five delegates were present, representing 140 churches and 2,800 members, all the result of a mission which was began under American auspices in 1834. The publishing business of the convention was represented as being in a flourishing condition. Six thousand dollars had been raised during the past three years for the theological school. The convention resolved to celebrate the semi-centennial anniversary of the mission in 1884, by establishing a fund for invalid preachers.

BARNARD, JOHN GROSS, born in Sheffield, Mass., May 19, 1815; died at Detroit, Mich., May 16, 1882. General Barnard received a good rudimentary education, and at the age of fourteen was admitted as a cadet in the United States Military Academy at West Point. After graduating he was brevetted second-lieutenant of the Corps of Engineers, and soon was sent to the Gulf coast, where, as assistant and principal engineer, he was engaged on the fortifications of Pensacola and New Orleans. He was also employed on various harbor improvements until the war with Mexico called him to active service. He superintended the construction of the defenses of Tampico, and surveyed the battle-fields about the city of Mexico. For his "meritorious conduct while serving in the enemy's country," he was brevetted major on May 30, 1848. Two years after he was appointed chief of a scientific commission to survey the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, with a view to the construction of a railroad across it. He was next employed in improving the mouths of the Mississippi River. He was superintendent of the United States Military Academy from 1855 to 1856, and then was in charge of the fortifications of New York Harbor.

At the outbreak of the war General Barnard served as chief-engineer of the Department of Washington from April to July, 1861, and then as chief-engineer to General McDowell in the first Bull Run campaign. Next, with the rank of brigadier-general, he acted as chiefengineer to the Army of the Potomac in the Virginia peninsular campaign of 1862. When the Confederate army invaded Eastern Virginia, he was appointed chief-engineer of the defenses of Washington. D. C. In January, 1864, he was appointed chief-engineer, and was on the staff of General Grant in the Richmond campaign. At the end of the war he was made brevet major-general, United States Army, "for gallant and meritorious services in the field," and soon promoted colonel in the Corps of Engineers. The President nominated him, on the death of General Totten, to succeed the latter as brigadier-general and chief of engineers in April, 1864; but, at General Barnard's request, the nomination was withdrawn before the Senate had taken any action on it. He was made a member of the Joint Board of Army and Navy Officers on Harbor Defenses, Torpedoes, etc., and served as senior member of the Board of Engineers for PerVOL. XXII.-5 A

manent Fortifications, and also as a member of the United States Light-house Board. General Barnard was not only a brave soldier, but an eminent scientist and author. He wrote a number of valuable works, among which are: "Survey of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec," 1852; "Phenomena of the Gyroscope," 1858; "Dangers and Defenses of New York," 1859; "Notes on Sea-coast Defense," 1861; "The Confederate States of America and the Battle of Bull Run," 1862; "Reports of the Engineer and Artillery Operations of the Army of the Potomac," 1863; "Eulogy on General Totten," 1866; and many scientific and military memoirs and reports. The University of Alabama conferred on him the degree of A. M. in 1838, and in 1864 he was made LL. D. of Yale College. He was also a corporator of the National Academy of Sciences.

BEER. According to recent statistics, the total annual production of beer is, in round numbers, 3,675,000,000 gallons. The countries producing the greatest amount of beer are as follows:

The greatest amount of beer consumed per head of population is in Bavaria and Würtemberg; then com.e England, Belgium, Saxony, Austria, United States. In Austro-Hungary the beer-tax amounted to $10,000,000 in 1881, and in Germany to $4,500,000.

A new beer-tax went into operation in Great Britain on October 1, 1880. While the tax was formerly imposed on the amount of the grain used, it is now estimated on the specific gravity of the unfermented beer, called wort, in such a manner that a tax of 68. 3d. is imposed on every barrel of thirty-six gallons, of a specific gravity of 10'57. Heavier or lighter beers are to be taxed more or less pro rata. Besides this tax, every brewer must pay £1 per annum for a license. Brewers are permitted to use any materials they see fit. On beer which is exported the tax is remitted. The brewing for private use is not taxed, provided the annual rent of such private brewer, or its estimated value, does not exceed £15. Beer brewed under this condition can not be sold. The only charge put on a private brewer is an annual license-fee of 68. The report for the first year of the new tax, from October 1, 1880, to September 30, 1881, showed that there were 17,110 brewers in the United Kingdom, who paid taxes to the amount of £8,498,044, 28. 5d. It appeared from the re

in the Senate they have a majority of seven instead of four. The latest programme of the Clerical party embraces among other points the abolition of the Ministry of Instruction, and the solution of the educational question by the introduction of the English voluntary system. The continual deficit in the public accounts will disappear with the contraction of the state school establishment. The Clericals propose, when they come into power, to extend the electoral franchise, and to secure the selfgovernment of the provinces and the communes which is threatened under the Liberal régime of Frère Orban, the present President of the Council. The diplomatic relations with the Papal court would naturally be speedily resumed.

