THE NEW INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA G OETHITE, getit (named in honor of Goethe). A hydrated iron peroxide that crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, with an adamantine lustre, and yellow-red to brown in color. It occurs with other iron oxides, especially hematite or limonite, in Nassau, Saxony, and elsewhere in Germany; at various localities in England; and in the United States in the Lake Superior region, Missouri, Colorado, California, and elsewhere. Goethite is sometimes found penetrating quartz, like rutile, forming sagenite or "Venus's hair stone," which, when cut, is used for seals and charms in jewelry. GOETSCHIUS, get'shi-us, PERCY (1853-). A distinguished American musical scholar, writer, and composer, born in Paterson, N. J. A graduate of the Stuttgart Conservatory of Music, he was in 1876 placed in charge of the English classes there, and in 1885 was made royal professor. He at the same time contributed to the leading musical journals of Germany. He was called to Syracuse (N. Y.) University in 1890, as professor of harmony, musical history, and advanced pianoforte playing. Soon after he took charge of the composition branch of the New England Conservatory, but in 1896 resigned all institutional appointments. He was appointed organist of the First Parish Church of Brookline in 1897. In 1905 he became head of the Theory Department at the Institute of Musical Art in New York. His principal works are: The Material Used in Musical Composition (1882); The Theory and Practice of Tone Relations (1892); Models of the Principal Musical Forms (1895); Syllabus of Musical History (1895); The Homophonic Forms of Musical Composition (1898); Exercises in Melody-writing (1900); Applied Counterpoint (1902); Lessons in Music-Form (1904). GOETZ, gets, THEODOR VON (1826-92). A German battle painter, born in Lieschen, Silesia. He studied at first under the genre painter Hantzsch, in Dresden, but turned later to military subjects. He is particularly noteworthy for his faithful representations of the events of the Franco-German War of 1870-71, in which he took part as commander of a battalion of riflemen. His pictures include: "Episode in Battle of Sedan" (1875); "Prince George of Saxony in Battle of Saint-Privat" (1876); and "Crown Prince Albert After the Battle of Beaumont Congratulated by Prince George" (1887, Dresden Gallery). GOETZ, or GÖTZ, VON BERLICHINGEN, gets fôn ber'lik-ing'en. See BERLICHINGEN. GOEZE, ge'tse, JOHANN AUGUST EPHRAIM (1731-93). A German theologian and naturalist, a brother of Johann Melchior Goeze. He was born at Aschersleben, and studied theology at the University of Halle (1747-51). After occupying several pastorates, he became deacon of the cathedral at Quedlinburg, where he died. He is best known for his researches in natural history. His microscopical investigations led to the publication of the important work entitled Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Eingeweidewürmer tierischer Körper (1782; appendix, 1800). In 1773-74 he prepared about seventyfive translations of Bonnet's treatises on the natural history of insects. A GOEZE, JOHANN MELCHIOR (1717-86). German Lutheran clergyman, born at Halberstadt (Province of Saxony, Prussia). Educated at Jena and Halle, he became pastor of the Church of the Holy Spirit at Magdeburg in 1750, and, in 1755, chief pastor of Saint Catharine's Church at Hamburg. From 1760 to 1770 he held the seniority of the Lutheran clergy at Hamburg. He is known chiefly as a tireless controversialist, and in particular for his attacks on Lessing because of the latter's publication of the posthumous Fragmente eines Ungenannten (1774, 1777, 1778) of the free-thinker, Hermann Reimarus. He began the well-known contest in 1777, with an essay in Nos. 55 and 56 of the Freiwillige Beiträge zu den Hamburgischen Nachrichten, which he followed by Etwas Vortelbare und unmittelbare feindselige Angriffe läufiges gegen des Herrn Hofrath Lessings mit(1778), and Lessings Schwächen (1778), all acrid and personal. Lessing made his chief reply in 1778 in Eine Duplik, Eine Parabel, Axiomata and Anti-Goeze, among both the keenest of his writings and the foremost examples of the literature of the class. The pastor had little of the incisive thought, and yet less of the skillful expression, of his opponent. He was intolerant, even for the time, and a stickler for a narrowly literalistic interpretation of the Scriptures. His polemics against Lessing were edited by E. Schmidt in 1893. Consult further: Cropp, Lessings Streit mit Hauptpastor Goeze, in Heft 155 of the Deutsche Zeit- und Streit-Fragen (1881). See LESSING. GOFFE, WILLIAM (?