1883); Rabany, Carlo Goldoni: Le théâtre et la vie en Italie au XVIIIème siècle (Paris, 1896); Copping, Alfieri and Goldoni, Their Lives and Adventures (London, 1857); Lettere di Carlo Goldoni, con prefazione e note di G. M. Urbani (Venice, 1880). The most complete edition of his plays is that of Venice, 1788, republished in Florence in 1827.

GOLDS. A people of the Lower Amur and the Usuri, in Southeastern Siberia, belonging, physically and linguistically, to the Tungusic group of Siberian peoples. Deniker (1900) describes them as "of a very pure type, and having a fairly well developed ornamental art." Laufer, who visited them in 1898-99, notes the great influence of Chinese symbolism and ornamental motifs upon the art products of the Golds; the dragon and the cock seem to have been introduced thus. The Golds have a rich mythology (with many archaic words and phrases), a considerable portion of which has evidently originated in Mongolian Central Asia. From the Chinese some of the Golds have learned the art of silk-embroidery, in which they display great skill. Although fishers and hunters generally, a portion of them have taken to agriculture with not a little success. They are said to be losing of late years their individuality through the mania for Russian fashions, etc. Laufer informs us that "a tendency to rationalism, due perhaps to continuous contact with Chinese culture, is one of the distinguishing traits of the Gold's character." It is to this preponderance of intellect' that Laufer attributes the absence of many ceremonies, feasts, etc., among the Golds, and the dying out of belief in the old shamans, whose place the Russian physician now takes. Marriages of Golds and Chinese are said to be often infertile. A primitive people, under the influence of such differing cultures as the Chinese and the Russian, the Golds are of considerable ethnological importance. The best recent account of the Golds and other tribes of the Amur will be found in Schrenck, "Die Völker des Amurlandes,' vol. iii. of his Forschungen in Amurland, 1854-56 (Saint Petersburg, 1881-91); and Laufer, "The Amoor Tribes," in the American Anthropologist (New York) for 1900.

GOLDS'BORO. A city and the county-seat of Wayne County, N. C., 49 miles southeast of Raleigh; on the Southern, the Atlantic Coast Line, and the Atlantic and North Carolina railroads and on the Meuse River (Map: North Carolina, E 2). It has Hermann Park, an Odd Fellows' Orphan Home, the Eastern Insane Asylum (colored), and a State Normal School for negroes. The city is the commercial centre for an agricultural and cotton-growing section; its industrial plants include cotton-mills, oilmills, a rice mill, furniture-factories, agricultural-implement works, machine-shops, a mattress-factory, etc. Goldsboro was settled in 1838, and was incorporated three years later. Under a charter of 1901, the government is vested in a mayor, elected every two years, and a council. The water-works and electric-light plant are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 4017; in 1900, 5877.

GOLDS'BOROUGH, LOUIS MALESHERBES (1805-77). An American naval officer, born at Washington. D. C. He was appointed a midshipman in the navy in 1812, when only seven

years old, but did not enter upon active duty until 1816. He served on the Mediterranean and Pacific stations, and was promoted a lieutenant in 1825. He then spent two years in study in Paris on leave of absence. In the following year, 1827, being again on duty in the Mediterranean, he distinguished himself by rescuing an English brig which had been captured by pirates in the Grecian Archipelago. In 1833 he retired from the navy, and settled in Florida, where he recruited and commanded a company of volunteer Returning cavalry during the Seminole War. again to the navy, he was promoted commander in 1841, and served in the Mexican War, acting as executive officer of the frigate Ohio at the bombardment of Vera Cruz. In 1849 he was a member of the joint army and navy commission in California and Oregon; was superintendent of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis from 1853 to 1857, during which period (1855) he attained the grade of captain; and from 1857 to 1861 was again at sea. He was made flagofficer at the outbreak of the Civil War, and on the abolition of that rank in 1862 became rearadmiral. His first service was with the North Atlantic blockading squadron in September, 1861. He commanded the fleet which cooperated with General Burnside in his North Carolina expedition in 1862; commanded the European Squadron in 1865-67, and subsequently was commandant of the navy yards at Mare Island, California, and at Washington. In 1873 he retired from active duty as senior officer in point of length of service.

GOLDSCHMID, gōlt'shmit. See FABRICIUS,

GEORG.

