Fåte, får, fåll, fât; mẻ, met; pine or pine, pin; nỏ, nôt; ōō as in good;

N. W., in contradistinction to the Lowlands, which occupy the S. and S. E. districts. The appellation of Highlands extends also to the Hebrides or Western Isles.

HIGHLANDS, a mountainous region of N. Y., lying on both sides of the Hudson, in the cos. of Orange, Putnam, and Dutchess, remarkable for its picturesque and romantic scenery.

HIGHTOWER. See ETOWAH.

HILDBURGHAUSEN, hilt'-boŎRG-houl-zen, a t. of Germany, in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, formerly the cap. of SaxeHildburghausen, is situated on the Werra. Lat. 50° 25' N., Lon. 10° 40' E. Pop. about 4,000. (B.)

HILDESHEIM, hil'-des-hime`, a t. of Germany, in Hanover, cap. of a principality of the same name, containing a Roman Catholic and a Protestant gymnasium, and several other institutions for education. Lat. 52° 9' N., Lon. 9° 56' E. Pop. 13,100. (P. C.)

HILLS-BO-ROUGH, a co. in the S. part of N. H., intersected by the Merrimack, and bordering on Mass. Pop. 57,477. Co. t. Amherst. HILLSBOROUGH, a co. in the W. part of the peninsula of Florida, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 2,377.

HILLS-DALE, a co. in the S. of Mich., bordering on Ind. and Ohio. Pop. 16,159. Co. t. Jonesville.

HIMALAYAS, him-a-lil-az, or HIMALAYA MOUNTAINS, extend along the N. E. border of Hindostan, and are situated between 27° and 35° N. Lat., and 73° and 98° E. Lon. The Dhawalaghiri (da-wal'-a-gher/re), in about 29° N. Lat., and between 83° and 84° E. Lon., is supposed to be the highest of the Himalayas, and of all the mountains in the world, having an elevation of 4,390 toises, or above 28,000 English ft. The Himalayas are also frequently called the HIMMALEH (him-mål-lçh) MOUNTAINS. Himalaya is a Sanscrit word, signifying the “abode of frost or snow." Imaus, the name under which at least a part of this vast mountain range appears to have been known to the ancients, had, according to Pliny, a similar signification.

HIN-DOS-TAN, (i. e. in Persian, the "country of the Hindoos"), an extensive country in the S. of Asia, between 8° 4′ and 35° N. Lat., and 67° and 91° E. Lon., extending from Cape Comorin, on the S., to the Himalaya Mountains on the N., and from the head of the Bay of Bengal, on the E., to the western border of the valley of Indus, on the W. The length, from N. to. S., is near 1,900 m.; breadth, from E. to W., between 1,400 and 1,500 m. The eastern boundary is not definitely fixed. If, as some propose, we allow the possessions of the East India Company to determine its extent in that quarter, we shall obviously violate the natural though somewhat vague distinction between India Proper and Farther India, since, in that case, we must comprise within the limits of Hindostan, a considerable part of that region styled "the Peninsula beyond the Ganges," or "India beyond the Ganges." Malte Brun, who is justly regarded as one of the highest authorities in questions relating to geography, considers that region "which is watered by the Ganges and its tributaries," as properly belonging to Hindostan,

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. while he appears to include all the country immediately E. of this, in that division of Asia which he calls Chin India. It will be perceived that this is much the same as if he had made the head of the Bay of Bengal the eastern limit of Hindostan. The area of Hindostan is estimated at above 1,000,000 sq. m. The number of inhabitants is computed to exceed one hundred millions. (E. G.) According to MalteBrun, the population of Hindostan is not less than 134,000,000; the P. C. estimates it at between 110,000,000 and 120,000,000. A large portion of this vast country is subject to the English. The East India Company shares with the king of Great Britain the sovereignty over almost all the provinces which combine to form the Anglo-Indian empire. This company, without possessing the title, enjoys nearly all the rights of royalty. Its authority, however, is dependent on the British Parliament, to which the officers of the East India government are directly responsible. The territory, under the administration of the company, is divided into three governments, designated as the presidency of Bengal, the presidency of Madras, and the presidency of Bombay. The inhabitants of Hindostan may be divided into three principal classes, viz.: the aborigines, the Asiatics of foreign extraction, and the Europeans. The first, or Hindoos, strictly speaking, are by far the most numerous. They are characterized by a multitude of peculiar customs and institutions, many of which appear to have been in existence from the most remote antiquity. Of these, one of the most remarkable is the distinction of caste. The Hindoo writers recognise four pure and original castes, viz.: the brah/-mins or priests; the kshatriyas (shat-re-ås) or soldiers, including the princes and sovereigns; the vaisyas (vil-se-ås), consisting of agriculturists and shepherds; and the sudras (sool-drås) or labourers. Besides these four original classes, there are a great number of impure races which have sprung from the mixture of the pure castes. One of the best known is that of the pariahs (på/-re-ås), who form a very numerous class. They are among the most abject of all the people of Hindostan, and are often subjected to the most cruel and degrading servitude. The different races are kept distinct from each other by the most rigorous laws. No person, whatever be his merit or genius, can, in any case, rise above the caste in which he is born, though he may forfeit his birth-right by certain misdemeanors and crimes. It is not however, true, as has been frequently asserted, that every individual is obliged to marry in his own caste. A man is allowed to choose his wife out of any of the castes beneath him, but not from those above him. Thus a Brahmin may lawfully marry the daughter of a Sudra, though the offspring of such a marriage does not inherit the father's rank, but belongs to one of the mixed races. But a Sudra cannot form a legal marriage with the daughter of a Brahmin; and children sprung from such a union are considered far inferior in rank to those of a Brahmin and a Sudra woman. The ancient religion of the Hindoos is peculiar, and, in some respects, very remarkable; but

