He was born at Hanover, and received his musical education under Prell, Menter, and Lachner. After completing his studies he traveled for two years giving concerts, in which he frequently performed his own highly successful compositions. In 1852 he received a position as musical director at Würzburg, and in the following year was appointed assistant conductor of the orchestra of the Stadttheater at Frankfort-on-the-Main, of which he became chief conductor in 1874. Besides a symphony (1851) and two Festspiel-Overtures (op. 24 and 94), his compositions include sonatas, songs, and numerous works for the violoncello.

GOLTZ, gōlts, AUGUST FRIEDRICH FERDINAND, Count von der (1765-1832). A Prussian statesman, born at Dresden, and educated at Leipzig and Frankfort-on-the-Oder. He was Prussian Ambassador to Denmark, Sweden, and Russia; negotiated the Peace of Tilsit, was the Plenipotentiary of Prussia at the Congress of Erfurt (1808), and concluded the last negotiations (1812) with France. After the termination of the Napoleonic wars, he was appointed Prussian Councilor of State (1817).

GOLTZ, BOGUMIL (1801-70). A German humorist, satirist, and moral philosopher. He was born in Warsaw, attended the gymnasia at Marienwerder and Königsberg, studied agriculture from 1817 to 1821, and for a time attended philologic and philosophic lectures at the University of Breslau. In 1823 he purchased, near Thorn, an estate which he subsequently abandoned to settle in Gollub and devote himself to the study of literature and aesthetics. In 1847 he removed to Thorn, whence he made extensive travels, and where he died. In 1847 appeared his Buch der Kindheit, in which, with a mystic tenderness akin to that of Jean Paul, he depicts the impressions of his own childhood. This was followed by Ein Jugendleben (1851), in similar vein. Der Mensch und die Leute (1858) is a penetrative and peculiarly original study of various races, Die Deutschen (1860), revealing the same method applied to the German national genius. He was a profound thinker; but his style, though often spirited, lacks technical finish, and frequently displays the grotesqueness of Richter without the latter's imagination. His further works include: Ein Kleinstädter in Aegypten (1853); Feigenblätter (1861-64); Die Bildung und die Gebildeten (1864); and Die Weltklugheit und die Lebensweisheit (1869).

GOLTZ, FRIEDRICH (1834-1902). A German physiologist, born at Posen. He studied at Königsberg, and was there appointed a professor in 1865. In 1870 he became professor of physiology at Halle, and from 1872 to his retirement in 1901 occupied a similar chair at Strassburg. His most important researches concern the functions of the nerve-centres, and in particular reflex nervous action. His writings include: Beiträge zur Lehre von den Funktionen der Nervencentren des Frosches (1869), and many contributions to the Archiv für pathologische Anatomie, Physiologie und klinische Medizin of Virchow.

GOLTZ, KOLMAR, Baron von der (1843-). A German soldier and military author. He was born at Bielkenfeld, East Prussia, was educated at the Military Academy, Berlin, and served in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. After the Franco-German War, in which he participated,

he was appointed to the historical department of the General Staff at Berlin, and subsequently became instructor in the Military Academy. He resigned from the German service in 1883, and entered that of Turkey, where he conducted the department of military education until 1896. In that year he returned to Germany, and was made general of division. He became general of infantry in 1900, and commander of the First Army Corps in 1902. His works include: Léon Gambetta und seine Armee (1877; also translated into French, 1877); Das Volk in Waffen (4th ed., 1890); Der thessalische Krieg und die türkische Armee (1898).

GOLTZ, MAX, Freiherr von der (1838-). A German naval officer, born at Königsberg. He entered the Prussian marine in 1853, was appointed naval ensign in 1859, in 1870 was detailed for service in the Ministry of Marine, and in 1875 attained the rank of captain. During the disturbances in Egypt in 1882 he was commanding officer of Germany's Mediterranean squadron, in 1888 became vice-admiral and commander of the Wilhelmshaven Naval Station, and in 1895 was retired, with the rank of admiral, at his own request.