LEGISLATION.-Dissension arose among the Liberals over the question of the property qualification for suffrage, which is the payment of forty francs in taxes. The Clericals demanded a reassessment, which would increase the number of rural voters, which was accorded. A portion of the Liberal party proposed instead the amendment of the Constitution and the substitution of an educational test.

An extradition treaty has been concluded with the United States, in which for the first time in such an instrument the attempted assassination of a ruler is made an extraditable offense.

Sainctelette, the Minister of Public Works, who retired in July, on account of his health, introduced the practice of employing women in the railroad, postal, and telegraph services. The innovation found many indignant opponents, but his successor, Olin, is determined to make it successful.

FINANCES.-The Chambers have authorized various loans, amounting in all to 209,015,124 francs, at three per cent interest. Rothschilds and Belgian banking-honses took 133,000,000 franes at 82 per cent of the par value. The budget for 1883 places the revenues at 300,153,390 francs, 3,505,681 francs more than the expenditures authorized for 1882; and the expenditures at 312,566,885 francs-that is, 12,413,495 francs more than the revenues. Among the items are 104,433,556 francs for public works, 88,805,919 francs for interest on the public debt, 44,727,300 francs for army and navy, 20,474,734 francs for public instruction, 16,051,411 francs for the administration of justice, 15,649,980 francs for the department of finances, 10,090,580 francs for internal administration, 3,496,900 francs for the gendarmery, and 2,335,830 francs for the foreign department.

BLANC, JEAN JOSEPH LOUIS, French statesman, historian, and socialistic theorist, died December 6th, at Cannes. He was born at Madrid, October 28, 1813. His father was financial overseer under King Joseph, his mother a Spanish lady of earnest temperament, belonging to the family of Pozzo di Borgo, whose

hostility to Napoleon she shared. The family were ruined in fortune by the Revolution of 1830. Louis was recalled from his studies to Paris and became a clerk in a lawyer's office. In 1832 he became tutor in a family residing in Arras. Returning to the capital in 1834, he entered upon a journalistic career, contributing to journals of radical tendencies, like "Le Bon Sens," the "Revue Républicaine," which was suppressed in 1835 by Thiers, and the "Nouvelle Minerve." He was editor of the first periodical from 1836 to 1838, and left it because the proprietors objected to his writing in favor of the nationalization of the railroads. He established "La Revue du Progrès,” in which he advocated socialistic ideas, and proposed the organization of a league of democratic associations. He was waylaid by masked men, who beat him and left him for dead, shortly after the appearance of an article in praise of Bonapartist liberalism. It was popularly believed that the police were concerned in the outrage. The notion that he was a martyr for his opinions greatly extended the influence of Louis Blanc, whose admirable style and originality of thought had already won him many readers. After his recovery he wrote his essays on "The Organization of Labor." In these not only the doctrines of French communism were unfolded in a more convincing and captivating form than previously, but a practical scheme for their accomplishment was presented which has remained to this day the goal of French socialism. They were issued in book form in 1841, in which year was published also the "History of Ten Years," a work which greatly added to his literary reputation and raised him to the position of a popular leader of the revolutionary movement against the monarchy of July. This political tract, which summed up the sins of the reign of Louis Philippe and the hopes of the French democracy, helped to precipitate the Revolution of 1848, When the revolution came, Louis Blanc, who was looked upon by the working-men as their prophet, was made a member of the Provisional Government. He secured the adoption of a law abolishing the death-penalty for political offenses, but when he enunciated some of his revolutionary projects they were received so coldly that he resigned, but resumed bis position in the Provisional Government when the opportunity of carrying out the experiment of the organization of labor was offered him as a bait to the masses who were ripe for a social revolution. He called together the Labor Commission, of which he was appointed president, in the Luxembourg Palace, and invited before it masters and laborers. When the workingmen of Paris saw the delusive character of the revolution, they called upon Louis Blanc to assume the dictatorship. By declining, he lost his power over them. He was elected a member of the National Assembly. He brought forward the law repealing the sentence of exile against the Bonaparte family. After the Po

land demonstration he was accused of plotting it, and after the June insurrection the charge was revived, and the Assembly voted to proscribe him. He fled to England, where he lived in exile until 1870. He corresponded with French newspapers, and continued his "History of the French Revolution," the first volumes of which had appeared before the February Revolution, during his long banishment. In 1865 he married Christina Groh, an accomplished Englishwoman. His "Letters on England" were collected and published. He wrote "Historical Revelations" to correct Lord Normanby's account of the Revolution of 1848. After his return to France, Louis Blanc was no longer the extremist who proposed to reform society in 1848. He was elected a member of the National Assembly in February, 1871. The socialists looked to him for a leader, but when he became a follower of Thiers his political influence was gone, but not the reverence with which the radicals regarded their teacher.

