HEBRON. A city and the county-seat of Thayer County, Neb., 65 miles southwest of Lincoln; on the Little Blue River, and on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, and the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroads (Map: Nebraska, G 3). It is the commercial centre for a farming and stock-raising district. Population, in 1890, 1502; in 1900, 1511.

HEBRUS, he brus. The ancient name of the river Maritza (q.v.).

HEC'ATÆ'US (Lat., from Gk. 'ExaTaîos, Hekataios). The most important of the Greek logographers (q.v.), son of Hegesander of Miletus. He flourished about B.C. 500. At the time

a

of the Ionian revolt (c.501-493 B.C.) he strove in vain to keep his countrymen from entering upon the war with Persia, and after their defeat he went as an ambassador to Artaphernes, the Persian satrap, and induced him to treat the Ionians kindly. Like most of the logographers, he was an extensive traveler; to judge from the fragments of his work, he must have visited Greece, Thrace, the countries bordering on the Euxine, a great part of Persia, Africa, and possibly Italy and Spain. He wrote a work called Genealogies (Γενεαλογίαι), which was little more than prose version of the poetical legends of the Greeks. His Tour of the World (Iepíodos гns), in two books, is interesting from the fact that it was accompanied by a map, probably based upon that of Anaximander (q.v.). The fragments of these two works are published by Müller, Fragmenta Historicorum Græcorum, i. and iv. (Paris, 1841-70). Consult, also: Atenstädt, De Hecatai Milesii Fragmentis quæ ad Hispaniam et Galliam Pertinent, Leipziger Studien, xiv. (1891); Tropea, Ecateo da Mileto ed i frammenti della periegesis (estratto degli Atti dell' Acad. Pelormitana, 1896-97).

HECATE, hěk'ȧ-tē (Lat., from Gk. 'Ekárn, Hekate, the far-working goddess, from έkáç, hekas, afar). An ancient moon goddess, as is clear, not only from her functions, but from the direct statements of the ancients. She is first mentioned by Hesiod, as the only daughter of the Titan Perses, and of Asteria, or night. The poet praises her as a mighty goddess ruling earth, heaven, and sea, the helper of hunters and fishermen, giver of victory in battle and council. Like other moon goddesses, she appears as helper of women in their confinement, guardian of children, and a goddess of marriage; she also possesses the power of purifying from sin, like Apollo. Mysteries were celebrated in her honor at Ægina, and in conjunction with the Corybantes in the Zerynthian cave of Samothrace. The special seats of her worship are found in Asia Minor and on the east coast of Greece, though in later times she was widely honored. Hecate in the general belief of antiquity was associated with the guardianship of doors and roads, and her sanctuaries seem in general to have been little more than wayside shrines. A statue of the triple Hecate by Alcamenes stood near the entrance to the Acropolis of Athens, and she was worshiped in private houses. The crossroads were under her special protection, and at them sacrifices, especially of dogs, were offered.. At each new moon, also, the rich set out in her honor food, which was eaten by the poor. As a goddess of the night Hecate is also associated with the lower world, a companion of Persephone, and guardian of her

door. She had control of the spirits of the dead, goblins, and spectres, her coming was greeted by the howling of dogs, and she was invoked by magicians and witches. From these varied functions, it is not strange that she became closely connected with Persephone, and especially with Artemis. In art she was at first represented as a maiden carrying torches, and this type persisted through the classical period. The common type, however, derived probably from her epithet Tplodiris (Lat. Trivia, where three roads meet'), was that of three bodies, joined so as to face in three directions. In the frieze of the great altar at Pergamum, Hecate is shown as having three type appears occasionally in later works. Conheads and six arms, but a single body, and this suit: Preller-Robert, Griechische Mythologie (Berlin, 1894), and especially Roscher, "Hekate,” in Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie (Leipzig, 1886-90).