GOLTZ, THEODOR, Baron von der (1836-1906). A German agriculturist, born at Coblenz, and educated at Erlangen and Bonn. In 1862 he was appointed instructor at the Royal Academy of Waldau, East Prussia, into which province he introduced the first agricultural schools. He was professor of agriculture at Königsberg from 1869 to 1875, when he was appointed director of the Agricultural Institute in that city. In 1885 he was made professor of agriculture at Jena, and in 1896 at Bonn. His publications include: Die landwirtschaftliche Buchführung (7th ed., 1892); Landwirtschaftliche Taxationslehre (2d ed., 1892); Agrarische Aufgaben der Gegenwart (2d ed., 1895); Leitfaden der landwirtschaftlichen Betriebslehre (1897); and Vorlesungen über Agrarwesen und Agrarpolitik (1899).

GOLTZIUS, göl'tsi-oos, HENDRIK (1558-1616). A Dutch engraver, born at Mühlbracht (the present Bracht). He was a pupil of Leonhard at Haarlem, where he later set up as a copperplate printer. In his latter years he executed several paintings; but he is best known for his engravings, generally marked by an exceeding delicacy of line. His plates include: "The Annunciation" (after Raphael); "The Adoration of the Shepherds" (after Bassano); and "The Adoration of the Kings" (after Lucas van Leiden).

GOLUCHOWSKI, göl'ōō-Kov'ski, AGENOR, Count of (1812-75). An Austrian statesman, born in Galicia and educated at the Jesuit Convent of Tarnopol and at Lemberg. He entered Government service, and was Governor of Galicia from 1847 till 1859, when he was made Minister of the Interior. He gave up this position in 1860, and the next year entered the House of Lords. In 1866-67, and from 1871 until his death, he was again Governor of Galicia and very active in favoring the thorough Polonization of the province. His son AGENOR (1849-) was in the diplomatic service from 1872-95; and Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1895-1906.

GOMARA, gô-mä'rå, FRANCISCO LOPEZ DE (1510-c.1559). A Spanish historian, born at Seville. He took orders, became professor of rhetoric at the University of Alcalá, and after

wards was secretary and chaplain to Hernando Cortés. In this capacity he may have gone with him to America, but it is not probable. He wrote one of the first histories of America, which, how ever, is not reliable. The title of the work is Historia general de las Indias con la conquista de México y de la Nueva España (1552-53). The second part of this work described Mexico, and was reprinted as a separate volume, Crónica de la Nueva España, con la conquista de México (1554).

GOʻMARUS, FRANCIS (1563-1641). The most strenuous opponent of Arminius. He was born at Bruges, January 30, 1563, studied at Neustadt, Heidelberg, Oxford, and Cambridge, where he received the degree of B.D. in 1584. He was pastor of the Reformed Church at Frankfort from 1587 till 1594, when he became professor of theology at Leyden. Here he signalized him self by his vehement opposition to the views of Arminius, who became his colleague in 1603. In the disputation at The Hague in 1608 his zeal was very conspicuous; and at the Synod of Dort (1618-19) he was mainly instrumental in securing the expulsion of the Arminians from the Reformed Church. Gomarus resigned his professorship after the death of Arminius (1609). He was professor at Saumur, 1614-18, and at Groningen from 1618 till his death, January 11, 1641. Though prejudiced, even bigoted, and more Calvinistic than Calvin himself, nevertheless Gomarus was a man of learning, and not the contentious personage he is sometimes represented. His works were published at Amsterdam after his death (1645). Those who sided with Gomarus in the Arminian controversy are often called, from his name, 'Gomarists.' See ARMINIUS, JACOBUS; ARMINIANISM; DORT, SYNOD

OF.

GOMBERVILLE, gôN'bâr'vêl', MARIN LE Roy, Seigneur de (1600-74). A French novelist of considerable imaginative originality, one of the first to make the novel a vehicle of exotic and