GOLDSCHMIDT, ADALBERT VON (1848-1906). A German composer. He was born at Vienna, and was educated at the conservatory in that city. Although not a musician by profession, he acquired an excellent reputation as a composer, notably through his three-part cantata Die sieben Todsünden, based upon the celebrated poem by Robert Hamerling. The cantata was first performed at Berlin in 1875. In 1884 Goldschmidt brought out an opera entitled Helianthus, which was followed, in 1889, by a trilogy, Gœa.

A

GOLDSCHMIDT, HERMANN (1802-66). German painter and astronomer. He was born at Frankfort, June 17, 1802, the son of a Jewish merchant. For ten years he assisted his father in his business, and studied painting at Munich under Cornelius and Schnorr. In 1836 he established himself in Paris, where he painted a number of pictures of average merit, among which may be mentioned the "Cumaan Sibyl," an "Offering to Venus," a "View of Rome," the "Death of Romeo and Juliet," and several Alpine landscapes. In 1847 he began to devote his attention to astronomy; and from 1852 to 1861 he discovered fourteen asteroids between Mars and Jupiter, on which account he received the grand astronomical prize of the Academy of Sciences. His observations of the protuberances on the sun, made during the total eclipse on July 10, 1860, are included in the work of Mädler on the eclipse, published in 1861. He died at Fontainebleau, September 10, 1866.

GOLDSCHMIDT, JENNY LIND. See LIND,

JENNY.

GOLDSCHMIDT, MEYER AARON (1819-87). A Danish publicist and novelist, born at Vording

borg, of Jewish parents. In 1847 he founded the periodical Nord og Syd, which, under his management, became an influential political organ. In 1861 he established the weekly paper Hjemme og Ude. He was a gifted story-teller, and his descriptions of Jewish life have never been surpassed. His numerous novels and fables include: En Jöde (1845, Eng. trans. under the title The Jew of Denmark, by Mrs. Bushby, 1852); Hjemlös (1853; Eng. trans. by the author under the title Homeless; or, A Poet's Inner Life, 1861); Rabbien og Ridderen (1869); Kjärlighedshistorier fra mange Lande, a series of love-tales of various lands (1867); and Avrohmche Nattergal (1871).

GOLDSCHMIDT, OTTO (1829-). A German-English pianist, conductor, and composer. He was born at Hamburg, and was a pupil of Jakob Schmitt, Mendelssohn, and Chopin. In 1851 he accompanied Jenny Lind on her American tour, and married her at Boston in the following year. After a sojourn of three years at Dresden (185255), the couple removed to London in 1858, after which Goldschmidt was prominently identified with the musical life of the British capital. He successively became professor and vice-principal of the Royal Academy of Music (1863), and director of the Bach Choir (1876-86), a society founded by him in 1875. He also, on several occasions, conducted the celebrated Lower Rhine Festivals at Düsseldorf. Among his principal musical publications are: Ruth, an oratorio (1867); Choral-Book for England (with Julius Benedict); a pianoforte concerto, op. 10; a pianoforte trio, op. 12; and several other pianoforte compositions and songs. After the death of his wife (1887) he was instrumental in securing the publication of her biography (1891).

GOLDSINNY, or GOLDFINNY. A small, bright yellow European wrasse (Symphodus melops), frequenting rocky coasts, and sometimes taken by anglers.

GOLD'SMITH, LEWIS (c.1763-1846). An English journalist, whose parents or grandparents were Jews from Portugal. He was born in London, and was educated there for the law. A strong sympathizer with the Revolutionists in France and Poland, he used his pen in their behalf after his return to London from a Continental sojourn. In 1802 he edited at Paris a triweekly paper in the interests of Napoleon. The Emperor demanded of him services of espionage and intrigue that he refused to render, and he left his French post in 1809, establishing himself in London as a notary and journalist. He was well equipped to revile his Revolutionary associates, and did so with a free pen, attacking Napoleon's moral character, and becoming an ardent partisan of Louis XVIII. He became a disciple of Robert Owen in England. In 1825 he returned to France where he died.

An Eng

GOLDSMITH, OLIVER (1728-74). lish author. He was born in the village of Pallas, County of Longford, Ireland, November 10, 1728. His father, Rev. Charles Goldsmith, a clergyman of the Established Church, was at that time curate to the rector of Kilkenny West. When six years old, Oliver was placed in the village school kept by an old soldier, Thomas Byrne, described in "The Deserted Village." While there he suffered permanent disfigurement from a bad attack of smallpox. He subsequently at

