Cattle" (1879); "Hillside Pasture" (1880); "Landscape and Cattle;" "Path by the River;" "Group of Cattle;" "After a Shower." HARTBEEST (Boer Dutch hartebeest, hartbeast, from harte, Dutch hart, hartbeest, beast). A large antelope of South Africa, the type of a genus (Bubalis or Alcelaphus) containing several similar species, all African except one, the titel (see BUBALIS), which also inhabits Arabia and Syria. The genus is characterized by its long, pointed head terminating in a narrow muzzle, ringed, compressed, and often lyrate horns, and a comparatively short, cow-like tail. As is the case with most antelopes of the plains, the fore quarters are heavy and higher than the hind quarters, which are narrow and drooping. The reverse is the case with the bushbucks and others inhabiting a bushy or forested country. The typical or common hartbeest (Bubalis cama) formerly ranged from Cape Colony to Mashonaland, and gathered in great herds; but it has been slaughtered until now it is found only in remote regions. It stands about four feet high at the withers, and is grayish-brown, with a yellowish patch on the buttocks and black markings on the face. The heavily ringed, divergent horns are bent sharply back at the tips. The animal was noted among hunters as one of the swiftest of African antelopes, and easily distanced greyhounds. Near the Victoria Nyanza lives a similar but pale-faced species (Bubalis Jacksoni). German and British East Africa and Western Abyssinia are the home of three reddish species, having widely expanding horns, and these are still fairly numerous there on the bushy plains. One is the red or Coke's hartbeest (Bubalis Cokei), another the tora (Bubalis tora), and the third Swayne's, or the 'sig' (Bubalis Swaynei). Sir H. Johnston found the first-named extremely numerous in the plains about Kilimanjaro in 1885. The konzi (Bubalis Lichtensteini) of all the Zambezi region and Nyassaland; Hunter's hartbeest (Bubalis Hunteri) of the Tana River Valley, marked with a conspicuous white chevron on the forehead; the black-faced korrigum (Bubalis Senegalensis) of the whole Sudan; and the large Tunisian hartbeest (Bubalis major) of the western Sahara, are allied species of the North. In South Africa there formerly ranged in great herds, and still sparingly exist, three other well-known species. One, the sassaby, or bastard hartbeest (Bubalis lunata), was one of the most numerous and well-known antelopes of the plains of Cape Colony and northward; it is about three feet ten inches high, and dark purplish red, nearly black on the face and along the spine. Like all of this group, their flesh is excellent food. The blesbok (Bubalis albifrons) and bontebok (Bubalis pygargus) are smaller, and remarkable for their brilliant purple-red color and white legs, and each has a white blaze on the face. In the bontebok this mark continues to the base of the horns, while in the blesbok it is divided by a dark cross-bar between the eyes. See ANTELOPE; and Plate of ANTELOPES. HART'-DYKE, Sir WILLIAM (1837—). An English landowner and politician, born in Kent. He was educated at Harrow and Oxford, was elected to Parliament for his native shire in 1865, was Chief Secretary for Ireland (1885-86), and vice-president of the Council on Education (188792). HARTE, FRANCIS BRET (1839-1902). An American humorous poet and novelist, born at At fifteen he Albany, N. Y., August 25, 1839. wandered to California, where he spent three years digging for gold and teaching school. In 1857 he entered the office of the Golden Era as a compositor, and presently began to write for that paper sketches which attracted favorable notice. He became its assistant editor, and soon afterwards editor-in-chief of the Weekly Californian, in which he published his parodies of novels. Meanwhile, from 1864 to 1867, he was secretary of the United States Mint in San Francisco, and was writing for newspapers poems that won him great popularity, e.g. "The Society upon the Stanislaus." His first book of verse, The Lost Galleon and Other Poems, was gathered in 1867; his first prose book, Condensed Novels, appeared in 1867. From 1868 till 1870 he edited the Overand in it he published The Luck of Roaring Camp land Monthly, which he had helped to organize, (1868) and The Outcasts of Poker Flat (1869) perhaps his best short stories-and also many from Truthful James," better known as "The cthers. His most popular poem, "Plain Language Heathen Chinee," made Bret Harte famous in 1870. In this year he was made professor of recent literature in the University of California, but he went to New York in 1871 to continue writing. After 1878 he held consular appointments at Crefeld in Germany (1878-80), at Glasgow, Scotland (1880-85), and after 1885 he dwelt in England. During the last years of his life he had his home near London, and a new volume, chiefly of short