-c.1679). An English regicide, born in Sussex, where his father was the rector of a church at Stammer. Apprenticed to a salter in London, he embraced the cause of the Parliament against Charles I., and in 1645 was commissioned a captain in the New Model army, in which, by his zeal and bravery, he won rapid promotion. He was one of the judges at the trial of Charles I., and signed the death warrant. He commanded Cromwell's old regiment at the battle of Dunbar, and distinguished himself at Worcester. He was elected to Parliament in 1654, and was promoted major-general in 1655, with command in Sussex, Berkshire, and Hampshire. In 1656 he supported the proposition to offer the crown to Cromwell, by whom he was appointed a member of the newly constituted House of Lords. At the Restoration he was excepted from the Act of Indemnity, and escaped with his father-in-law, General Whalley, to America, settling first at Cambridge, and thence, in order to escape arrest, removing to Connecticut, where he lived in retirement in New Haven and various towns in the Connecticut River Valley. In 1664 he removed to Hadley, Mass., where, according to the tradition, he appeared on the occasion of an Indian attack upon the town in 1675, rallied the frightened townsmen, and drove off the raiders. This incident has been used by Scott in his Peveril of the Peak, and by Cooper in his Wept of Wish-ton-Wish, or The Borderers, and forms the subject of "The Gray Champion" in Hawthorne's Twice-Told Tales. Consult Stiles, History of Three of the Judges of King Charles I. (Hartford, 1794). Gog and Magog represent a barbarous people of Central Asia in the days of Dhu-l-Qarnain (Alexander the Great). They are also represented as appearing in the last days. Gog and Magog are names popularly given to the two wooden statues of giants preserved in the Guildhall at London. According to the story, the living prototypes of the two figures were the survivors of a race of giants found in Britain by Brute, son of Antenor of Troy, and by him subdued. They were brought prisoners to London, where they were chained to the gates of a palace on the site of the Guildhall and kept as porters. When they died, their effigies were set up in their place. This is Caxton's account; but there is another, which represents one of the giants as Gogmagog, and the other as a British giant who killed him, named Corineus. The two giants have been the pride of London from time immemorial. On London Bridge they welcomed Henry V. in 1415; in 1558 they stood by Temple Bar, when Elizabeth passed through the city gate. The old giants were burned in the great fire, and the new ones were constructed in 1708. They are fourteen feet high, and occupy suitable pedestals in the Guildhall. The ancient effigies, which were made of wickerwork and pasteboard, were carried through the streets in the Lord Mayor's shows, and copies of the present giants were in the show of 1837. GOGGLE-EYE (so called from its protruding eyes). The rock-bass (Ambloplites rupestris), locally so called. See ROCK Bass. GOGGLE-NOSE (so called from the round, black spots on its nose, which resemble goggles). A local name among American gunners for the surf scoter (duck). See SCOTER. GOG AND MA'GOG. Names occurring sev GOGOL, gō'gol, NIKOLAI VASSILYEVITCH (1809eral times in the Bible. Gog is mentioned in 52). One of the greatest of Russian writers, Ezek. xxxviii. 16-18, and also xxxix. 1 in connec- born in the Government of Poltava, of a family tion with Meshech and Tubal. Magog appears of Cossack origin. On graduating at the Nyezhin in Gen. x. 2 and I. Chron. i. 5 as a son of Japheth, Lyceum he went to Saint Petersburg (1828), and in the Hebrew text of Ezek. xxxix. 6, where and was a clerk in the Department of Appanages the Greek version reads Gog. It has been con- in 1830-32. During these years he published a jectured that in this passage and in Gen. x. 2 series of sketches, Evenings at a Farmhouse Magog is a scribal error for Gog, or, according to Near Dikan'ka. In these he exploited his perothers, Magog in the latter passage is mis- sonal knowledge and his grandfather's stories of written for Gomer. The association of Gog with Cossack every-day life. It brought him immeMeshech and Tubal, the location of which can diate attention and the friendship of Pushkin be determined from the Assyrian inscriptions, and Pletnyoff, who obtained for Gogol an inpoints to some part of Armenia as the district structorship in literature, and in 1834 an adintended by Gog. Various attempts have been junct professorship in history. This he soon made to explain the name. By some Gog has resigned for purely literary work. During 1832been connected with Gagu, a ruler of a land 34 appeared a second series, Mirgorod (collected Sakhi, to the north of Assyria, who is men- in 1835), containing among others: Taras Bulba, tioned by Assurbanipal, and who has been Old World Proprietors, and How the Two Ivans regarded by some as identical with Gyges, King Quarreled. Taras