HEC'ATOMB (Lat. hecatombe, from Gk. èκαтbμẞn, hekatombe, from KaTÓν, hekaton, hundred + Boûs, bous, ox). Strictly, a sacrifice of 100 oxen, but even in the Homeric poems a term for any sacrifice of a large number of animals; thus we hear of a hecatomb of 12 oxen or of 50 rams. The belief that the favor of the gods was dependent upon the size of the offering probably was one factor in inducing such large numbers of victims; but a powerful influence was also exerted by the desire to feed the populace, since only a small part of each victim was actually consumed upon the altar. SACRIFICE.

See also

HECK, BARBARA (1734-1804). One of the founders of the Methodist Church in America. She was born, of German parentage, in Ballygarry County, Limerick, Ireland, a district which early felt the influence of Wesley's preaching. She and her husband, Paul, came to America in 1760, and in 1766, with Philip Embury, organized a Methodist society in New York City. building of the famous old John Street Methodist Church was due, in great part, to her tireless energy. During the Revolution the Hecks retired to northern New York, and finally to Canada, to be among Loyalists. They founded the earliest Methodist society in Canada.

The

HECK'ER, FRIEDRICH KARL FRANZ (1811S1). A German revolutionist and American soldier. He was born at Eichtersheim, in Baden, September 28, 1811, and after studying law in Heidelberg became, in 1838, advocate of the Supreme Court in Mannheim. Elected, in 1842, a member of the second Chamber in Baden, he abandoned his profession for political life, and soon grew popular among the more advanced elements of the opposition. He sat and voted with the Extreme Left, and his influence helped to oust the Blittersdorf Ministry from office. In 1845, in conjunction with Itzstein, he conducted a democratic campaign in Germany, during which he was ar rested at Berlin and expelled from Prussia. In 1848 he employed his eloquence in revolutionary agitation, and he and Struve became leaders of the advanced Revolutionary party. When the preliminary convention of the German nation (Das Vorparlament) met at Frankfort, Hecker endeavored, with the influence of his whole party, to constitute it into a permanent republican assembly. The frustration of this effort led him to attempt to surprise the smaller governments

of Southern Germany with the bands of artisans which had come from France. Defeated at Kandern, in Baden, April 20, 1848, he fled into the Canton of Basel, where he conducted a radical newspaper, and wrote his work, Die Volkserhebung in Baden. On being refused admission to the National Assembly at Frankfort, though twice elected to represent Thiengen, he emigrated to America, where he bought a farm at Belleville, Ill. The Baden Revolution (1849) brought him back to Europe; but finding the revolution over on his arrival, he returned to America. He was a colonel and brigadier-general in the Union Army during the Civil War. During his later years Hecker watched with interest the founding of the new German Empire, and was a stanch supporter of German interests in America. He died at Saint Louis, March 24, 1881. His Reden und Vorlesungen were published in Germany in 1872, and were followed two years later by Betrachtungen über den Kirchenstreit in Deutschland und die Infallibilität.

He

HECKER, ISAAC THOMAS (1819-88). An American priest of the Roman Catholic Church, founder of the Paulist Fathers. He was born in New York City, and early in life engaged in business. In 1843 he was a member of the socialistic community at Brook Farm, and later of that at Fruitlands, Mass. He also lived for some time with Henry D. Thoreau at the latter's 'Hermitage.' In 1844 he was converted to the Roman Catholic faith, and five years later was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Wiseman. joined the Redemptorists, but with others was released from his vows, and in 1858 founded the Congregation of Saint Paul the Apostle, or Paulists (q.v.), in New York. Father Hecker was the founder and director of the Catholic Publication Society, and also founded and edited from 1865 until his death the Catholic World, the chief popular Roman Catholic magazine in America. His writings also included: Questions of the Soul (1855); Aspirations of Nature (1857); and Catholicity in the United States (1879). Consult Elliott, Life of Father Hecker (New York, 1891). The appearance of an abridged and incorrect anonymous French version (1897; 6th ed. 1898) of Father Elliott's volume evoked an attack by Abbé Maignan, of the Congregation of Saint Vincent de Paul, in Le Père Hecker, est-il un Saint? (1898). This was succeeded by the socalled 'American' controversy, for the settlement of which Pope Leo XIII. in 1899 addressed an apostolical letter tc Cardinal Gibbons. account of the matter, consult Sedgwick, Father Hecker (Boston, 1900).