tended other small schools, and at length entered Trinity College, Dublin, as a 'sizar,' or poor scholar (June 11, 1744). Neither at school nor at the university did he display any conspicuous talents. But he had long been interested in chapbooks and the ballads of the peasantry, and had attempted verse. Disliking his tutor and his studies, humiliated by his position, and becoming involved in a college riot, he sold his books and ran away to Cork. Through the influence of his brother Henry, he was induced to return to the university, where he was graduated B.A. (February 27, 1749). His uncle, Rev. Thomas Contarine, who had helped Goldsmith at the university, now tried to induce him to take orders; but he either declined or was rejected by the Bishop of Elphin. Thereupon he went to Cork to embark for America, but missed his ship. His uncle next gave him £50 to study law in London; but Goldsmith soon returned, having got no farther than Dublin, where he lost his money at a gaming-house. Again aided by Contarine, he succeeded in reaching Edinburgh, where he began the study of medicine in 1752; but toward the end of the next year he sailed for Leyden, and then set out on the grand tour, wandering on foot through Flanders, France, Germany, and Italy, paying while in France for the hospitality of the peasants by playing on his flute. In 1756 he returned to England with empty pockets, and soon began to practice medicine in Southwark. He quickly abandoned his profession to become, in turn, proof-reader, usher in an academy at Peckham, and then hackwriter at an adequate salary' for the Monthly Review. In 1758 he was nominated physician and surgeon in the India service, but the appointment was not confirmed; and being expost of 'hospital mate,' he was found ‘not qualiamined the same year at Surgeons' Hall for the fied.' The very clothes in which he appeared before his examiners were borrowed; and, being in great distress, he pawned them.

Besides several articles in the Monthly Review, Goldsmith had by this time translated the Memoirs of Jean Marteilhe of Bergerac (1758). In April of the next year he attracted some attention by the Enquiry into the Present State of Polite Learning in Europe. He was employed on three periodicals started in this year, writing probably all the articles for the Bee, a weekly that ran through only eight numbers. On January 24, 1760, he contributed to the Public Ledger the first of the celebrated Chinese Letters, republished two years later under the title of The Citizen of the World. In 1762 appeared also the Life of Richard Nash, the famous Bath beau. His literary work had already gained him the friendship of Bishop Percy and Dr. Johnson. In 1764 the Literary Club was founded, and Goldsmith was one of the nine original members. He was thus brought into intimacy with some of the most eminent men of the time. This year he published A History of England, in a series of letters, which was followed by "The Traveler” in 1765, a poem which placed him at once in the front rank of contemporary writers. The following year came his only novel, The Vicar of Wakefield, which, with all its faults, is one of the most delightful stories in English literature. It has passed through more than a hundred editions. Turning now to the drama, he produced The Good-Natured Man, performed at Covent Garden,

January 29, 1768. It did not meet with great favor. Disheartened, he turned again to hack work; but in 1770 he published his finest poem, "The Deserted Village." On March 15, 1773, She Stoops to Conquer, unsurpassed among later English comedies, was performed at Covent Garden, and met with instant success. Goldsmith died in his chambers at the Middle Temple, April 4, 1774, and was buried in the grounds of the Temple Church. The Literary Club erected a monument to his memory in Westminster Abbey, bearing an epitaph of Dr. Johnson. His statue stands at the portal of Trinity College, Dublin. While Goldsmith was producing his finest work, he was also compiling histories and writing reviews. Among productions not mentioned above are: The Grecian History (1774); the incomplete History of Animated Nature (1774); and the delightful poems, "Retaliation" (1774) and "The Haunch of Venison" (1776). Goldsmith was the most natural English genius of his time. He did not possess Johnson's massive intellect, nor Burke's passion and general force; but he wrote the finest poem, the most charming novel, and-with the exception perhaps of The School for Scandal-the best comedy of the period. Than his style, nothing could be more natural, simple, and graceful. For his Life, consult: Forster (London, 1848; enlarged ed. 1854); Irving (New York, 1849); Black, in English Men of Letters (London, 1879); and Dobson, in Great Writers (London, 1888); also Boswell, Life of Dr. Johnson (London, 1889); and the Wakefield edition of the Complete Works (12 vols., London, 1900).

GOLDSMITH BEETLE. A large scarabaeid beetle (Cotalpa lanigera) of the Eastern United States, allied to the dungbeetles, and golden yellow in color. It is especially fond of willow-trees, where it hides and nests among the leaves in the daytime, going abroad only at night. It deposits its large eggs singly in the soil, and the larval stages, which extend over about three years, are passed underground. The name is GOLDSMITH BEETLE applied in a more general (Cotalpa lanigera). way to all the beetles of the group Rutelinæ, of which many of the largest and most brilliantly metallic inhabit Central America. GOLDSMITH MAID. A bay trotting mare, sired by Abdallah, and famous between 1866 and 1878. In 1871 she took the mile trotting record from Dexter in 2:17; but in 1874 was beaten by Rarus (2:13).