geographic description and of historic information. He was born in Paris and was a wealthy nobleman, a cherished member of the Précieux blue-stocking circle, to whose vocabulary he contributed some gems, as may be seen from Somaise's Dictionnaire des Précieuses. While still a youth he wrote Carithée (1621), whose heroine furnished the type for Sorel's burlesque Dulcinea in the Berger extravagant. Eleven years later Gomberville published the first draught of Polexandre (1632), which he extended in 1634 by the injection of a story of Mexican adventure, and since this piqued curiosity, he again greatly extended the story in 1637. Meantime Gomberville had aided in founding the Academy. A few years later he fell under the influence of PortRoyal, and, in penitential regret for having amused a worldly generation, he published Young Alcidiane (1651). He was a facile polygraph, but Polexandre, which in its final shape contains 4409 closely printed pages, is his only significant work. It rejuvenated the interest in the romance of chivalry by transporting it to the New World in a generation whose imagination was intoxicated by strange voyages and undreamed of conquests. The story is almost wantonly inartistic, but Gomberville is the first important pedagogue of fiction, bent on remolding the 'perfect lives' of the old romances into a

model for the gentlemen of the seventeenth century. He died in Paris, June 14, 1674. Consult Körting, Geschichte des französischen Romans im XVII. Jahrhundert, vol. i., ch. 6 (2d ed., Oppeln, 1891).

GOM'BO. See HIBISCUS.

GOMBROON'. See BENDER ABBAS.

GOMEL, gō'měly'. A district town of the Russian Province of Mohilev, situated on a small affluent of the Dnieper, about 113 miles southeast of Mohilev. It lies on two railway lines, and has a number of sugar-refineries. The population, to a large extent Jewish, was 36,846 in 1897. There was a massacre of Jewish inhabitants in September, 1903.

GO'MER. The form of powder-chamber generally used in smooth-bore guns. It was in the form of the frustum of a cone with a hemispherical end, the base of the cone joining the cylinder of the bore. The name is derived from that of its inventor.

B.C.

GOMER. According to Gen. x. 2-3, the eldest son of Japheth (cf. Ezek. xxxviii. 6). The name corresponds to the Gimirrai frequently mentioned in the inscriptions of Assyrian kings, and whose seat was in Cappadocia in the seventh century It is likely that at an earlier period they were settled north of the Euxine Sea. By the help of the Assyrian inscriptions, the identity of Gomer with the Cimmerii of classical writers becomes certain. In company with the Medes and Minni the Gimirrai attacked the Assyrian frontier, but Esarhaddon defeated them at Khubushna in Cilicia, and drove them off. They then attacked the Ellipi, and were more successful. Lydia also was conquered by them, but they were finally driven out. Their hold on Cappadocia is still to be seen in the Armenian designation of the district as Gamir. Consult Rogers, History of Babylonia and Assyria, vol. ii. (New York, 1901).

GOMERA, gỗ-māʼrå. One of the Canary Islands, situated 14 miles west of Teneriffe, in g W. Its area is nearly 145 square miles. It about latitude 28° 6' N., and longitude 17° is of volcanic origin, like the whole archipelago. There are no good harbors. It is elevated in the interior to the extent of nearly 4000 feet, and The chief industry is cattle- raising, though some has extensive forests of bay trees and palms. silk and potatoes are exported. Population, in 1900, 15,358. The chief town, San Sebastián

de Gomera, situated on the eastern coast, has

a population of about 3000.

GOMES, go'mĕsh, ANTONIO CARLOS (1839-96). A Brazilian composer, born in Campinas. When still very young he went to Milan, and studied in the conservatory there under Lauro Rossi. His first opera, produced in Rio de Janeiro (1861), was A noite do castello, and was followed (1867) by Se sa minga, given in Milan with extraordinary success. His other operas were of uneven merit, and include: Nella Luna (1868); Guarany (1870); Salvator Rosa (1874); Maria Tudor (1877); Lo Schiavo (1889). In 1876 he wrote a hymn, "Il saluto del Bresile," for the Philadelphia Exposition, and in 1892 the cantata "Colombo," for the Columbian Exposition. He was appointed director of the Pará Conservatory in 1895, but died soon after accepting the position.