For an

HECKER, JOHANN JULIUS (1707-68). A German educator, born at Werden, Prussia. At the command of Frederick II. of Prussia, he drew up a system of regulations for the government of common schools, parts of which are still in force. Consult Fr. Ranke, Johann Julius Hecker (Berlin, 1861).

HECKER, JUSTUS FRIEDRICH KARL (1795 1850). A German physician and writer of medical history, born in Erfurt, Prussian Saxony. He was professor of medicine in the University of Berlin, and wrote: Geschichte der Heilkunde (1822-29); Der schwarze Tod im 14. Jahrhundert (1832): Die Tanzwut, eine Volkskrankheit im Mittelalter (1832), translated into English by B. G. Babington, under the title, "The Dancing

Mania of the Middle Ages" (1875); Der englische Schweiss. Ein ärztlicher Beitrag zur Geschichte des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts (1834); Geschichte der neuern Heilkunde (1839) ; Kinderfahrten, eine historisch-pathologische Skizze (1845).

HECK'EWEL'DER, JOHN GOTTLIEB ERNESTUS (1743-1823). An American pioneer missionary and orator, born in Bedford, England. He settled in Pennsylvania in 1754, studied theology, and entered the Moravian ministry. In 1771 he became assistant to David Zeisberger (q.v.), who had charge of the missionary work of that Church Heckewelder proceeded in that same year. In among the Indians in the Ohio country, whither this service he remained for fifteen years. In between the United States and the Indians, by 1792 and 1793 he assisted in drawing up treaties whom he was greatly loved and trusted. He remained in Ohio until 1810, when he settled at Bethlehem, Pa., and engaged in writing the history of his labors and observations. He published: An Account of the History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring States (1818), a work of great value which was translated into both German and French; Narrative of the Mission of the United Brethren Among the Delaware and Mohegan Indians (1820); Names Which the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians Give to Rivers, Streams, and Localities (1822). Consult Rondthaler, Life of Heckewelder (Philadelphia, 1847).

HECKLE, HACKLE, HATCHEL, HETCHEL. A wooden frame studded with iron teeth used for separating the fleshy part of flax and hemp from the fibre; also the operation of cleaning the fibre with this tool.

HECKMONDWIKE, hěkʼmond-wik'. A manufacturing town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 10 miles southwest of Leeds (Map: England, E 3). It has coal-mines, ironworks, machine-shops, and is an important centre of carpet, blanket, and heavy woolen manufactures. The town has improved in recent years; has good drainage, an ample water-supply, and electric lighting. Population, in 1891, 9700; in 1901, 9460.

HECKSCHER, hěk'sher, JOHANN GUSTAV WILHELM MORITZ (1797-1865). A German politician, born in Hamburg. He served during the

War of 1815 as a volunteer in the Hanseatic Corps, and then studied at the universities of Göttingen and Heidelberg. Upon completing his studies he settled in Hamburg, where he practiced law, and, after 1840, directed the politics of the Hamburger Nachrichten. In 1848 he was elected to the Vorparlament, in which he opposed the propositions of the Democratic Party. In the National Assembly at Frankfort (184849) he was at first a member of the Left Centre, but inclined more and more to identify himself with the Right. He advocated the election of Archduke John of Austria as Vicar of the Provisional Government, in which he himself was appointed Minister of Justice, and opposed the proposition to exclude Austria and erect a German empire with a Prussian King as hereditary Emperor. Later he helped to organize the PanGerman Party.

HECLA, or HEK'LA. A volcano in Iceland, situated in the southwestern part of the island,

about 20 miles from the coast. It has an irregular cone built of lava, scoriæ, and ashes, and bare of vegetation, which rises to a height of 5100 feet above the sea. There are several subsidiary craters, besides the principal crater on the summit, and the cone is dissected by deep ravines, through which torrents rush down from the snow-fields above. The volcano has an extremely wild and desolate appearance. Erup tions take place at irregular intervals, he total number on record since the discovery of Iceland being 28. The most violent outbursts occurred in 1157, 1300, 1597, 1636, and 1766. In the last named year a large area was buried beneath the ejected lava and ashes. The volcano was again active from September, 1845, to April, 1846, and in March, 1878. See ICELAND.