stories, appeared nearly every year. He died in Camberley, near London, May 5, 1902. -- Most of Bret Harte's works depict life on the Pacific Slope in the early days, but he describes life also in the Atlantic States and in England. The more noteworthy among his works are: Poems (1870); East and West Poems (1871); The Luck of Roaring Camp and Other Sketches (1871); Poetical Works (1873); Tales (1875); Gabriel of the Argonauts Conroy (1876); Two Men of Sandy Bar (1876); The Story of a Mine (1878); The Twins of Table Mountain (1879); Flip (1882); In the Carquinez Woods (1883); On the Frontier (1884); By Shore and Sedge (1885); Snowbound at Eagle's (1886); A Millionaire of Rough and Ready (1887); The Argonauts of North Liberty (1888); A Sappho of Green Springs (1891); Sally Dows (1893); In the Hollow of the Hills (1895); Clarence Barker's Luck (1896); Bulger's Reputation (1896); The Three Partners (1897); A Protégée of Jack Hamlin's (1899); From Sandhill to Pine (1900); Under the Redwoods (1901). Bret Harte's collected works appeared in London (1881) and in Boston (1891), with supplementary volumes up to 1902. Of those American authors whose charm lies mainly in their manner of emphasizing the characteristics of a highly flavored community, Bret Harte is one of the best. He was open-eyed and sympathetic in his delineation of adventurers. His story of the gambler who sacrificed himself for his snow-bound companions bears witness to Harte's first-hand acquaintance with perverse humanity. All his strongest tales of the Forty niners and of their followers give a view of early California that, in spite of an exaggeration perceptible to contemporary Californians, supplies an interesting supplement to formal history. Whether he tells of the rough Caucasian or of the mysterious Asiatic, Bret Harte has the knack of catching representative traits so admirably that we can see the whole of an almost lawless society. His stuff was romantic, melodramatic, and mostly disreputable. He handled it with humor, irony, pathos, or with a cynical lack of a superior point of view. He was imaginative in that he could cull the essence of things, but he was neither a dreamer nor a deep or farseeing thinker. What was close to him he saw marvelously, and few writers have ever given a more distinct impression of being a part of what they have described. But Bret Harte is as impersonal as Maupassant. He assumes no responsibility, preaches no sermon, for his whole mind is absorbed in the portrayal of facts. The facts he coördinates with the genius of a born story writer. Visible physical nature, wild cañons and mountains furnish him a setting. But Bret Harte admits nature only as a background. He delights in what is dazzling, spectacular, or dreadful. Yet his characters never pose. Many of them are even epically molded; but they are no heroes, or sorry ones at best. What one remembers most vividly is the gambler, the adventurer, the desperado, or the bedraggled woman. And these characters constitute a gallery of vagrants, sordid unfortunates, or downright rogues. Bret Harte wrote and wrote abundantly till the end. In his early work one may feel a quick intelligence, keenly interested in a new world. He is, through his subjects, and perhaps through his manner, an American author otherwise than by mere birth. His American qualities endeared him not only to his readers at home, but to many in Europe; for Europeans found in him an artistic portrayal of a phase of American life. Consult Pemberton, Bret Harte (New York, 1903) and Boynton, Bret Harte (New York, 1903). HARTE, WALTER (1709-74). An English poet and historian. Educated at Marlborough and Oxford, he entered the Church, was preacher and teacher at his alma mater, and became viceprincipal of Saint Mary Hall. His first poems, published at the age of eighteen, brought him the notice of Pope, whose stanch friend he afterwards became, and also his imitator in an Essay on Reason (1735). From 1745 to 1749 he was traveling tutor to the recipient of the famous Chesterfield Letters, and on his home-coming was made canon at Windsor, and afterwards rector in a Cornwall parish. His most pretentious work, a mine of information, Life of Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden (2 vols., 1759), was pronounced a very good book-in a German translationbut Harte's English was much better in his Essays on Husbandry (1764), approved both by Lord Chesterfield and Dr. Johnson. HARTEL, här'tel, WILHELM VON (1839-). An Austrian philologist. He was born at Hof, in Moravia, and studied at the University of Vienna. He was appointed professor of classical philology at Vienna in 1872, made a member of the Vienna Academy in 1875, of the Berlin Academy in 1893; and became a life member of the Aus trian House of Peers in 1890. In 1899 he was for a short time Minister of Education and Public