Louis Blanc was an unimpressive orator, being a small man of juvenile appearance and a thin voice. In conversation he was entertaining, and mild and agreeable in manners. It is reported that when his attempted assassination occurred, on August 15, 1839, his younger brother, who became distinguished as an art critic (see OBITUARIES), had a vivid presentiment of the scene, an incident on which Dumas founded the play of "The Corsican Brothers."

BORNEO, NORTH. Borneo, the largest island in the world after Australia, is one of the Malay Archipelago, and lies under the equator, with the 114th meridian of eastern longitude passing through its center. The northeast corner of the island, a tract about 18,000 square miles in area, with a coast-line of about 500 miles, and containing two natural harbors equal to any in the world, has been brought practically under the dominion of the British crown by the intermediation of a commercial company called the British North Borneo Company.

Spain has long laid claim to the sovereignty of this portion of Borneo, together with the islands of the Sooloo Archipelago. In 1836 the Sultan of Sooloo made his submission to the Spanish crown by a treaty. By another act, signed in 1851, he acknowledged all his territories to be integral parts of the Spanish dominions. In 1849 Sir James Brooke attempted to conclude a treaty with the Sultan, but in deference to the Spanish protests it was never ratified. In 1870 the Sultan of Sooloo rebelled, and a desultory war was carried on until 1877, during which Spain declared a blockade and stopped some German and British vessels. A diplomatic dispute ensued, which ended in the signature of a protocol waiving the right to obstruct commerce. The mooted question of Sovereignty was purposely left unmentioned. In 1878 Spain reduced the rebellious vassal,

and exacted a new declaration of allegiance, recognizing her sovereignty over the Sooloo Archipelago and its dependencies. This time the British Government saw fit to enter a protest against the Spanish protectorate.

In the mean time, while the Sultan of Sooloo was in rebellion against his sovereign, Baron Overbeck, an Austrian, with financial means provided by Alfred Dent, a tea-merchant of Shanghai, had obtained from this potentate and the Sultan of Brunei a formal cession of sovereign and proprietary rights over all North Borneo. The agent of the adventurous British merchant had first bought out an American company which held a commercial concession from the Sultan of Brunei. He then acquired from the latter all his rights in the territory for the sum of $5,000. The ruler de facto, and, in virtue of grants from the Sultan of Brunei, de jure, was the Sultan of Sooloo. Overbeck went to him and received, six months before he capitulated to the Spaniards, the cession of all his domains in Borneo, in consideration of an annual payment of a few thousand dollars. The bestowal of exclusive privileges would be in violation of treaty rights secured to citizens of the United States. Accordingly, the Sultan of Brunei was called to account by the American Government, and replied that Dent and Overbeck's cession was subject to the treaty stipulations.

Dent applied to the British Government for a charter of incorporation in 1878. Lord Salisbury, in objecting to the assertion of sovereign rights in North Borneo by Spain, disclaimed any intention to establish British rule in Borneo. The Government of the Netherlands protested against the adoption of the acts of the company by the British Government, because a good portion of the territory lay within the boundaries of the Dutch dominions, and because a treaty, made in 1824, precluded England from assuming sovereign powers in these regions.

The charter was granted by the succeeding Government in November, 1881. By the terms of the charter the company can not transfer the benefits of their grants without the sanction of the British Government. They are bound to discourage and, if practicable, abolish by degrees the institution of slavery. The appointment of the chief officer of the company in the island is made subject to the approval of the crown authorities. The cultivation and sale of opium are subjected to certain limitations.

The authority transferred by the two Sultans to Dent and his associate, and vested by them in the joint-stock company, is of the most absolute and unlimited character. They were constituted the rulers of these wide domains, and proprietors of the soil, with the power of life and death over the 150,000 inhabitants, the rights to coin money, to levy an army, and to impose taxes and customs. They possess these sovereign rights under the titles of Maharajah of Sabah, or North Borneo, Rajah of Gaya

and Sandakan, and Datu Bandahara. The treaty gives them authority to acquire, by purchase or other means, other lands besides those ceded.