Bulba, rewritten and enlarged of Lydia, although all such conjectures are in 1842, is a glowing picture of the Cossack futile. We must rest content with the fact that struggles with the Catholic Poles and Mohamin the Old Testament Gog is the name of a north- medan Tatars in the sixteenth century. It is an ern region. In view of the terror inspired by the epic in poetic prose. The two other sketches approach of the northern hordes, roughly known are minute studies of Little Russian life. The as the Scythians, who eventually brought series Arabesques deals with the life of the small about the destruction of the powerful Assyrian middle class in Saint Petersburg. In 1836 apEmpire (see ASSYRIA), Gog, in association with peared the comedy Revizor, which held up to Magog, became a general designation for a pow- ridicule the ignorance, corruption, trickery, and erful and wicked opponent, and in the later apoc- arbitrariness of provincial officialdom. A mighty alyptic writings becomes one of the terms de- cry of treason went up from all who were supscriptive of Antichrist (cf. Rev. xx. 8). The ported by State money, and but for the will of uprising of Gog and Magog against the kingdom Nicholas I., who heartily enjoyed it, it would of Christ and their destruction by God Himself have been immediately withdrawn from the is the precursor of the millennium. In the Koran stage. The intense mortification at the general protest it aroused undermined his constitution, and for twelve years Gogol lived mostly abroad, searching in vain for health. In 1842 he published the first volume of Dead Souls, describing the adventures of Tchitchikoff, who travels all over Russia in pursuance of a scheme of becoming an estate-holder by purchasing the dead serfs ('souls' of the dead), who are officially counted as living until the next census. It embraces types of all walks of Russian life, drawn with all his former art and with a mastery still further accentuated. The second volume was almost ready in 1845, but he burned it in a fit of hypochondria, of which he had become a victim, and which made him a religious mystic and champion of autocracy. A rough draft and detached scraps of it found after his death were brought into shape and published by his friends. It clearly reflects his dwindling intellectual powers; the personages are mostly figures of the goody-goody type, drawn not from actual life, but simply as a foil to the characters in the first volume. The Excerpts from the Correspondence with My Friends (1847) presented the painful spectacle of recantation and negation of his artistic work, in a manner anticipating Tolstoy's similar utterances. Gogol died in Russia, after a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1848. He is generally considered the founder of the Natural School. The best critical edition of his works is that of Tikhuravoff (1889-1900). Consult: V. I. Shenrok, Materials for Gogol's Biography (Moscow, 189298). English translations: Hapgood, Saint John's Eve and Other Stories; Taras-Bulba; Tehitchikoff's Journeys, or Dead Souls (New York, 1886); Sykes, The Inspector-General, or Revizor (London, n. d.). GOG'RA, or GOG'ARI. One of the largest affluents of the Ganges (q.v.), British India, joining that river from the left near Dinapur after a generally southeast course of 600 miles (Map: India, D 3). It rises in latitude 30° 28' N., and longitude 80° 40′ E., on the southern declivity of a Himalayan range. After receiving many tributaries on both sides, it enters the great plain of Hindustan, after a course of 148 miles, and 70 miles lower down becomes navigable for craft of considerable burden. Farther down it is navigable for boats of all sizes at all seasons. The principal affluents are the Sarju and the Rapti. GOHIER, go'yå', LOUIS JÉRÔME (1746-1830). A French politician, born at Semblançay (Indreet-Loire). A distinguished advocate, he was Deputy from Ille-et-Vilaine to the Legislative Assembly of 1791. The following year he became Secretary of the Department of Justice and then Minister of Justice (1793), succeeding Garat. He was president of the criminal court, judge of the Court of Cassation, and last president of the Directory (1799). In 1802 Napoleon made him Consul-General to Holland, and wished to send him in the same capacity to the United States (1810), when Gohier retired from public life. His Mémoires were published in 1824. GOIL, goil, LOCH. A small sea-loch in Argyllshire, Scotland, a branch of Loch Long, six miles in length, and less than one mile in breadth (Map: Scotland, D 3). Its shores are very steep, wild, and rugged, but diversified by extensive woods of hazel. Lochgoilhead is a favorite summer watering-place. GOITO, go'ê-tô. A town in the Province of Mantua, Italy, on the right bank of the Mincio, 11 miles northwest of the city of Mantua (Map: Italy, E 2). Its vicinity to Mantua has made it the scene of numerous battles. Population of commune, in 1901, 5694. enlargement of the thyroid gland (q.v.) occupyGOITRE (Fr., from Lat. gutter, throat). An ing the front of the neck, and sometimes of such a size as to project downward over the breast and even admit of being thrown over the shoulder. disease, being found in the mountainous regions of Goitre is, for the most part, an endemic or local the Alps, Andes, and Himalayas, in the Pennine Range, and in Derbyshire, England (whence Derbyshire neck), in the Rhone valley, in the Indian Punjab, and in North Italy, especially, it is said, where lime prevails largely as a geological formation. The proofs of goitre being connected with a calcareous impregnation of the drinking-water are strong. Women are oftener affected with goitre than men. An explanation offered for this fact is to the effect that they drink more water than men. Goitre is met with endemically to a slight extent in various parts of Scotland, but on Switzerland, in which it is a very important dea very small scale indeed as compared with formity, especially when connected with cretinism (q.v.). Sporadic goitre may occur in any country. The pathological changes which underlie the enlargement of the thyroid in goitre are not always the same in all cases. In some cases the enlargement is general with the formation of many new follicles, which contain a gelatinous material known as 'colloid.' In other cases there is little new gland formation, the increase in size being due to dilatation of the blood-vessels. In still other cases the gland is the seat of cysts. of various sizes. In the form of goitre known as exophthalmic goitre (see BASEDOW'S DISEASE), which is marked by protrusion of the eyes (exophthalmos) and functional disturbance of the heart action, there is increase in the size of the thyroid, which Greenfield describes as a condition of active glandular proliferation. From the symptoms of this disease taken in connection with the known effect of thyroid extract upon the system, it seems probable that the change in the gland is the pathological basis of the disease. The usual treatment of goitre consists in the administration of very minute doses of iodine for locally by cataphoresis. (See ELECTRICITY, MEDIa long time internally, locally by inunction, or CAL USES OF.) In a few rare cases, the administration of thyroid gland has cured. the administration of thymus gland has cured. In others, GÖKINGK, ge’kink, LEOPOLD Friedrich GünTHER VON. See GÖCKINGK. GOKTCHA, gök'chä, or SEVANGA (syĕvän'gå) LAKE. A lake in the Transcaucasian Government of Erivan, situated at an altitude of about 6300 feet, and surrounded by high mountains (Map: Russia, G 6). It is about 45 miles long, 23 miles wide, and has an estimated area of 540 square miles. It receives a large number of mountain streams. The outlet is through the Sanga, a tributary of the Aras. In the northwestern part of the lake is the island of Sevang, with an old Armenian monastery. GOLAW, gō'läv, SALOMON. The pseudonym of the German epigrammatist Friedrich Logau (q.v.) Lessings Streit mit Hauptpastor Goeze, in Heft 155 of the Deutsche Zeit- und Streit-Fragen (1881). See LESSING. GOFFE, WILLIAM (?-c.1679). An English regicide, born in Sussex, where his father was the rector of a church at Stammer. Apprenticed to a salter in London, he embraced the cause of the Parliament against Charles I., and in 1645 was commissioned a captain in the New Model army, in which, by his zeal and bravery, he won rapid promotion. He was one of the judges at the trial of Charles I., and signed the death warrant. He commanded Cromwell's old regiment at the battle of Dunbar, and distinguished himself at Worcester. He was elected to Parliament in 1654, and was promoted major-general in 1655, with command in Sussex, Berkshire, and Hampshire. In 1656 he supported the proposition to offer the crown to Cromwell, by whom he was appointed a member of the newly constituted House of Lords. At the Restoration he was excepted from the Act of Indemnity, and escaped with his father-in-law, General Whalley, to America, settling first at Cambridge, and thence, in order to escape arrest, removing to Connecticut, where he lived in retirement in New Haven and various towns in the Connecticut River Valley. In 1664 he removed to Hadley, Mass., where, according to the tradition, he appeared on the occasion of an Indian attack upon the town in 1675, rallied the frightened townsmen, and drove off the raiders. This incident has been used by Scott in his Peveril of the Peak, and by Cooper in his Wept of Wish-ton-Wish, or The Borderers, and forms the subject of "The Gray Champion" in Hawthorne's Twice-Told Tales. Consult Stiles, History of Three of the Judges of King Charles I. (Hartford, 1794). Gog and