molar teeth, six on each side above and five below, are transversely grooved, and are formed of two vertical plates soldered together. All the animals of this family feed exclusively on vegetable food, and chiefly on herbage, although they are also fond of grain, roots, and the bark of trees. Their fore feet have five toes, their hind feet four; the soles are hairy. Their fur is soft; the colors mostly gray or brown. The alpine and arctic species become white in winter; and all, except one Indian species, have white upon the under surface of the tail. As this is in variably upturned in flight, it is regarded by naturalists as a recognition mark by which the young or companions may keep in view and follow their flying leader. From this characteristic arises the name 'cottontail,' popularly given to one of the smaller American hares. The black markings which become so conspicuous upon the ears of several species when they are lifted serve a similar purpose, and all disappear when the animal squats, and it then presents to the eye of the searcher only a neutral-tinted back. Hares thus offer good illustrations of 'protective coloration' and 'recognition marks' (qq.v.). The rabbit also belongs to this family, but it is so different in many ways that it is described by itself. It may be said, in passing, that although the term 'rabbit' is used generally for all kinds of leporine animals in North America, where the true rabbit does not exist, it belongs exclusively to the burrowing Lepus cuniculus of Europe; and all others of the family, including all the American species, should be called hares. About thirty species of Lepus are known, of which one is found in South America and some twenty in North America.

HARES OF THE OLD WORLD. The type of the family is the common hare (Lepus Europeus), which is found all over Europe, except in Ireland, Scandinavia, and the north of Russia. Its length is from 20 to 22 inches, and its usual weight seven or eight pounds. Another familiar Old World species is the mountain or Alpine hare (Lepus timidus). This occurs in Ireland, all over Northern Europe and Asia, and in the Pyrenees, Alps, Caucasus, and thence east to Japan; while the Polar hare of America is regarded by some naturalists as identical with it. It is considerably smaller than the common hare, and has a rounder head, with shorter ears, hind legs, and tail, and a lighter-colored coat, which, at least in the colder parts of its range, turns white in winter. In Central Asia are found several other species, some of which are confined to the higher slopes of the great mountain ranges. A remarkable species is the Indian or hispid hare (Lepus hispidus), of the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas. This hare has coarse, bristly ears, which are shorter than the skull, small eyes, a tail which is dark below and above, and hind legs only a little longer than the front ones. It is not a gregarious animal, but it is said to burrow as a rabbit does, and its young, therefore, are probably born naked and blind. It is reported that its flesh is white. Sumatra has an allied species. In Africa several species of hares inhabit the more open parts of the continent from the Sahara to the Cape. The habits of all these (except the hispid) are much alike. The members of this family live among rocks and bushes, or in open country among the grass and brush. Each has a 'form' in the grass or sheltered by a rock, and sometimes returns to

this form every day for much of the year. Hares feed at night, are mainly nocturnal in their movements, and do not return to their forms until sunrise. Because of the greater proportionate length of their hind legs, they run up hill more easily than down, and they develop great speed. All the members of the genus are remarkable for their extreme timidity, yet they are often bold and courageous in defense of their young, and pugnacious toward others of their own race. Their angry stamping upon the ground with the hind feet is well known to all countrymen. With these hind feet they can deliver powerful blows, and this is their method in fighting. The hare never becomes fat, but its flesh is excellent food. Though shot and trapped, the ordinary method of hunting it, as a sport, is by coursing with greyhounds—a sport of classic antiquity. (See COURSING.) It is a prolific animal, although not nearly so much so as the rabbit. The female produces from two to five at a birth, and may begin to breed at six months of age, and produce two or three broods a year. The young (leverets) are born covered with hair, and with the eyes open. When, as in the case of the hares of California, their natural enemies-beasts and birds of prey, and serpentsare greatly reduced, this multiplication goes on with little to check it, while if the food-supply is yearly added to by enlarging plantations, the increase may be so rapid that the animals become a serious menace to agriculture, and special efforts must be made to keep them down.

