pounds, is a shining bluish black, with a conspicuous white bar on the wings, and a mixture of black and white on the legs; there is a piece of bare scarlet skin over the eye; the outer feathers on each side of the tail are elongated and curve outward, giving it a very peculiar appear ance. The female, called 'grayhen,' is of a rustcolor, darkest on the upper parts, everywhere barred and mottled with a darker color; the tail is straight and even at the end. The young males resemble the females in plumage. It is a grega rious bird, the different sexes, however, in winter generally keeping in flocks by themselves; and, where they are well protected, they often venture into old turnip and stubble fields to feed.

RED GROUSE. This, the ordinary 'grouse' of Great Britain, the shooting of which, beginning on August 12th, is so important a part of the British sportsman's year, is, properly speaking, a ptarmigan, and is described under that title. RUFFED GROUSE or 'PARTRIDGE.' The bestknown American grouse is the bird called 'partridge' in the North and 'pheasant' in the South, but it is properly the ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus). This familiar and highly prized gamebird, the flesh of which is incomparably superior to that of any other grouse, is found throughout North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from Virginia and northern Georgia to Alaska. It is nearly a foot and a half long, and the plumage is handsomely variegated with gray, redbrown, and black. The tail is composed of eighteen feathers, and is crossed near its tip by a broad band of black or brown. On each side of the neck is a tuft of broad, glossy black feathers. These grouse live in woodland, where their nests are made on the ground at the base of a tree or shrub. The eggs are buff-colored, and a dozen, more or less, are laid. (See Colored Plate of GAME BIRDS accompanying this article.) The hazel grouse (Bonasa betulina) of Europe and Asia is a nearly allied species.

One characteristic of this species—its 'drumming' is known to almost every one, yet the method of it is widely misunderstood. The sound is produced by the male only, and is most frequent and vigorous in the spring, when it may be regarded as a challenge to other cocks and for the entertainment of the hens; but as it is heard also in summer, and especially in autumn, it cannot be wholly a sexual expression. It may be only an expression of vigor. The manner in which the long, muffled roll, resounding to a great distance through the woods, is produced, was long a puzzle, or most fancifully explained. It was at first supposed to be a vocal effort, whence comes the generic name Bonasa (from bonasus, a bull). The true explanation is that the bird sits crosswise upon the chosen log, resting upon the back of the tarsi, its tail spread horizontally, and its head drawn back. "The wings are then raised and stiffened, and drumming commences by a slow, hard stroke with both wings downward and forward; but they are stopped before they touch the body. The rapidity of this motion is increased after the first few beats, when the wings move so fast that only a semicircular haze over the bird is visible, the rapid vibration causing the rolling noise with which the sound terminates." So says Henshaw, and Coues and other field ornithologists confirm the statement.

PRAIRIE-CHICKENS. The Eastern prairie-chicken, or pinnated grouse (Tympanuchus Ameri

canus), is a trifle larger than the ruffed grouse. The general color of the plumage is rufous, with bars and crossings of black; the tail is short and rounded. The male has neck-tufts of narrow feathers, the largest of which are five inches long; he is more remarkably adorned with two loose pendulous wrinkled patches of skin extending along the sides of the neck for two-thirds of its length, capable of inflation with air, and when inflated resembling in bulk, color, and surface middle-sized oranges. This grouse chiefly inhabits dry open districts, from northwestern Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky westward to central Kansas and the Dakotas. It was at one time abundant on the Western prairies, but has always become rare as a district has become cultivated and populous, notwithstanding laws enacted for its preservation. It has almost disappeared from the State of Kentucky, where it was at one time so extremely abundant that children were constantly employed to prevent its depredations in the cultivated fields, and multitudes were shot and trapped merely to be thrown away. It congregates in flocks in winter, which break up into smaller parties in spring. The males have many combats at the approach of the breeding season. Their voice is a low 'tooting' or 'booming.' They strut, after the manner of turkey-cocks, with wings let down to the ground, and neck-feathers erected. Certain spots, known as 'scratchingplaces,' seem to be specially appropriated for their displays and combats, and there considerable numbers often meet about daybreak and disperse again after the sun is up. The food of the pinnated grouse consists of seeds, berries, the buds of trees and bushes, insects, and the like.