* From the Portuguese word casta, i. e. “race."

S

Fåte, får, fåll, fåt; mẻ, met; pine or pine, pin; no, not; ôò as in good, we must refer the reader to other sources for information on this point. as our limits will not permit us to enter upon a subject so intricate and extensive. We may, however, observe, that with the exception of the Brahmins, a majority of whom still adhere to the ancient faith, the sects into which the Hindoos are at present divided, are of comparatively modern origin; and that the various political changes resulting formerly, from the Mahometan, and, more lately, from the European conquests, by diminishing the authority of the Brahmins, have greatly contributed to the rise of new systems of belief among the common people, as well as facilitated the introduction of the religion of other nations. The number of Mahometans in Hindostan may be vaguely estimated at about 10,000,000. Most of these are supposed to be the descendants of Asiatic foreigners. It appears, however, that many of the Hindoos, without fully embracing the Moslem faith, have allowed their original doctrines and practices to be considerably modified by it. The two religions in some parts are on perfectly friendly terms, and the people apply frequently to one another's saints and deities, when their own appear to fail. The European inhabitants of Hindostan may be estimated at about 2,000,000. They are chiefly the descendants of Portuguese. The British, though they are in actual possession of nearly one-half of the country, and dictate to more than three-fourths of it, are said not to exceed 60,000.-Adj. and inhab. HIN-DOO. HINDUSTANI OF HINDOSTANEE, hin-dos-tå'-ne, is an epithet applied to the language adopted after the Mahometan conquest, as the general means of communication between the Hindoos and MahometIt is based on an original Hindoo dialect, with which, however, many Persian and Arabic words have become incorporated.

ans.

HINDS, hindz, a co. in the W. part of Miss., between the Pearl and Big Black rivers. Pop. 25,340. Co. seat, Raymond.

HISPANIOLA. See HAYTI.

HO-ANG-HO* or whang'-ho', (i. e. the "Yellow River," so named from the colour which the yellow clay along its banks gives to its waters,) one of the largest rivers of China, which rises near 35° N. Lat. and 98° E. Lon., and, after flowing in a very circuitous course, in which it passes beyond 41° N. Lat., empties itself into the Yellow Sea, in about 33° 50′ N. Lat., and 120° 10′ E. Lon. Its length is estimated at 2,400 m.

HO-BART TOWN (commonly pronounced by the colonists Hob/-ar-ton), the cap. of the British colony of Van Diemen's Land, is situated on the estuary of the r. Derwent, in the S. E. part of the island. Lat. 42° 54' S., Lon. 147° 27′ E. Pop. estimated at 10,000. (B.)

HO-BO-KEN, in the co. of Bergen, N. J., on the Hudson, opposite to New York, is chiefly remarkable as a place of resort for the inhabi. tants of that city.

# " By Oton-tala, like a sea of stars,

The hundred sources of HOANG-HO burst."

SOUTHEY'S Thalaba, Bock VI.

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng.

HOCK-ING, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, intersected by a river of the same name, which flows into the Ohio r. Pop. 14,119. Co. t. Logan. Hōr, a manufacturing t. of Bavaria, on the r. Saale, near its source. Lat. 50° 17′ N., Lon. 11° 53′ E. Pop. about 7,000. (B.)

HOHENZOLLERN, ho`-en-tsol/-lern, a sovereign principality of Germany, lying on both sides of the Danube, surrounded by Baden and Würtemberg, and intersected by the 48th parallel of N. Lat. and the 9th meridian of E. Lon. It is divided into Hohenzollern-Sigmaring/en, and Hohenzollern-Hechingen (hex/-ing.en), which belong to two different branches of the house of Hohenzollern. The total area is 580 sq. m. Pop. 64,420; about two-thirds of whom belong to Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. (P. C.) Sigmaringen, a little town on the Danube, with a pop. of 1,600 (B.), is the capital of this principality. Hechingen is the capital of the other division.

HOL-BEACH, a small t. of England, in Lincolnshire, 90 m. N. of London.