Worship, to which post he was reappointed in 1900, holding office until 1905. His principal works are: Homerische Studien (1871-74; 2d ed. 1873); Demosthenische Studien (1877-78); Studien über attisches Staatsrecht und Urkundenwesen (1878); and various editions of classical authors, including the Breviarium of Eutropius (1872); Cyprian's Opera Omnia (3 vols., 186871); and Ennodius's Opera for the Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum, published by the Vienna Academy of Sciences. He was made editor of the Zeitschrift für Oesterreichische Gymnasien in 1874; and with Schenkl founded the Wiener Studien in 1879. HARTENSTEIN, här'ten-stin, GUSTAV (180890). A German philosopher and author, born at Plauen, Saxony, and educated at Grimma and Leipzig, where in 1834 he was appointed progifted followers of Herbart, to whose philosophifessor of philosophy. He was one of the most cal views he gave wide extension in the works entitled Die Probleme und Grundlehren der all gemeinen Metaphysik (1836), and Die Grundbegriffe der ethischen Wissenschaften (1844). HART'FORD. A city and port of entry, the Hartford County, 125 miles west by south of Boscapital of Connecticut, and the county-seat of ton, 36 miles north-northeast of New Haven, and 110 miles northeast of New York; on the New York, New Haven and Hartford and the Central of New England railroads (Map: Connecticut, E 2). It is situated at the head of navigation for large vessels on the Connecticut River, 50 miles from Long Island Sound, and at the mouth of Park River, a narrow stream that flows Hartford has a fine site, its more elevated seethrough the city, being crossed by several bridges. tions commanding grand views of the Connecticut Valley, and is regularly laid out over an area of about 17 square miles. Much historical interest attaches to the city, the memory of its prominence in Colonial as well as in later times being preserved in several of its churches and houses, in its localities, and in its interesting collections of relics. The old State House (1796), in which the Hartford Convention (q.v.) met, now serves as the city hall; and the new Capitol, costing $2,532,000, is a large and beautiful structure of white marble, with portraits and statues of famous persons. Several of the life and fire insurance companies for which Hartford is noted occupy fine offices, and among other pretentions buildings are the High School, Young Men's Christian Association building, State Arsenal, post-office, Wadsworth Athenæum, the Colt Memorial and the church of the Good Shepherd, both erected by the late Mrs. Samuel Colt, and Saint Joseph's Cathedral, the seat of the Bishop (Roman Catholic) of Hartford. Among the charitable institutions are the Tuberculosis, Hartford and Saint Francis hospitals, Hartford Orphan Asylum, Old People's Home, Retreat for the Insane, American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, and Asylum for the Blind. Hartford is the seat of Trinity College (q.v.), established in 1828, and of the Hartford Theological Seminary (Congregational) founded in 1834. Besides the libraries of the educational institutions mentioned above, there are the State, Public, Watkinson, and Historical Society libraries, aggregating more than 160,000 volumes. The city has a number of parks: Bushnell Park (46 acres), the site of the State Capitol, and Charter Oak Park, famous for its fair-grounds and trotting track; also Keney, Elizabeth, Pope, Riverside, Goodwin, Colt, and other parks. In 1887 Hartford was made a port of entry. It has considerable commercial importance, but is most widely known as the centre of vast insurance interests and for its manufacturing concerns. The principal manufactures are bicycles, firearms, type-writers, screws, nails, pins, envelopes, steam boilers and engines, machinery, printing-presses, car-wheels, hosiery, knit goods, furniture, carriages, instruments of precision, and electric vehicles, etc. The city also controls an extensive trade in Connecticut tobacco. The gov ernment, as provided by the charter of 1856, revised in 1880, is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, a bicameral council, consisting of five aldermen elected biennially and forty councilmen chosen annually, and subordinate administrative officials. The government is largely by commissions appointed by the mayor. The park commissioners make appointments to fill vacancies on their own board. The city owns and manages its water-works, the earnings from which will pay off the water debt when due. The net debt of the city is (1906) $3,594,784. The city maintains evening high and common schools, with technical and manual training. Population, in 1800, 5347; in 1850, 17,966; in 1870, 37,180; in 1890, 53,230; in 1900, 79,850, including 23,800 persons of foreign birth, and 1900 of negro descent; in 1905 (local est.), 93,000. In 