Magog represent a barbarous people of Central Asia in the days of Dhu-l-Qarnain (Alexander the Great). They are also represented as appearing in the last days. Gog and Magog are names popularly given to the two wooden statues of giants preserved in the Guildhall at London. According to the story, the living prototypes of the two figures were the survivors of a race of giants found in Britain by Brute, son of Antenor of Troy, and by him subdued. They were brought prisoners to London, where they were chained to the gates of a palace on the site of the Guildhall and kept as porters. When they died, their effigies were set up in their place. This is Caxton's account; but there is another, which represents one of the giants as Gogmagog, and the other as a British giant who killed him, named Corineus. The two giants have been the pride of London from time immemorial. On London Bridge they welcomed Henry V. in 1415; in 1558 they stood by Temple Bar, when Elizabeth passed through the city gate. The old giants were burned in the great fire, and the new ones were constructed in 1708. They are fourteen feet high, and occupy suitable pedestals in the Guildhall. The ancient effigies, which were made of wickerwork and pasteboard, were carried through the streets in the Lord Mayor's shows, and copies of the present giants were in the show of 1837. GOGGLE-EYE (so called from its protruding eyes). The rock-bass (Ambloplites rupestris), locally so called. See ROCK BASS. GOGGLE-NOSE (so called from the round, black spots on its nose, which resemble goggles). A local name among American gunners for the surf scoter (duck). See SCOTER. GOG AND MA'GOG. Names occurring sev GOGOL, gōgôl, NIKOLAI VASSILYEVITCH (1809eral times in the Bible. Gog is mentioned in 52). One of the greatest of Russian writers, Ezek. xxxviii. 16-18, and also xxxix. 1 in connec- born in the Government of Poltava, of a family tion with Meshech and Tubal. Magog appears of Cossack origin. On graduating at the Nyezhin in Gen. x. 2 and I. Chron. i. 5 as a son of Japheth, Lyceum he went to Saint Petersburg (1828), and in the Hebrew text of Ezek. xxxix. 6, where and was a clerk in the Department of Appanages the Greek version reads Gog. It has been con- in 1830-32. During these years he published a jectured that in this passage and in Gen. x. 2 series of sketches, Evenings at a Farmhouse Magog is a scribal error for Gog, or, according to Near Dikan'ka. In these he exploited his perothers, Magog in the latter passage is mis- sonal knowledge and his grandfather's stories of written for Gomer. The association of Gog with Cossack every-day life. It brought him immeMeshech and Tubal, the location of which can diate attention and the friendship of Pushkin be determined from the Assyrian inscriptions, and Pletnyoff, who obtained for Gogol an inpoints to some part of Armenia as the district structorship in literature, and in 1834 an adintended by Gog. Various attempts have been junct professorship in history. This he soon made to explain the name. By some Gog has resigned for purely literary work. During 1832been connected with Gagu, a ruler of a land 34 appeared a second series, Mirgorod (collected Sakhi, to the north of Assyria, who is men- in 1835), containing among others: Taras Bulba, tioned by Assurbanipal, and who has been Old World Proprietors, and How the Two Ivans regarded by some as identical with Gyges, King Quarreled. Taras Bulba, rewritten and enlarged of Lydia, although all such conjectures are in 1842, is a glowing picture of the Cossack futile. We must rest content with the fact that struggles with the Catholic Poles and Mohamin the Old Testament Gog is the name of a north- medan Tatars in the sixteenth century. It is an ern region. In view of the terror inspired by the epic in poetic prose. The two other sketches approach of the northern hordes, roughly known are minute studies of Little Russian life. The as the Scythians, who eventually brought series Arabesques deals with the life of the small about the destruction of the powerful Assyrian middle class in Saint Petersburg. In 1836 apEmpire (see ASSYRIA), Gog, in association with peared the comedy Revizor, which held up to Magog, became a general designation for a pow- ridicule the ignorance, corruption, trickery, and erful and wicked opponent, and in the later apoc- arbitrariness of provincial officialdom. A mighty alyptic writings becomes one of the terms de- cry of treason went up from all who were supscriptive of Antichrist (cf. Rev. xx. 8). The ported by State money, and but for the will of uprising of Gog and Magog against the kingdom Nicholas I., who heartily enjoyed it, it would of Christ and their destruction by God Himself have been immediately withdrawn from the is the precursor of the millennium. In the Koran stage. The intense mortification at the general |