HOL-LAND, (Dutch pron. hol/-lånt; originally Ollant, i. e. "muddy or marshy land,") a kingdom in the W. of Europe, situated between 50° 45′ and 53° 30′ N. Lat., and 3° 20′ and 7° 8′ E. Lon., (not including the province of Luxemburg;) bounded on the N. by the North Sea, E. by Germany, S. by Belgium, and W. by the North Sea. Its greatest length, from N. to S., is about 185 m.; its greatest breadth, from E. to W., is about 120 m. The area is about 11,000 sq. m. The pop., in 1839, was 2,583,271. (P. C.) According to the census of 1844, it is stated to be 2,953,618. The face of this country is remarkably flat and low, some parts lying even below the level of the sea, against the inroads of which, they are protected partly by immense dikes or artificial banks of earth, and partly by sand-hills cast up by the ocean. From this natural peculiarity the name Netherlands, i. e. "Lowlands," is derived. Holland is divided into twelve provinces; viz., Brabant (North), Drenthe, Friesland, Gelders, Groningen, North and South Holland, Limburg, Luxemburg, Overyssel, Utrecht, and Zealand. The Hague is the ordinary residence of the king and court.-Adj. DUTCH; inhab. DUTCH-MAN OF HOL-LAND-ER.

HOLLAND, an important prov. of the above kingdom, bordering on the North Sea, which has given its name to the whole country. It is divided into North and South Holland. Pop. of the former, 22,503; of the latter, 503,354. (P. C.)

HOLMES, a co. in the N. W. central part of Miss., bordering on the Yazoo r. Pop. 13,928. Co. seat, Lexington.

HOLMES, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ohio. Pop. 20,452. Co. t. Millersburg.

HOLSTEIN, hol-stine, a duchy in the N. of Germany, belonging to Denmark, situated between 53° 30′ and 54° 26' N. Lat., and 8° 46′ and 11° 7 E. Lon. Area, 3,250 sq. m. Pop. in 1835, 435,596. (P. C.) Glückstadt is the capital.

HOL-STON, a r. which rises in the Alleghany Mountains of Va.. and flowing into Tenn., unites with the Tennessee r.

Fåte, får, fåll, fât; mẻ, met; plne or pine, pin; nò, nôt; ŏŏ as in good,

HOLT, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Mo. Pop. 3,957. HOLYHEAD, hol/-e-hed', a seaport t. of Wales, situated on a small island of the same name, at the western extremity of the island of Anglesey, with which it is connected by a suspension bridge of cast iron. It is the station of the post-office packets, which sail daily between this port and Dublin. Lat. 53° 19′ N., Lon. 4° 37′ W. Pop. 3,869.

HOL-Y-WELL, a flourishing manufacturing t. of Wales, in Flintshire, situated near the S. side of the estuary of the r. Dee, about 10 m. E. of St. Asaph. The machinery belonging to the manufacturing establishments of this place, is for the most part worked by a stream which issues from the Holy Well of St. Winifred, once so celebrated for the healing virtue of its waters. This spring boils up out of the rock with violence, as from a cauldron, and is said to discharge above 20 tons of water in a minute. It was formerly resorted to by a great number of pilgrims. Pop. of the parish, 10,834.

HOMBURG. See HESSE-HOMBURG.

HOмS OF HUMS (Anc. Em'esa), a decayed t. of Syria, situated near the Orontes. Lat. 34° 50′ N., Lon. 36° 39′ E.

HONDA, on'-då, a t. of S. America, in New Granada, situated on the r. Magdalena. Lat. 5° 12' N., Lon. 74° 53′ W. Pop. estimated at above 5,000. (B.)

HONDURAS, hon-doo/-rås, one of the states of Central America, situated S. of, and bordering on the Bay of Honduras. Comayagua is the capital.

HONDURAS, BAY OF, is situated on the E. coast of Central America, between the Cape of Honduras, near 16° N. Lat. and 86° W. Lon., and Cape Catoche (kå-to-chå), in about 21° 35′ N. Lat., and 87° W. Lon. HONFLEUR, ON-AUR', a seaport t. of France, in the dep. of Calvados, situated on the left bank of the Seine, almost at its mouth. Lat. 49° 25' N., Lon. 0° 14′ E. Pop. in 1832, 8,409. (P. C.)

HONITON, hun/-e-ton, a small t. of England, in Devonshire, 16 m. E. by N. from Exeter. Pop. of the parish, 3,895.

HONOLULU. See OAHU.

HOOG-LY, an important arm of the Ganges, on which Calcutta is situated. It is navigable for ships only as far as the tide reaches; that is, about 30 m. above Calcutta. Near this town, its breadth is about three-quarters of a mile, but at its mouth it amounts to near 10 m.

HOORN, hōRn, an important seaport t. of North Holland, the cap. of a dist. of the same name, with the best harbour on the Zuyder Zee. Lat. 52° 38′ N., Lon. 5° 1′ E. Pop. 10,000. (B.)

HOP/-KINS, a co. in the W. part of Ky., bordering on Green r. Pop. 12,441. Co. t. Madisonville.

HORN, CAPE. See CAPE HORN.

HOR/-RY, a dist. forming the E. extremity of S. C. Pop. 7,646. Sea of justice, Conwayborough.

HORS/-HAM, a small t. of England, in Sussex, 33 m. S. by W. from London.

HORTA. See FAYAL.