A very closely allied species, the American heath-hen (Tympanuchus cupido), formerly dwelt in favorable localities in the Middle States and southern New England. Long Island and Cape Cod were its strongholds. It was long confounded with the more widely distributed prairie-chicken, and is now extinct, except a small band on Nantucket Island, which is dwindling away in spite of such protection as can be given them. In 1890 less than 200 were living on Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, and in 1900 it was thought that less than 100 remained. See EXTINCT ANIMALS.

The 'prairie-chicken' of the Northwest is more strictly to be called sharp-tailed grouse (Pediocates phasianellus), of which there is a northern and a southern race. It is easily distinguished by the extra long middle pair of tail feathers and the darker plumage-clear dusky black above, with no buff about the head. The back is variegated with transverse zigzags of yellowish brown, and there are many white spots on the wings; below, the plumage is white, thickly marked with triangular spots of drab. The sexes are alike. In the southernmost parts of their range they associate with the prairie-chicken, and vary their habits northward only as their environment changes. The northern variety extends from the Saskatchewan Valley to the borders of the Arctic regions.

SAGE-GROUSE. This species (Centrocercus urophasianus), called in old books 'cock-of-theplains,' is a very large grouse which inhabits the sage-brush districts of the Western United States, feeding upon the bitter buds and leaves so that its flesh is inedible to civilized palates, though consumed by the Indians, who formerly

captured it in large numbers with nets. The constant use of soft food has deprived this species of an effective gizzard, and it never feeds upon the grain of the farmers who have invaded its district. Its plumage is dense and soft, the prevalent color yellowish brown, which is beautifully mottled and varied with darker tints. The tail, of 20 feathers, is very long, and much graduated. On each side of the neck is a large bare space, capable, when the bird struts, of being inflated into a hemispherical sac. The female is smaller and of less showy plumage than the male and is destitute of the neck-sacs.

WOOD-GROUSE. The remaining species of American grouse are denizens of forests. A very widely distributed form is the Canada grouse or 'spruce-partridge' (Canace Canadensis), a Western variety of which is called Franklin's grouse or 'fool hen.'. It is plentiful throughout the forests of Canada, from Maine to Alaska, and when disturbed takes refuge in trees, whence a flock may be shot, one by one, without scaring the others away. In winter it feeds mainly on the leaves and young sprouts of the spruce, which taint its flesh. Its plumage is distinctly barred above with plumbeous and black; beneath it is black, with a white border to the throat and white across the breast and on the sides. The females show a duller mixture of yellowish orange, gray, and black. The eastern and western (Franklin's) varieties may be distinguished by their tails: that of the former is rounded and tipped with rufous, while that of the latter is nearly even, black to the tip, and has the upper tail-coverts (see BIRD) broadly tipped with pure white. A Siberian grouse (Canace falcipennis) is closely allied to this. A still larger Western wood-grouse is the 'blue,' 'dusky,' or 'pine' grouse (Dendragapus obscurus). It approaches the capercaillie in size, and may be regarded as the American analogue of the blackcock. Its general color is blackish brown; the wings are lighter and the tail large, rounded, and composed of eighteen or twenty feathers. They keep in the coniferous forests for the most part, and occur throughout the mountain regions from Colorado to central California and northward. For the Arctic grouse (Lagopus), see PTARMIGAN.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Standard works of ornithology and field sports. The fullest general account of American grouse is contained in Coues, Birds of the Northwest (Washington, 1874). Consult also: Leffingwell (and others), Shooting on Up land, Marsh, and Stream (Chicago, 1890); Sandys and others, Upland Game Birds (New York, 1902); Lloyd, Game Birds and Wildfowl of Sweden and Norway (London, 1867); Morris, British Game Birds (London, 1891). See Plate

of GROUSE.

GROUSE'S DAY, SAINT. An English sporting term, used of the twelfth of August, when the shooting season opens.

