumfries, Edinburgh, Elgin (or Moray), Fife, Forfar, Had dington, Inverness, Kincardine, Kinross, Kirkcudbright, Lanark, Linlithgow, Nairn, Orkney and Shetland, Peebles, Perth, Renfrew, Ross and Cromarty, Roxburgh, Selkirk, Stirling, Sutherland, Wigtown.