GOLDSMITHS' NOTES. The earliest form of bank-notes; so called because goldsmiths were the first bankers.

GOLDSMITH'S WORK. Metal-work of the finest and most elaborate, though not always the most artistic sort, such as is done with gold, with electron or with silver gilt, which last is so much used in decorative art as to be admitted as a metal-the French vermeil being used in recent times in this sense alone. Goldsmith's work in cludes repoussé work (q.v.), and soldering of part to part, including the attaching of minute balls or grains of gold, a system followed very largely in antiquity. It includes also striking with the

die, and the punch, and saw-piercing, spinning, and other industrial processes especially in use in the making of cheaper and more showy work. Enameling is in use for all kinds of goldsmith's work, as an added adornment. Goldsmith's work is divisible into the two main departments of plate and jewelry or the making of vessels and receptacles of all sorts on the one hand and the making of personal adornments on the other hand. There are some pieces of work that seem to hold a place half way between these departments; thus the making of watch-cases, if they are other than plain circular cases of no elaboration of ornament, that is, if they are embossed, incrusted with enamel, or set with jewels, may be very refined goldsmith's work, hard to classify. In this connection may be mentioned the peculiar technical matter of perfect box-making, a thing which is rare in European goldsmith's work. Thus a watch-case, twelve-sided or sixteen-sided instead of round, and with four or five separate rims and edges to fit one upon another is a triumph if it has not visible flaws.

The most refined in design of all goldsmith's work is that done under Greek influence in antiquity. Not many specimens of it remain, and much of the gold found in tombs is roughly and slightly made, as if a mere simulacrum-a conferring upon the dead a mere semblance of the objects beloved during life. The few gold vases and similar large objects that have come down to us are of a period later than the central epoch of Greek art; moreover, they are generally the "finds" of explorers in remote provinces-Kertch on the Black Sea or in the Spanish Peninsula, or in the lands of the Lower Danube, like Petrossa, in Rumania. The goldsmith's work that we study most carefully for suggestions in design is that of the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance for the large pieces, like liturgical vessels, and that of the Eighteenth Century for small objects of personal use; but personal jewelry is, in the main, of modern origin in its design and manufacture. The demand for very costly stones set in a showy way by those who alone can afford to spend money liberally makes the evolution of highly organized design in metal-work very difficult. See JEWELRY.

GOLD STICK. An officer in the English Royal Body-Guard, and a captain in the Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms. They are so called because, on state occasions, they carry a gilded baton.

GOLDSTÜCKER, gölt'stu-ker, THEODOR (1821-72). A German-English Sanskrit scholar. He was born of Jewish parents at Königsberg, Prussia, and was educated at that city and in Bonn and Paris, where he was collaborator with Burnouf on the Introduction à l'histoire du Bouddhisme indien. After a visit to England and a sojourn of two years at Königsberg, he went to Berlin, where he contributed valuable material on Indian affairs to Humboldt's Kosmos. Soon afterwards he went to England, and in 1852 was appointed professor of Sanskrit at University College, London. During an activity of nearly thirty years at that institution, he did much toward the advancement of Oriental science. He was an able controversialist, but frequently permitted himself to be carried too far in his attacks on such distinguished scholars of the German school as Böhtlingk, Weber, and others. His writings include:

On the Deficiencies in the Present Administration of Hindu Law (1871); Pânini, His Place in Sanskrit Literature (1861); an anonymous translation of Krishna Miśra's Prabōdha-Chandrōdaya (Königsberg, 1842); and his posthumous edition of the Mahabhāshya (3 vols., London, 1874). Many of his minor contributions are collected in his Literary Remains (London, 1879).

GOLD THREAD. See COPTIS.

GOLDTIT, or VERDIN. A most curious little bird (Auriparus flaviceps) of the titmouse family (Parida). It is four inches long, and abundant in the valleys of the Rio Grande and Colorado and in Lower California. The upper parts are ashy, the under parts whitish, and the whole head golden yellow. Its habits and manner partake of those of both the chickadees and the warblers; and it makes a remarkable nest, often as large as a man's head, woven of twigs into a globular mass, and placed in a thorny tree. It is lined with down and feathers, and the eggs are four to six, pale bluish speckled with brown. Consult Coues, Birds of the Colorado Valley (Washington, 1878).