AMERICAN HARES. The Canadian Polar hare is a variety (arcticus) of the European northern hare, and turns from its brownish grizzle in summer to pure white in winter. It comes little south of the Arctic Circle, except on the east coast, where it is to be found in Labrador and Newfoundland. Other American hares turn white in winter, however. The most conspicuous of these is the 'varying' hare (Lepus Americanus), which is distributed from the middle parts of the United States throughout the northern parts of the continent wherever forests grow. It shows a great variety of reddish and brownish tints, always with the tips of the ears black behind, and in winter among northern specimens only these black ear-tips relieve the snowy white of the pelage; but southern specimens often make only a partial change of coat. On the Western plains and in California are found several species of large hares of gaunt form and immense ears, naturally called jack-rabbits' ('liebres' by the Mexicans). Just how many species and subspecies of these there are, naturalists are not yet agreed, but practically five may be recognized. These include the white-tailed hare and the various black-tailed rabbits. The white-tailed or prairie hare (Lepus campestris) is found all over the plains north of Kansas and throughout the Utah Basin. It is the only jack-rabbit whose coat turns white in winter, and it may be recognized in summer by the fact that its tail is entirely white. The tails of the other jack-rabbits are more or less black on the top-a fact easily seen, as none of this group of hares turns up its tail as do the wood-hares. Among the Western blacktailed rabbits are: (1) A buff-bellied species found in California and southwestern Oregon (Lepus Californicus); (2) a large, long-limbed species inhabiting southern Arizona and Sonora, known as Allen's hare (Lepus Alleni); (3) a

widely distributed white-bellied animal with long ears, occurring in the Great Basin, and commonly known as the Texan jack-rabbit (Lepus Texanus); and (4) the tall black-eared jack of the Great Plains (Lepus melanotis). It is doubtful whether any real distinction exists between the two last named, and the jack-rabbit of the south ern plains may be said to extend westwardly to the Pacific Coast.

These hares of the plains do not burrow, nor seek the protection of holes or shelter of any kind, beyond that afforded by a thicket of brush which may shield them from the winter's wind or the equally dreaded rays of the midsummer sun. Some dwell in a region where the winter temperature may fall as low as 50° F. below zero; others where the noonday sun heats the air to 140° and makes the rocks unbearable to touch; some in rich valleys, others on the sourest of deserts; yet all thrive with that remarkable adaptability to varying conditions which must be reckoned with in any consideration of these animals as a pest. Their food consists of grass, herbage, and largely of bark. It is difficult to find any considerable extent of country which does not supply enough of this fodder for a population of hares, and as they drink but little, they do not suffer from the lack of water even in an almost desert land, for the moisture in the ordinary desert herbage seems to be all they require. They have comparatively few enemies, against which they are guarded by their invisibility when crouched in their 'forms'; by their senses of sight and smell; and by the remarkable acuteness of their hearing, for the augmentation of which the great ears have been developed. If danger comes too near they can usually escape it by flight-a word that approaches literal accuracy as a description of the series of high bounds, each 15 to 20 feet in length, with which their great hind legs carry them over the ground. They multiply rapidly, yet are not so fecund as is frequently alleged. Those in the arid Southwest seem to produce only one to three at a birth, but have several broods a year, between January and September; while the Northern species breed no more than twice, as a rule, with four to six young in a litter. Most births fall in April, May, and June. The period of gestation is about thirty days. The young are born fully furred, with their eyes open, and often with several teeth in sight. They attain their full size (but not weight) in about two months. It will be seen that at this rate of increase, under such favorable conditions as are brought about in the West by irrigation, agriculture, and the diminution of serpents and birds and beasts of prey, the danger from an over-population of hares is very great; and for many years this has been a serious pest. Large sums have been spent on 'rabbit-proof' fences, and on various devices for excluding the animals from fields and orchards; and still larger losses have occurred through the absence or failure of protection. The principal measure has been that of the periodical 'drive.' All the men and boys and many women and girls of a given district gather in a circle about a square mile or more of space, and drive the hares into an inclosure, where they are slaughtered with clubs. These battues have been most numerous, systematic, and effective in southern California, though occasional wherever the necessity arises, and in

the San Joaquin Valley have so reduced the hares that they are no longer dangerous. Students of the problem have concluded, however, that 'driving' is only a partial and a demoralizing remedy; and assert that the only true safety for crops and orchards lies in the rabbit-proof fence. A complete discussion of this matter, with its history, statistics, and teachings, together with much information as to the utilization of the American hares as food and for their skins, hair, etc., may be found in Palmer, The Jack-Rabbits of the United States (Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1896); Beddard, Mammalia (London, 1902).