GOMES DE AMORIM, FRANCISCO (182791). A Portuguese poet and dramatist, born at Avelomar (Minho). Early in his life he went to Brazil, where he was employed in a commercial enterprise, and studied the language and customs of the wild peoples in the primeval forests bordering the Amazon and the Xingu. In 1846 he returned to Portugal; in 1848 wrote "Garibaldi," "A liberdade," and other verses in celebration of that revolutionary year; and though at first compelled for support to learn the hatter's trade, obtained a post in the Government service in 1851, and in 1859 was appointed librarian to the Ministry of Marine and curator of the Museum of Naval Antiquities. In his literary career he was much encouraged by Almeida-Garrett (q.v.), whose Camões he read in Brazil, and in regard to whom he wrote the appreciative Memorias biograficas (1881), which is in fact a history of the literary movement represented by Garrett. The volumes of poems, Cantos matutinos (2d ed. 1866) and Ephemeros (2d ed. 1866), were followed by a series of dramas-Odio de raça, A prohibição, Figados de tigre, Os incognitos do mundo, Ghigi, A viuva, and others-many of which, like O cedro vermelho (with a commentary), are derived from Brazilian life. The works of fiction Os selvagens (1875), and its sequel, O remorse vivo (1876), have the same source. There is a collected edition of Gomes's works in Portuguese (Lisbon, 1866 et seq.), and several of the dramas have been rendered into French by Richon and Denis. Consult Reinhardstoettner, Aufsätze und Abhandlungen (Berlin, 1887).

GOMEZ, gō'mâs, ANTONIO. See ORSINI, FE

LICE.

GOMEZ, ESTEVAN (c.1474-c.1530). A Portuguese navigator. In 1519 he started from Spain with Magellan, as pilot on the Trinidad, of which vessel Magellan himself acted as captain; but in the Strait of Magellan he commanded a successful mutiny on the San Antonio, to which vessel he had been transferred, and, leaving the rest of the fleet, returned to Spain. In 1524-25 he seems to have made a voyage to North America, and to have coasted from Labrador to Florida in an effort to discover for Charles V. a western passage to the Moluccas. Confirmation of the Voyage is furnished by the fact that on the map of Diego Ribeiro, made in 1529, that part of the continent between the present States of New Jersey and Rhode Island is put down as the

"Tierra de Gomez.'

He was

GOMEZ-FARIAS, gō'mås fä-rē ́às, VALENTIN (1781-1858). A Mexican statesman. born and educated at Guadalajara, where he received a professorship in the university in 1810. He was a pronounced Liberal in the First Constituent Congress, became Vice-President upon the election of Santa Anna, and assumed the reins of government upon the absence of the latter. April 1, 1833. In consequence of his pronounced antagonism to the Church party, he was, after a constant struggle of two years against continuous opposition, compelled to resign in 1835, and exiled. Although received by the masses with general acclamation upon his return, his political influence aroused the fears of the party in power, and after suffering imprisonment and vainly endeavoring to foment a revolution, he was again banished. He was again Vice-President at the

time of the war with the United States, when Santa Anna was compelled to take the field. After the abolition of the Vice-Presidential office, he became a member of Congress. He later took an active part in overthrowing the dictatorship of Santa Anna, and became Postmaster-General under his successor Alvarez.

GOMEZ Y BAEZ, MÁXIMO (1826-1905). A Cuban general, born at Bani, Santo Domingo. He served in the Spanish Army in Santo Domingo and in Cuba; but in Cuba he became disgusted with Spanish rule. He left the Spanish Army, settled down as a planter, and in the insurrection of 1868-78 joined the insurgents, and was made colonel by the Cuban President Céspedes. He was active and able; and after Agramonte's death was put in command of the insurgents in Puerto Príncipe. When peace was signed with Campos in 1878, Gomez went to Jamaica and then to Santo Domingo, where he lived on his farm until 1895, when the second revolution broke out. He became general-in-chief of the forces of the Republic of Cuba, and was especially active in Puerto Príncipe, where his perfect familiarity with the country stood him in good stead. He did little open fighting, but accomplished much by harassing the Spaniards and destroying their supplies. He put his small force at the disposal of the Americans as soon as they landed in Cuba, and was markedly friendly to this country. In March, 1899, he was deposed from his supreme command by the Cuban Military Assembly for receiving for his army the three million of dollars voted by the United States Government, but his general popularity remained undiminished, and the city of Havana gave him the summer home of the former Spanish Governor-General. Among his sketches of warfare in

Cuba are: Panchito Gomez and Mi Escolta (1896). Consult Carrillo, In the Saddle with Gomez (New York, 1898).