The company took formal possession of the territory soon after receiving the grants in 1877. A deputy of each of the Sultans accompanied the representative of the association on a voyage around the coast. In each of the six places at which they landed the chiefs and people were called together to listen to a proclamation announcing the grant, and enjoining them to obey the new authorities. The company established factories at several points on the coast. The results of the new rule were salutary. Trade and production were stimulated, and piracy decreased rapidly.

BRAZIL (IMPERIO DO BRAZIL). (For details relating to area, territorial divisions, population, etc., reference may be made to the "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1878.)

The Emperor is Dom Pedro II, born December 2, 1825; proclaimed April 7, 1831; regency antil July 23, 1840; crowned July 18, 1841; married September 4, 1843, to Theresa Christina Maria, daughter of the late King Francis I of the Two Sicilies.

The Cabinet in 1882 was composed of the following Ministers: President of the Council and Minister of Finance, Councilor A. S. C. Martinho; Interior, Councilor R. E. S. Dantas; Justice, Councilor M. S. Mafra; Foreign Affairs, Councilor F. F. De Sa; Navy, Councilor A. C. De Rocha; War, Councilor A. A. M. Penna; Public Works, Commerce, and Agriculture, Councilor M. A. De Aranjo.

The Council of State was composed of the following members in ordinary: The Princess Imperial, Donna Isabel; Prince Gaston d'Orléans, Count d'Eu; the Senators Viscount de Abaeté, Viscount de Muritiba, Viscount de Bom Retiro; Viscount de Jaguary; Viscount de Nictheroy, Viscount J. J. Teixeira, ViceAdmiral J. R. de Lamare, and Dr. P. J. de Soares de Souza; and of members extraordinary: Senator Viscount de Paranaguá, Senator M. P. S. Dantas, Councilor Martin Francisco, Viscount de Prados, and Councilor J. C. de Andrade.

Dr. M. Ventura B.; Paraná, Dr. C. A. de Carvalho; Pernambuco, Councilor J. L. Barroyo; Piauly, Dr. M. J. A. Castro; Rio Grande do Norte, Dr. F. G. C. Barreto; Rio de Janeiro, Dr. B. A. Gavião P.; Santa Catharina, Dr. E. F. L. Santos; São Paulo, Councilor F. C. S. Brandao; São Pedro do Sul, Dr. J. L. Godoy V.; Sergipe, Dr. J. A. do Nascimento.

The Archbishop of Bahia, the Right Rev. L. A. dos Santos (1880), is Primate of all Brazil; and there are eleven bishops: those of Pará, São Luiz, Fortaleza, Olinda, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Porto Alegre, Marianna, Diamantina, Goyaz, and Cuyabá.

ARMY.-Pursuant to the law of February 27, 1875, military service is obligatory for Brazilian subjects, while admitting numerous exemptions and substitutions. The period of service in the regular army is six years, and in the reserve three years. The strength in time of peace is 13,000; the army counted, in 1882, 1,743 officers and 11,368 men; the regulation war strength was to be fixed at 32,000.

NAVY.--The navy, in 1882, consisted of ten iron- and steel-clads, one steam-frigate, seven steam-corvettes, sixteen steam-gunboats, and five steam-transports, one sailing-corvette, and two sail-avisos, together forty-two vessels; manned by 3,587 men, carrying altogether 166 guns, and having a joint horse-power of 8,660; building, two iron- and steel-clads and one gunboat. The personnel of the navy was composed of 15 superior officers, 412 officers of the first class, 73 men forming the sanitary corps, 92 pursers, 50 guardians, and 184 machinists. Imperial Marine Corps, 2,698 men; Naval Battalion, 214 men; apprentices, 997; total, 4,735 men.

FINANCES.-The actual revenue of the empire during the fiscal year 1878-'79, according to the accounts rendered in 1882, has been 116,460,981 milreis, while the expenditure proves to have been 181,468,557.

The budget estimate for 1882-'83 is set forth as follows:

Total..

OUTLAY.

66

Justice.. Foreign Affairs

War

Navy..

66

Agriculture and Commerce Finance

Total.......

Milreis. 123,283,000 1,200,000 8,000,000

127,483,000

M'Ireis. 9,332,418 6,767,000

919,906

14,436,076

10,695,296

23.233,506

61,944,916

127,284,118

The expenditure authorized to be made during the fiscal year 1883-'84 runs up 129,823,825 milreis, and differs little in the various items from those above given. In the mean time the Government has placed on the London market a 43 per cent loan for £4,000,000, through the Messrs. Rothschild, which was placed at 89.