1633 the Dutch built on what is still known as Dutch Point a fort which they called the 'House of Hope.' A number of Massachusetts colonists, mostly from Newtown (Cambridge), left their homes in 1635 and 1636, partly because of a dispute over the civil rights of nonchurch members, and, led by their pastors, Thomas Hooker (q.v.) and Samuel Stone, settled at Hartford. The name Newtown was at first adopted, but in 1637 it was discarded for Hartford-Hertford, England, being the birthplace of Stone. On January 14, 1639, the freemen of Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield met at Hartford and, influenced by Hooker, adopted the famous 'Fundamental Orders of Connecticut,' the first written constitution adopted by a people that ever organized a government. For this reason Hartford is frequently called the birthplace of American democracy.' On September 19, 1650, Peter Stuyvesant and commissioners from the United Colonies' signed a treaty at Hartford by which boundary disputes were adjusted, and the Dutch confirmed in possession of their fort. In 1654, however, this fort was seized, and the Dutch expelled from Connecticut. In 1687 Governor Andros came to Hartford and made an attempt to seize the Connecticut charter. (See CHARTER OAK.) Washington and Rochambeau met here in 1780 to plan the Yorktown campaign, and in 1814-15 the Hartford Convention (q.v.) was in session here. Until 1701 Hartford was the capital of Connecticut; from 1701 to 1873 it shared that honor with New Haven; and since 1875 it has been sole capital. Noah Webster, Henry Barnard, John Fiske, Richard Burton, and Frederick Law Olmsted were born in Hartford, and among the notable writers who have made it their home are Harriet Beecher Stowe, Whittier, Lydia Huntley Sigourney, John Trumbull, Joel Barlow, Horace Bushnell, Charles Dudley Warner, and Samuel L. Clemens. Consult: Trumbull, The Memorial History of Hartford County (Boston, 1886); and sketches in Powell, Historic Towns of the New England States (New York, 1898), and Connecticut Magazine, vol. v. (Hartford, 1899). HARTFORD, THE. The flagship in which Admiral Farragut made his attack on New Orleans, in April, 1862. She was also his flagship in the attack on Mobile. HARTFORD CITY. A city and the countyseat of Blackford County, Ind., 47 miles west by south of Fort Wayne; on the Lake Erie and Western and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis railroads (Map: Indiana, D 2). It has some natural gas, and a steady supply of oil; there are manufactures of paper and pulp, tile, brick, buggies, gas engines, corn-husking machines, and various glass articles. The waterworks are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 2287; in 1900, 5912. HARTFORD CONVENTION. In American history, a political assembly representing the Federalists of New England States, which met at Hartford, Conn., December 15, 1814, and adjourned sine die, January 5, 1815. Its members numbered twenty-six, twelve coming from Massachusetts, seven from Connecticut, four from Rhode Island (all appointed by the Legislatures of their respective States), two from from counties in New Hampshire, and one Windham County, Vt. The convention grew out of the opposition of the Federalists in New England to the War of 1812, and its members all belonged to that party. George Cabot, of Massachusetts, was elected president, and Theodore Dwight, of Connecticut, secretary. The members were as intelligent and as high-minded men as could have been found in the country, but Federalism was exceedingly unpopular, and the fact that the sessions were held with closed doors, and that the members were pledged to secrecy, gave rise to a report that the secession of the New England States was contemplated. The extreme stand thus attributed to the leading Federalists (q.v.), as well as their pronounced opposition to the war, hastened the movement which resulted in the complete overthrow of the Federalist Party. The object of the convention was to devise means not only of security and defense against foreign nations, but also for safeguarding the privileges of the separate States against the alleged encroachments of the Federal Government; and no treasonable intention could be proved. The act of Massachusetts calling the convention stated that the steps taken by the consulting body were to be "not repugnant to their obligations as members of the Union;" and the resolutions of Connecticut and Rhode Island were to the same effect. The main propositions were stated in the form of amendments to the Federal Constitution, which the convention recommended to the several States. The suggested changes were that direct taxes and representatives be apportioned among the States according to the number of free persons therein; that no new State should be admitted to the Union except upon a two-thirds vote in each House of Con |