An

GOM'ME, GEORGE LAURENCE (1853–). English antiquary and folklorist, born in Lon

don. He became statistical officer and later

clerk to the London County Council, was the founder of the Folklore Society, an organization that has done important work in the preservation of records of the rural customs of England. Of this society he was elected successively secretary, president, and vice-president. He was also appointed a lecturer in the London School of Economics, and edited the Archæological Review, the Folklore Journal, and the Antiquary. His publications include: Primitive Folk-Moots (1880); Folklore Relics of Early Village Life (1883); The Village Community (1889); Ethnology in Folklore (1892); and Lectures on the Principles of Local Government (1898).

GOMOR'RAH. See SODOM AND GOMORRAH. GOM/PERS, SAMUEL (1850-). An American labor leader, born in London, England. Apprenticed to the trade of cigar-making, he came to the United States in 1863, and in 1864 became the first registered member of the Cigar-Makers' International Union, of which he was secretary and president, and which he made one of the most successful of American trade unions. He was elected vice-president of the Federation in 1881, and from 1882, with the exception of the year 1894, when he was defeated by John McBride, representing the coal-miners, was its president. Among the State and Federal laws

passed at his instance are the eight-hour law for Government work, the ten-hour law for the employees of street railways, and that making the first Monday of September a legal holiday with the title of 'Labor Day.' His writings include pamphlets on labor matters.

GOMPERZ, gom'perts, THEODOR (1832-). An Austrian Hellenist. He was born at Brünn, and studied at the University of Vienna, where he was professor of classical philology from 18691901, when he entered the House of Peers. He is

best known for his decipherment of the papyri at Herculaneum. He wrote Demosthenes der Staatsmann (1864); Philodemi de Ira Liber (1864); Herculanische Studien (2 vols., 186566); Die Bruchstücke der griechischen Tragiker und Cobets neueste kritische Manier (1878); Herodoteische Studien (1883); Zu Philodems Büchern von der Musik (1885); and, Griechische Denker, eine Geschichte der antiken Philosophie (1893-95). He also edited the German edition of the works of John Stuart Mill (1869-80). GOMPHOCERAS, gom-fōs'ê-ras (Neo-Lat., from Gk. óupos, gomphos, nail, bolt + Képas, keras, horn). A genus of tetrabranchiate cephalopods, allied to Orthoceras, and found in the Paleozoic rocks, with short, thick, straight, or curved shells, and restricted lobate aperture. The siphuncle is situated near the ventral wall, and is usually beaded. The shell, when curved, turns away from the ventral side. Gomphoceras presents variations that grade toward Phragmoceras, of which it perhaps presents, in a loose sense, an ancestral stage. About one hundred and fifty species of Gomphoceras have been described from rocks of Ordovician and Silurian age of Europe and North America. They are especially abundant in the Silurian basin of Bohemia. See CEPHALOPODA; ORTHOCERAS; NAU

TILUS.

GOMPHO'SIS (Neo-Lat., from Gk. yóuowos, a nailing together, from youoovv, gomphoun, to nail, from youoos, gomphos, nail, bolt). A joint in which one bone is implanted into a process in another bone, as in the case of the teeth, implanted into the alveolar processes of the jaw.

or

GOMUTI, go-moo'ti (Malay), ARENG, EJOO PALM (Arenga saccharifera). An important palm which grows in dry ground in Cochin China and in the interior of Java, Sumatra, Celebes, and Amboyna. The stem is 20 to 40 feet high; the pinnated leaves 15 to 25 feet long. The flowers, in bunches 6 to 10 feet long, are succeeded by yellowish-brown, three-seeded, extremely acid berries of the size of a small apple. The stem, when young, is entirely covered with sheaths of fallen leaves, and black horsehairlike fibres, which issue in great abundance from their margins; but as the tree increases in age, these drop off, leaving a beautiful naked columnar stem. The strongest of the fibres, resembling porcupine quills in thickness, are used by the Malays as styles for writing on the leaves of other palms. The finer fibres, or Ejoo fibre, well known in Eastern commerce as gomuti, are by far the most valuable. They are much used for making strong cordage, particularly for the cables and standing rigging of ships, European as well as native. Want of pliancy renders them less fit for running-rigging, and for many other purposes. They need no preparation

GONAÏVES, go'nà'êv'.