HECTARE, or HEKTARE, HECTOGRAM, HECTOLITER, HECTOMETER. See METRIC

SYSTEM.

HECTIC FEVER (from Gk. ÉKTIKÓç, hektikos, consumptive, from is, hexis, condition, from exe, echein, to have). A type of fever, usually associated with tubercular disease, abscess, or septicemia, distinguished by an afternoon or evening rise of temperature, during which the patient has bright eyes, flushed cheeks, and some nervous excitement, while afterwards the temperature falls and profuse perspiration occurs. The treatment must be directed toward the existing disease, of which it is generally a grave symptom.

HECTOR (Lat., from Gk. "ExTwp). The leader and mightiest warrior in the Trojan army, son of Priam and Hecuba, husband of Andromache, and father of Astyanax or Scamandrius. In the Iliad he appears as brave in battle, but hasty, and often imprudent; he is also full of reverence for the gods, tender love for his family, and devoted patriotism. During the absence of Achilles from the fight he storms the Greek camp and penetrates even to the ships. Driven back by Patroclus, the friend of Achilles, he at length slays him, by the help of Apollo. Roused by his thirst for vengeance, Achilles is reconciled with Agamemnon, and in divine armor routs the Trojans with fearful slaughter, and finally, after chasing Hector three times round the walls of Troy, slays him by the help of Athena, and drags the body at his chariot-wheels to the Greek ships. Here the corpse is miraculously preserved by the gods, and finally ransomed by Priam. With the mourning and burial of Hector the Iliad closes. In the post-Homeric literature little is added to the picture of Hector. At Ilium he was worshiped as a hero, and similar offerings were made at Thebes, whither it was said an oracle had comruanded the removal of his bones. In art the combats of Hector with various Greek heroes, his death, the inaltreatment of his body, and his ransom, are favorite subjects.

A Life Interest (3 vols., 1888); A Winning Hazard (1896); and Barbara: Lady's Maid and Peeress (1897).

HECTOR, or ECTOR, SIR. The name of two knights in Arthurian legend.

The second wife of Priam, King of Troy, to whom HEC'UBA (Lat., from Gk. 'Ekáẞn, Hekabė). she was said to have borne nineteen children, in

cluding Hector, Paris, Helenus, Cassandra, Deiphobus, Polydorus, and Troilus. In the Iliad Hecuba appears as bringing offerings to Athena. trying to restrain Hector from the battle, and lamenting his death. The tragedians, and especially Euripides, basing their work on the later epics, developed her story, and it served as a source for still later poets. Before the birth of Paris she dreamed that she bore a blazing torch which fired the whole city. From dread of the meaning of this omen, Paris was exposed. Another episode was her vengeance on Polymestor, King of Thrace, to whom Priam had sent his son Polydorus and much treasure for safe-keeping. Polymestor murdered his ward, and threw the body into the sea, which bore it to the shore of the Troad, where it was discovered by a servant of the now captive Hecuba. She then enticed Polymestor to her tent, and with her attendants slew his sons before his eyes and blinded him. The loss of Polydorus was only one of her sufferings after the capture of Troy, for she saw her husband and her sons slain, her grandson, Astyanax, son of Hector, thrown from the walls of Troy, and her daughter Polyxena sacrificed at the tomb of Achilles, while the lot assigned her as slave to her most hated enemy, Odysseus. The legends of her end varied, as in one version she was transformed into a dog, which sprang into the sea and was drowned, while in another her lamentations and curses so angered the Greeks that they stoned her. Her name became proverbial for a sorrowful fate.

HECUBA, or HEC'ABE. A tragedy by Euripides, produced about B.C. 424. It deals with the revenge of the Trojan matron on Polymestor, King of Thrace, who had murdered her youngest son, Polydorus, previously consigned by Priam to his guardianship. The tragic pathos of the play is also heightened by the introduction in the first part of the story of Polyxena, the daughter of Hecuba, who was sacrificed by the Greeks to the shade of Achilles. The play is somewhat lacking in unity.