GROUSSET, groo'sâ', PASCHAL (1844-). A French politician and author, born at Corte in Corsica. He studied medicine in Paris, but immediately took up journalism, wrote scientific articles for L'Etendard and Le Figaro under the name 'Docteur Blasius,' and began to write fiction under the pseudonym Léopold Virey.' He joined Henri de Rochefort in the management of La Marseillaise in 1869, and in January, 1870, quarreled with Prince Pierre Bonaparte and sent two

seconds to answer his challenge. One of these, Victor Noir, was killed by the Prince. This deepened Grousset's opposition to the Empire, and he attacked it bitterly in La Marseillaise, and was condemned to heavy fines and repeated imprisonments. He took part in the insurrection of March, 1871, was elected a member of the Com mune, and took charge of foreign affairs; but on his attempt to leave Paris in June was arrested and deported to New Caledonia. He escaped with Rochefort and others (1874), went to England, acted as London correspondent of Le Temps, under the name 'Philippe Daryl,' and returned to Paris in 1881. Defeated in the elections of that year, he was chosen Deputy in 1893 and reëlected in 1898, 1902, and 1906. He wrote: political sketches, Le bilan de l'année 1868 (1869), La conspiration du général Malet (1869), and Les origines d'une dynastie, le coup d'état de Brumaire an VIII. (1869), as well as the autobiographic Les condamnés politiques en Nouvelle Calédonie (with Jourde, 1876); notes of travel and life abroad, La vie partout (1884-88); Scènes de la vie de collège dans tous les pays (1881-91); translations of Stevenson's Treasure Island and of Mayne Reid's novels; and L'héritier de Robinson (1884); L'épave du Cynthia (with Jules Verne, 1885); Le capitaine Trafalgar (1886); Le secret du mage (1890); and Atlantis (1896). "Tiburce Moray" is another of Grousset's pseudonyms.

GROVE, Sir GEORGE (1820-1900). An English engineer and musical critic, born at Clapham. After studying at the grammar school there he was articled to Alexander Gordon; worked at Napier's factory in Glasgow; was employed in the building of Morant Point Lighthouse in Jamaica (1841), and of Gibb's Hill Light in Bermuda (1845); and then worked on the Britannia Tubular Bridge over Menai Strait. In 1850 he signed this post (1852) to become secretary of was secretary to the Society of Arts, but rethe Crystal Palace. Here he first made an effort to educate English musical taste, especially for Beethoven and the Romantic German School. 1867 he traveled to Vienna with Arthur Sullivan and discovered the part-books of Schubert's music

In

to Rosamunde. His abilities as a critic of music brought him into connection with the Macmillans. He was editor of their magazine from 1868 to 1883, and of the valuable Dictionary of Music and Musicians (1879-89, new ed., 1904-6), and wrote Beethoven and His Nine Symphonies (1896). For twelve years he was director of the Royal College of Music. He was knighted in 1883 and made Commander of the Bath in 1894. His work in biblical geography was also important. He wrote articles for Smith's Dictionary of the Bible (London, 1864); assisted Stanley in his Sinai and Palestine (New York, 1865); and was influential in the promotion of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Consult Graves, The Life of Sir George Grove (London, 1901).

GROVE, Sir WILLIAM ROBERT (1811-96). An English physicist, born at Swansea. He graduated at Brasenose College, Oxford, in 1832; was called to the bar in 1835, and began the practice of law, but left it for the study of physics. He was professor of experimental philosophy in the London Institution from 1840 to 1847, was a member for some time of the council of the Royal Society, and in 1847 received the Royal Medal for a paper on "The Gas Voltaic Battery." Returning

1. WILLOW PTARMIGAN (Lagopus & Ibus); winter plumage.

2. RUFFED GROUSE (Bonasa umbellus); male.

3. BLACK GROUSE (Tetrao tetrix); male.

4. CRESTED GUAN or CURASSOW (Crax alector); male.

5. CAPERCAILZIE (Tetrao urogallus); male.

6. PRAIRIE CHICKEN (Tympanuchus Americanus); male.