A seaport town of

Haiti, with an excellent harbor, situated on the western coast, about 67 miles northwest of Portau-Prince (Map: West Indies, D 3). It is a prosperous place, with a large trade in cotton, coffee, and logwood. It is purely Haitian in its character, and has played a prominent part in the history of Haiti. Its population is estimated at 18,000. Gonaïves is the seat of a United States consul.

GONAQUAS, go-nä'kwȧz. A mixed Hottentot-Kaffir people of Cape Colony. See GRIQUAS. GONCOURT, gôn'koor', EDMOND DE (182296), and JULES DE (1830-70). Brothers, important in the development of French fiction. They fostered naturalism by the minuteness of their observation, and so continued the naturalistic method of Flaubert, and regarded themselves as masters of a school in which Zola was the most brilliant pupil; while on the other hand in the tortured artificiality of their style they presage the painful striving of the symbolists (q.v.) to express feeling and emotion by sound. Their intensely modern style, often bizarre, sometimes intentionally faulty, always achieving its effect, made all their contemporary novelists in some degree their debtors, while it estranged the general public. Their work consists of unimportant dramas, of minute and valuable studies in the social life of the French eighteenth century: Histoire de la société française pendant la révolution (1854); Histoire de la société française pendant le directoire (1855); La révolution dans les mœurs (1854); Portraits intimes du XVIIIème siècle (1856-58); Marie Antoinette (1858); Les maîtresses de Louis XV. (1860-79); La femme au XVIIIème siècle (1862); L'art au XVIIIème siècle (1874); L'amour au XVIIIème siècle (1877); to which Edmond added historical studies of Watteau (1876), Prud'hon (1877), and Les actrices au XVIIIème siècle (1885-90); of articles that first directed French attention to Japanese art; and, finally, of novels: Charles Demailly (1860); Sœur Philomène (1861); Renée Mauperin (1864); Germinie Lacerteux (1865); Manette Salomon (1867): Madame Gervaisais (1869); to which Edmond added: La fille Elisa (1878); Les frères Zemganno (1879); La Faustin (1882); Chérie (1884). All these are minutely realistic. They seek to present nature unadorned and unarranged, discarding all conventions of structure and artistic unity, thus “sterilizing their human documents" (Zola). Their observation, however, for all its minute

ness is apt to be superficial and morbid. Germinie Lacerteux is to be "the clinic of love," and La fille Elisa pushes to its utmost paradox the divorce between fiction and conventionality. It is not as story-tellers that the Goncourts interest us, but as stylists. Their ability to reproduce a series of sensations by a series of images is what most attracts. Edmond left the larger part of his fortune to endow an Academy of the Goncourts. This was first organized in 1904 with ten members, each to receive an annual income of 6000 francs. Every year a prize of 10,000 francs is awarded to the author of a meritorious work in prose. Among the members named by Goncourt in his will were Alphonse Daudet, Léon Hennique, J. K. Huysmans, Paul Margueritte, and the Rosny brothers. Consult: Delzant, Les Goncourts (Paris, 1889); Brunetière, Le roman naturaliste (ib., 1896); Wells, A Century of French Fiction (New York, 1898).

GON'DAR. The former capital of Abyssinia, in Amhara, situated about 25 miles north of Lake Tsana (Map: Africa, H 3). It lies on an isolated hill in a spur of the Wogara Mountains, at an altitude of over 6000 feet. It is poorly built, with crooked, narrow streets, and is divided into several parts, which are located at some distance from each other. In former times Gondar had a large number of churches. Near by is the ruined fort of Gip, constructed by the Portuguese. The palace is a fine example of Abyssinian architecture. The town is in a state of decay, the Mohammedan quarter being entirely deserted. The inhabitants, once estimated at 50,000, now number about 5000, of whom a considerable number are priests. Gondar is on the route of the partly constructed railway line from Massowah (q.v.). There are many skilled artisans here, who produce gold ornaments and textiles. Gondar is the seat of the Abuna, the head of the Abyssinian Church, and has several ecclesiastical schools. Its decline dates from the reign of Theodore II., whose hostile attitude toward the Mohammedans caused a great decrease in the population.