WOOD-HARES. Of the smaller hares, the woodhare or 'cottontail' (Lepus sylvaticus) is the 'common rabbit' of the United States, where it is scattered from the Atlantic to the Pacific, but does not extend far north. It is about 18 inches long, gray, more or less varied with black above, and somewhat tinged with yellowish brown; white below; tail cottony white; ears two-thirds the length of the head. The little marsh-hare (Lepus palustris), whose tail is not grayish nor cottony, and the water-hare or 'swamp-rabbit,' are familiar Southern species, the latter large and yellowish brown, white below.

Consult Audubon and Bachman, Quadrupeds of North America (New York, 1856); Stone and Cram, American Animals (New York, 1902); Sharp, Wild Life Near Home (New York, 1901); Thompson, Wild Animals I Have Known (New York, 1898).

See RABBIT; PIKA; and Plate of HARES AND PIKA.

HARE KANGAROO. One of the small banded wallabies (q.v.) of the genus Lagostrophus, which resemble hares, and have habits singularly like that animal's. They inhabit swampy districts on the west coast of Australia, and make refuges for themselves by forming tunnels through the dense scrub, biting away twigs and branches until a clear passage and chamber are formed.

HARE. In point of law, one of the wild animals called game, which are specially protected by game laws. The close season for hares is regu lated in this country by State legislation. See GAME LAWS.

HARE, AUGUSTUS JOHN CUTHBERT (18341903). An English author, the nephew of Julius and Augustus Hare. He was born in Rome, and educated at Harrow and at University College, Oxford. The results of his travels he has given in guide books and other works of the highest value. Among them are: Walks in Rome (1870); Cities of Northern and Central Italy (1875); Walks in London (1877); Cities of Southern Italy and Sicily (1882). His Story of My Life (6 vols., 1896-1900) is full of delightful reminis cences of many celebrated people; and his Memorials of a Quiet Life (1872-76) is a charming biography of his aunt and uncles. To him we are also indebted for the only good life of Maria Edgeworth (1894).

HARE, AUGUSTUS WILLIAM (1792-1834). An English clergyman, brother of Julius Charles Hare.

He was born in Rome, and was educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, where he attacked several ancient customs, and became founder of the Attic Society. He had been adopted (1798) by the widow of Sir William Jones, his godfather, but broke with her because

of his refusal to qualify for the valuable living of Hurstmonceaux, formerly held by his father, and in the gift of the Jones family. He was a tutor at New College for several years, and be came rector of Alton-Barnes, a small rural community, where he lived from 1829 until poor health drove him to Rome, where he died. He wrote Sermons to а Country Congregation (1837), and, with his brother, Guesses at Truth (1827). Consult A. J. C. Hare, Memorials of a Quiet Life (London, 1872).

HARE, GEORGE EMLEN (1808-92). An American clergyman, born in Philadelphia. He graduated at Union College in 1825, became a priest of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was rector of Saint John's, Carlisle, Pa. (1830-34); of Trinity Church, Princeton, N. J. (1834-43); and of Saint Matthew's, Philadelphia (1845-52). He had had charge of the Episcopal Academy during a part of his pastorate at Saint Matthew's, and was made instructor in the diocesan training school and, after its development into the Philadelphia Divinity School, a professor of biblical learning, and then (1881) of New Testament literature in the latter institution. He wrote: Christ to Return (1840); and a volume of sermons, Visions and Narratives of the Old Testament (1889).

HARE, JOHN (1844—). A well-known English actor and manager. He was born in London; was educated in Yorkshire; and made his first stage appearance at the Prince of Wales Theatre, Liverpool. Soon afterwards (1865) he came to the London Theatre of the same name, where he was very popular in the comedies of T. W. Robertson, with some of which in later years he toured in America. In 1875 he became mana

ger of the Court Theatre, where he brought out Olivia, A Scrap of Paper, and other pieces. With Mr. Kendal at the Saint James Theatre (1879-88) he produced Still Waters Run Deep and The Ironmaster. In 1889 he assumed the management of the Garrick Theatre, and afterwards appeared with several of A. W. Pinero's plays, notably The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith and Lady Bountiful. He took the Globe Theatre in 1897, producing A Bachelor's Romance there, and in 1899 Pinero's The Gay Lord Quex, which he brought to America in the season of 1900-01. Consult: Pemberton, John Hare, Comedian (London, 1895); Scott, The Drama of Yesterday and To-day (London, 1899).