GOLD WASP. See CUCKOO-FLY.

GOLDZIHER, gōlt'tse-er, IGNAZ (1850-). An Hungarian Orientalist, born at Stuhlweissen burg. He studied at the universities of Budapest, Berlin, and Leipzig, and made special investigation of Oriental manuscripts in the libraries of Leyden and Vienna. He was appointed a lecturer at the University of Budapest in 1872, and became professor there in 1894. In 1876 he was elected a corresponding member, and in 1892 a full member of the Hungarian Academy. He visited Egypt, Syria, and Palestine in 187374. His writings in Hungarian comprise a large number of contributions to the publications of the Academy, including papers on Oriental bookmaking (1874), on the history of philological study among the Arabs (1878), and on the progress and results of archæology in Palestine (1886). His chief publications are in German, among them such scholarly works as: Studien über Tanchûm Jerûschalmi (1871); the treatise

Der Mythos bei den Hebräern und seine geschichtliche Entwicklung (1876; in an English translation, London, 1877); and Mohammedanische Studien (2 vols., 1889-90). Goldziher is considered one of the foremost European scholars in subjects connected with Mohammedanism. GOLETTA. The port of Tunis, Africa. GOLF (probably from Dutch kolf, OHG. cholbo, Ger. Kolbe, Kolben, club, Icel. kolfr, bolt, kulfa, club). The game of golf is of Scottish origin. When James VI. of Scotland succeeded Queen Elizabeth on the English throne, his Scottish train played the game on Blackheath: whereby came about the curious fact that the oldest organized golf club is English. It was an exotic, however, and remained the only one south of the Tweed for two hundred and fifty years. Meanwhile in Scotland the game maintained its popularity, and was so generally indulged in by all classes of society that any village in East Lothian could be sure of competitors, from the village cobbler to the laird of the neighborhood. The early conditions were as democratic as the company.

A tent erected upon special occasions was the only rendezvous of the local golfers; and the

links were laid out across a tract of commonland by the seaside, over which every inhabitant of the district had some right. The prize was seldom more than a club with a silver band round it; or a dozen balls; or later on a simple medal; even the great national prize was only a silver club, and that never became the property of the winner. The association for which the winner played had its custody until the next yearly contest. The earliest implements with which it was played were practically as good as they are to-day, except in the case of the balls, which were formerly made of a leather case stuffed with feathers. The two great Scotch associations, while younger than the English one mentioned above, are of far greater importance to the history of the game. The Honorable Company of Edinburgh Golfers was in organized existence previous to 1744. Its members played on the links of Leith until 1831, and from 1836 have played at Musselburgh. The Royal and Ancient, more popularly known as Saint Andrew's of Scotland, was established in 1754, and ever since has been the acknowledged leader in the sport. The first clubs established outside Great Britain were the Calcutta Golf Club of East India, established in 1829, and the Royal Bombay Another club was Club, incorporated in 1842. in full vigor in Madras at a somewhat later date. The next foreign settlement was at Pau,

in Southern France, where numerous Scotchmen

that the invasion of England proper began, with

were in search of health. It was not until 1864

the establishment of the Golf Club of Westward Ho, in Devonshire, followed in the next year by afterwards by the Hoylake, at Liverpool; and the London Scottish, at Wimbledon; and shortly then by hundreds of others throughout the country. Canada caught the infection in the early seventies, resulting in the organization of the Royal Montreal Golf Club in 1873. In the United States, New York (1890) was the first to take up the game, followed almost immediately by the country at large, so that at the beginning of the twentieth century public links were to be found in the public parks of the large cities, and nearly public or private golf-links. every town and village in the country had its

The game is played with a ball made of guttapercha having a diameter of 14 inches and weighing from 26 to 28 pennyweights, hit with such one of the clubs used as is most suitable for the accomplishment of a particular stroke. It is played over a course laid out over an open stretch of country, and the object is to hit the ball into each of the holes made for its reception successively in the fewest number of strokes. The number of holes is usually eighteen, but where the area available is limited, nine played twice round are made to do service. The distance of each hole from the striking-off place (or tee) depends upon the nature of the intervening land; from 100 to 600 yards is the usual limit. In laying them out advantage is taken of such natural obstacles to straightforward play as ditches, walls, trees, hills, roads, or hollow places, so as to break up the total length into difficult portions, compelling the player to exercise judgment and skill. If there are no natural obstacles, or hazards, artificial ones are introduced, such as a bunker made by hollowing out the earth and leaving it loose like sand in front of a hole, or an embankment raised at some selected spot. The game