HECYRA, hěs'i-rå (Lat., from Gk. 'Ekupá, mother-in-law). A comedy by Terence, produced in B.C. 165. The play, which is based on an unknown Greek comedy, lacks plot, and was at first unsuccessful.

HEDA, ha'då, WILLEM CLAESZ (1594-c.1678). A Dutch painter, born probably at Haarlem. He was one of the most famous of the still-life painters, and also attempted historical subjects, but with little success. He was dean of the Haarlem Guild in 1631 and in 1651, but aside from

is nothing is known of the events of his life. There is a "Dessert" by him in the Louvre, dated 1637. His other pictures are in the German galleries, notably some breakfast subjects in Munich, Dresden, and Nuremberg.

director of the New Theatre, Gothenburg (1881). In 1883 he gave up this position to devote himself entirely to writing. His works include comedies, tragedies, poems,etc. The best known of his plays is Brolioppet på Ulfåsa (1865). He also wrote: Karaktäristiker och Porträter af Svenska Skådespelare (1884), and Karaktäristiker och Porträter af Svenska Operasönngare (1885), besides other works dealing with theatrical subjects. His son TOR (1862-) has written novels of abnormal psychology including Judas and Ouf Torpa and dramas of like character, among them, Gerhard Grim (1897), and Amor och Hymen (1905).

HEDDA GABLER, hĕd'då gä'bler. A play by Henrik Ibsen (1890), and the name of its heroine, an eccentric woman who, disappointed in her marriage with a young savant, attempts to regain her influence over a former lover, Eilert, now under the good influence of a former school friend of Hedda. He loses the manuscript of a new work which is to make him famous, and Hedda's husband finds it, but she destroys the work. When Eilert, in despair,. thinks of suicide, she gives him a pistol with which he ends his life in a low resort, and Hedda kills herself. HED'DING, ELIJAH (1780-1852). An American clergyman, bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He was born in Pine Plains, Dutchess County, N. Y., and began to preach in Vermont when nineteen years old. During most of the time between 1807 and 1824 he was presiding elder in New Hampshire, in Portland, Maine, and in Boston. In 1824 he was elected bishop, and during the formative period of the Church's growth he exercised a powerful influence. He

was one of the founders of Zion's Herald, the first Methodist paper in the country, and author of a Manual of Discipline.

HEDDLE, or HEALD (of Scandinavian origin; cf. Icel. hafald, thrum for holding the weft). In weaving, the threads of the warp are so arranged that at each passage of the shuttle back ward and forward, a certain number of the warp threads are raised, and the remainder lowered; this is done with vertical threads, cords, or wires, with a small loop in the middle through which the warp thread is passed, there being one of the vertical threads for each horizontal or warp thread. These threads or wires are known as heddles or healds. See LOOM.

HEDENSTIERNA, haʼden-styĕr-nå, KARL JOSEPH ALFRED (1852-). A Swedish author, born at Wedâsa (Småland province). In 1879 he became connected with the staff of the Smålands Posten at Wexiö, and in 1890 was made editor-in-chief of that journal. In addition to several volumes descriptive of Swedish peasant life, he wrote a series of humorous articles, published weekly in the Posten over the name Segurd, and in part collected in a translation into German by Krusenstierna and Langfeldt, entitled Allerlei Leute (Leipzig, 1892-97).

HEDGE (AS. heeg, hege, OHG. hecga, hegga, Ger. Hecke, hedge; connected with AS. hege, Eng. hay, and AS. heawan, Eng. hew). A fence formed generally of growing shrubs or trees and cultivated either for defense or ornament. Hedges are much used in England, Italy, and in other countries where wood for fences is scarce. For many situations, they are particularly adapted, owing to the protection which they af

ford from high winds. The height to which they are permitted to grow should be accommodated to the requirements of the locality. Hedges in Great Britain are generally formed of hawthorn (q.v.). Beech hedges are very common around gardens and pleasure grounds, and a hedge of beech and hawthorn mixed is common in many places. Holly makes an excellent ornamental hedge, much in use for gardens and pleasure grounds. Ornamental hedges are sometimes formed of yew, hornbeam, lime, and other trees. In the United States, osage orange (Maclura aurantiaca) and honey-locust (Gleditschia triacanthos) are considered the best hedges for fence purposes. For ornamental hedges California privet (Ligustrum ovalifolium), Norway spruce (Picea excelsa), American arbor-vitæ (Thuja occidentalis), common hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis), Japan quince (Cydonia japonica), Deutzia scabra, and some spireas and viburnums are used.