An

HARE, JOHN INNES CLARK (1817-). American jurist, born in Philadelphia. He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, was admitted to the bar in 1841, was associate judge of the Philadelphia district court (1851-67), then its presiding judge (1867-75), and from 1875 to 1895 was presiding judge of the Court of Common Pleas in the same city. In 1868 he received the degree of Doctor of Laws at the end of ten years' service as a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, in which he served for many years as professor of the institutes of law. He wrote: American Leading Cases, with Horace B. Wallis (1847); The Law of Contracts (1887); and American Constitutional Law (1889); and edited: Smith's Leading Cases in Law (1852); White and Tudor's Leading Cases in Equity (1852); Hare on Contracts (1887); and The New English Exchequer Reports.

HARE, JULIUS CHARLES (1795-1855). Archdeacon of Lewes, a well-known English writer.

He was born at Valdagno, 50 miles northwest of Venice, Italy, September 13, 1795. While still a boy he passed a winter at Weimar (1804-05), where he met Goethe and Schiller, and gained a knowledge of German literature which influenced his style and sentiments throughout his whole career. On the death of his mother in 1806, he was sent to the Charterhouse in London, where he remained until 1812, when he entered Trinity, Cambridge. There he became fellow in 1818, and after traveling abroad he began to read law in London in 1819. In 1822 he was appointed assistant tutor at Trinity College, which position he retained for ten years. Turning his attention from law to divinity, he was ordained in 1826. In 1827 appeared the Guesses at Truth by Two Brothers, written by Hare and his eldest brother, Augustus William (q.v.). On the death of his uncle in 1832 he succeeded to the rich family living of Hurstmonceaux, in Sussex, where he accumulated a library of 12,000 volumes, especially rich in German literature. Before taking up his residence in his parish, he once more went abroad. In 1840 Hare was appointed Archdeacon of Lewes, and in the same year preached a course of sermons at Cambridge, The Victory of Faith (3d ed. by Plumptre, 1874); followed in 1846 by a second, The Mission of the ComIn 1853 he became a forter (3d ed. 1876). Queen's chaplain. He was eminently unfitted to be a country parson, but did much better as an archdeacon. His sermons and charges were unmercifully long because he considered not at all the patience and interest of his auditors. But

er.

withal he was a scholar and a conscientious workHe died at Hurstmonceaux, January 23, Memorials of a Quiet Life (London, 1872). 1855 For his biography, consult A. J. C. Hare,

HARE, ROBERT (1781-1858). An American chemist, born in Philadelphia. As a boy he was employed in his father's brewery, and had little spare time for study, but he managed to gain a considerable knowledge of chemistry and physics, and in 1801 invented the oxyhydrogen blowpipe. For this the American Academy of Boston awarded him the Rumford medal. He was professor of chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania from 1818 until 1847, and subsequently was an honorary member of the Smith-' sonian Institution. He made many ingenious and practical inventions of laboratory apparatus, and wrote a number of papers on scientific subjects, in addition to which he published: Brief View of the Policy and Resources of the United States tions (1836). His collection of chemical and (1810); and Chemical Apparatus and Manipulaphysical apparatus is preserved by the Smith

sonian Institution.

HARE, WILLIAM HOBART (1838-). An American clergyman, bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He was born at Princeton, N. J., and was educated at the University of Pennsylvania. He preached in Philadelphia until 1870; was for three years the general agent of the foreign committee of the Board of Missions, and was then elected Missionary Bishop of Niobrara. In 1883 his diocese was extended to include the State of South Dakota. He wrote several pamphlets on missionary work in the West.

HAREL, å'rěl', PAUL (1854—). A French poet and innkeeper, born at Echauffour. He suc