GONDI, or GONDY, gôn'de, Jean François PAUL DE. See RETZ.

GON/DIBERT. A religious epic in elegiac stanzas by Sir William Davenant, begun late in 1649, in Paris, and finished during imprisonment in the London Tower. It was published in 1651, the first edition being in three books of six, eight, and six cantos respectively, although in a letter to Hobbes the author had defined his original aim as affecting analogy to dramatic form, "proportioning five books to five acts, and cantos to scenes."

GONDOKORO, gôn'dô-kō'rô, or ISMAILIA, ēz'má-ẽ lê-å. A small settlement in Central Africa, situated on the Upper Nile, in latitude 4° 55' N. (Map: Congo Free State, F 2). It was formerly an important trading centre for ivory and slaves. Its commerce began to decline after its annexation to Egypt in 1871. Gondokoro figures prominently in the history of the explorations

of Africa.

GON'DOLA (It.). The ordinary passenger boat used in the canals of Venice. It was formerly the only means of getting about the city, but it is now being displaced in part by small launches operating upon the plan of an omnibus. An ordinary gondola is 30 feet long and 4 or 5 feet

VOL. IX.-3.

wide, and is flat-bottomed, so that the draught is light. The bottom rises slightly above water at the ends, while at the bow and stern slender ornamental stem and stern pieces reach to about the height of a man's breast. The stem piece is surmounted by the ferro, a bright iron beak of uniform shape, the rostrique tridentibus of Vergil common to old Roman galleys. There is a covered shelter for passengers in the middle of the boat, which is easily removable. In accordance with a mediæval regulation, gondolas are painted black. The gondolier stands erect, with his face toward the bow, and propels the boat with a forward stroke, making his way through the narrow and often crowded canals with amazing dexterity. GONDOLIERS, gōn'dô-lērz', THE. The title of one of the later operas by Gilbert and Sulliin the relations of the author and the composer, van. Its production was followed by a rupture which was later temporarily healed.

GONDS. An important Dravidian people, inhabiting mainly the Central Provinces of India, but found also in other sections of the country, and numbering about 1,500,000. The wilder and uncivilized tribes of the Gonds, who inhabit the forested hills of the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, preserve more of the primitive Dravidian physical type, social institutions, religious and mythological beliefs and practices than do those whose culture is more advanced, who have to a considerable extent adopted Hinduism, and with whom the higher classes are more or less mixed with Hindu blood. The Gonds are said to have formerly offered up human sacrifices to some of their deities, but now they sacrifice instead an image of straw. The Gond women have a curious festival, called the Gurturna ('sugarbreaking'), in which the men figure to some disadvantage. It often ends in a saturnalia. Among the Gonds the worship of such plagues as smallpox, cholera, etc., prevails, and many of them reverence the dog, the horse, and the tiger to an extraordinary degree. The Gonds are to a large extent monogamous, and have many curious marriage and premarital customs. The Gonds are not to be confounded with the

Khonds, another Dravidian people to the east of them. Besides the earlier works of Campbell, Wild Tribes of Khondistan (London, 1863), and Hislop, Aboriginal Tribes of the Central Provinces (Nagpur, 1866), reference may be made to Forsyth, Highlands of Central India (3d ed., London, 1889).

GONDWANA, gănd-wå'nå (the land of the Gonds). A name vaguely applied to a hilly tract in Central India, lying between latitudes 18° and 24° 30′ N. (Map: India, C 4). Most of the region is included in the Central Provinces.

GON/ERIL. The more wolfish of the unnatural daughters of King Lear, in Shakespeare's tragedy of that name. She is the wife of the Duke of Albany.

fanon, Fr. gonfalon, from ML. gonfano, guntGON/FALON (archaic gonfanon, OF. gonfano, banner, from OHG. gundfano, battle-flag, from gund, battle + fano, vano, Ger. Fahne, flag). The ensign or standard, indicative of authority, which was carried before, and sometimes by, the chief magistrate (hence called gonfaloniere) of many of the Italian cities in the latter part of the Middle Ages.