HEDGE, FREDERIC HENRY (1805-90). An American clergyman, critic, and philosopher, born at Cambridge, Mass. He was a son of Levi Hedge, professor of logic and metaphysics in Harvard College. He studied in Germany under the care of George Bancroft from 1818 to 1823, and graduated at Harvard (1825), and from the Divinity School at Cambridge in 1828. He was a Unitarian pastor successively at West Cambridge (1829), Bangor, Maine (1835), Providence, R. I. (1850), Brookline, Mass. (1856), and in 1857 was made professor of ecclesiastical history in the Harvard Divinity School, and editor of the Christian Examiner (1857-60). From 1872 to 1881 he was professor of German at Harvard. To literary criticism he contributed Prose Writers of Germany (1848), and Hours with German Classics (1886); to religious and philosophical criticism: Reason in Religion (1865); The Primeval World of Hebrew Tradition (1870); Martin Luther and Other Essays (1888). He wrote also several hymns and translations from the German poets, and prepared a liturgy for the Unitarian Church (1856). His chief significance to American thought was his introduction of German scholarship and litera

ture.

HEDGEBOTE. See HAYBOTE.

HEDGEHOG. One of a genus (Erinaceus) of insectivorous quadrupeds, the type of the family Erinaceida. The muzzle is rather elongated, the neck short, the limbs short, the feet five-toed, the claws strong, the tail short, the body covered hair below, and capable of being rolled up into a with short spines on the upper part, and with ball. The teeth are 36 in number, 20 in the upper

jaw and 16 in the lower; the middle incisors are insectivora, hedgehogs are by no means limited very long, and stand forward. Like many other reptiles, small quadrupeds, and birds; they are to insect food, but prey on larger animals, as fond of eggs and of milk, and in confinement will readily eat soaked bread, cooked vegetables, or porridge. Their power of rolling themselves into a ball, from which the spines project on every side, is their means of protection from enemies. The spines are curiously bent near the root, and so set, that on the contraction of the muscles by which the animal rolls itself up they are held firmly in their position, their points toward the adversary. They are very strong and sharp, and their elasticity is so great that the animal

can sustain falls from considerable heights without apparent injury.

The common hedgehog (Erinaceus Europaus) is a native of all Europe and of Western Asia. Its short ears are one of its distinctive specific

characters. It is seldom more than nine and a half inches in length. Its spines are about an inch long. It readily kills snakes, and even vipers, which it eats, beginning always at the tail. It brings forth from two to four young at a birth, and provides for the occasion a curiously constructed nest, mostly of dry leaves, of which the roof is capable of throwing off the rain. The young are blind at first, their ears are closed, and their bodies are covered with soft, incipient spines. In winter the hedgehog becomes torpid, retiring to a hole at the base of a tree, beneath roots, or in some such situation. It provides no winter store, and few animals hibernate so completely. The hedgehog is easily tamed, becomes very familiar, and is very useful in houses where cockroaches are troublesome. Night is its period of activity. Its flesh is eaten in some parts of Europe, but in Great Britain only by gypsies, who roll the animal up in a ball of clay, and so roast it. About eighteen other species of hedgehogs are found in different parts of Asia and Africa, but no closely related animal is included in the American fauna. See Plate of PORCUPINES AND HEDGEHOGS.

HEDGEHOG PLANT (so called from the shape). A name given to those species of medic (Medicago) in which the pods are spirally twisted and rolled up into a ball, beset with spines. The peculiar appearance of the pods makes them objects of interest, on which account they sometimes find a place on flower borders. Like other medics, they are useful as sheep and cattle food in countries where they abound. They are particularly plentiful on sandy grounds near the sea in some parts of South America, and their bur-like pods are often abundant in South American wool.

HEDGE-HYSSOP. See GRATIOLA. HEDGE-MUSTARD, Sisymbrium. A genus of plants of the natural order Cruciferæ, mostly annual or perennial herbs, with various foliage, yellow or white flowers, and long, roundish or six angled pods. Several species are natives of Europe, of which one, the common hedge-mustard (Sisymbrium officinale), was once employed in medicine for catarrh and other ailments, and still is sometimes cultivated as a pot-herb on account of its mild pungency. It is abundantly in troduced into the United States, where it is considered a troublesome weed. Broad-leaved hedge, or London rocket (Sisymbrium irio), is said to have sprung up in great abundance on the ground desolated by the fire of London in 1666. There are a number of other weedy species. Sisymbrium Sophia is sometimes known as flixweed. Sisymbrium alliaria has a garlic-like odor.

lined with hair, is usually placed rather low in a bush or hedge. The eggs are four or five in number, of a delicate and spotless bluish green.

HEDIN, hě-dēn', SVEN ANDERS (1865-). A Swedish explorer, born at Stockholm, and educated there and at Upsala (1885), at Berlin and at Halle, where, in 1892, he received the doctorate. He traveled in Southwestern Asia in 1885-86, and gave an account of his journey in Genom Persien, Mesopotamien och Kaukasien (1887); was a member of the Swedish commission to Teheran, which he described in Konung Oscar's beskickning till Schahen af Persien (1892) told of his experiences in Central Asia. In the years 1894 to 1897 he traveled through East Turkestan, the Pamir, the Takla-Makan Desert, northern Tibet, and the Desert of Ordos, reaching Peking and returning west through Mongolia and Siberia, and in the latter year won the Karl Ritter medal from the Berlin Geographical Society. These journeys, performed at times amid extraordinary hardships, were described in Through Asia (1899), which made the author's reputation in England and America; and, less popularly, in Petermanns Mitteilungen (1900): "Die geographisch-wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse meiner Reisen in Central Asien, 189497." Hedin's expedition of 1899 to 1902 explored the lower course of the Tarim, the country between it and the Tchertchen-Darya, the region of Lob-Nor, the Desert of Gobi, and the greater part of Tibet. He made two unsuccessful attempts to enter the sacred city of Lhasa. In 1906-7′ in another expedition he made other valuable geographical discoveries in Tibet.

HEDJAZ, hě-jäz' (Turk., land of pilgrimage). A Turkish vilayet of Arabia (q.v.), extending along the northeast shore of the Red Sea from the Gulf of Akabah to about the parallel of 200 N. (Map: Turkey in Asia, P 10), and to the Nefud Desert on the east. Its area is estimated at 96,500 square miles. The district is hot, dry, and barren, being covered with sand and eruptive material. In parts of the interior there are mountains 6000 feet high. Vegetation is found only in a few oases. The estimated population is 300,000 Bedouins. Within the confines of Hedjaz are Mecca and Medina. The chief port is Jeddah.

HEDJAZ RAILWAY, THE. See TURKEY.

HEDLINGER, hěd'ling-er, JOHANN KARL (1691-1771). A Swiss stamp-cutter, born at Schwyz. He completed his studies in Paris, and then went to Sweden, where he was appointed royal medalist in 1718. His pupil, Fehrman, succeeded him as a medalist to the King, and finished from his designs a series of portraits of Swedish sovereigns. His works were published with a French text by C. de Michel (1778, forty plates), and with a German text by J. C. Füszli and J. E. Haid (1781-82, eighty plates).

HEDONAL. A new hypnotic, chemically methylpropylcarbinolmethane, occurring in a white crystalline form, used in mild, painless and mild psychoses. insomnia, as from hysteria, neurasthenia, senility

HEDONISM (from Gk. dový, hēdonë, pleasure: connected with nôús, hědys, Lat. suavis, Goth. suts, OHG. suozi, Ger. süss, Eng. sweet, Skt. svadu, sweet, from svad, to make pleasant, to taste). The theory that pleasure is the high