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RULES FOR THE APPLICATION OF GUANO, ITS HISTORY AND VALUE.

cellent to start crops on cold, moist land. It hastens the ripening of crops on all kinds of soil.

Take Particular Notice.-In speakin, below about applying a tablespoonful, or any other quantity of guano, we mean that amount, w thout admixture; if mixed with four times its quantity of soil, then it would require five tablespoonfuls of this compost to be applied to get the single one of guano, &c.

150 to 200 lbs. may be given in midsummer, directly after the first mowing. Care should be taken to do this just before a rain. Grass lands may be top-dressed in the fall; but in that case, much of the guano is likely to be washed off by the heavy rains and lost. We recommend applying it at the rate of 200 to 300 lbs. per acre, on land recently seeded with grass. This should be done just previous to harrowing and rolling.

RULES FOR THE APPLICATION OF GUANO, ITS HISTORY AND VALUE. Preparation. Before using guano, pass it through a fine sieve, and all lumps remaining break up, and these pass through the sieve. Now take at least four times its bulk of sand, or dry sandy, or light loamy soil, and pass this through a coarser sieve, if you have one, and mix it in layers with the guano. Let this compost lie a few days-several weeks would be better-then toss it over and beat it up Grass and Grass Lands.-Spread broad-cast, from well together, and it will be fit for use. Some pre- 250 to 400 lbs. per acre, mixed in a compost of earth fer mixing the guano with ten or twenty times its of about four to one. As soon as the snow is off bulk of soil for a compost, and do not take the the ground and the frost begins to come out, is the trouble of sifting it, but mix them together in alter-best time to apply it. Another application of from nate layers as well as it can be done with a shovel. Sifting, however, is best, as it is done so much more evenly. Sawdust is an excellent material with which to mix guano; but powdered charcoal is perhaps the best of all, as it fixes the ammonia, absorbs its unpleasant smell, and is in itself an excellent manure. When convenient to be obtained, plaster of Paris ought to be used in the compost, at the rate of 30 to 50 lbs., for every 100 lbs. of guano: it acts in the same way as charcoal. Lime When sward land is to be plowed for a crop, it and ashes must be avoided in composts, as they may be top-dressed with guano previous to plowrapidly expel the ammonia, the most valuable part ing, and then be turned under the sod. It will warm of the guano. Muck, if possible, should not be and hasten the decomposition of the soil, and afford used for the compost, as it is too moist and tena-food for the crop about the time the grain or fruit is cious to form a proper mixture. The same objec-filling, and thus add largely to the product tion holds good against clay or any tenacious soil. Wheat, Rye, Barley, Oats, &c.-On winter wheat Nevertheless, if there be no other soil at hand, and rye, spread broad-cast from 200 to 300 lbs. of muck or clay may be thoroughly dried and pulve- guano, per acre, just before the plant commences rized, and then used. Guano should not be mixed growing in the spring. If applied in the fall, unless with barn-yard manures, or indeed with any moist on very poor soil, it is apt to give the crop too rank substance, as these cause it to undergo the very de-a growth before winter sets in. On spring wheat, composition requisite to promote vegetation. The rye, barley, oats, &c., spread the same quantity at compost should be made under cover, unless the the time of sowing, and harrow it in with the seed, weather be dry. Rain would be quite injurious to If this be not convenient it may be applied within it, in hastening the decomposition of the guano, a week or fortnight after the grain appears above and expelling its ammonia in the atmosphere. ground. Caution must be used about applying too Value.-Guano is valuable for every kind of soil, much on the small grain crops, otherwise it will be except that which is already very rich, and to every likely to promote too rank a growth and occasion kind of field and garden crop, grass, grain, vege- smut. tables, fruits, and flowers. The reason it is so serIndian Corn.-For this crop guano may be viceable to all, arises from the fact of its containing spread broad-cast upon the land, the same as for every kind of food necessary for the growth of wheat; but it is better to apply it directly to the stem, flower, fruit, and seed. The eminent chemist, hill. Hollow out the hill with the hoe, put in Dr. Jackson, of Massachusetts, says: "It comes about a tablespoonful of guano, cover it over onenearer to a UNIVERSAL COMPOST than any other ex-and-a-half to two inches deep with soil, and then sow the seed and cover up. If the corn be sowed in Guano is particularly valuable for conservatories drills, furrow out lightly with a one-horse plow, and gardens, inasmuch as it is quickly and easily then apply the guano as in hills, and cover it with applied; its fertilizing matter is in a very condensed the hoe or other implement. At the first time hoeform; and it contains no seeds of weeds to shoot up ing, put double the above quantity of guano around and check the growth of plants desired to be culti-the hill, and hoe it in, taking particular care that it vated. Its fertilizing properties being in a very con- does not touch the stalks, otherwise it will be very densed form, the whole cost of enough for an acre likely to kill them. If this can be done just before and its application, is frequently less than the cost a rain, so much the better. Some apply guano again of mere transportation of city or barnyard manures just as the corn is ready to tassel and fruit, but we to the ground where they are to be used. This is should hardly think this necessary except in very a very important consideration to the farmer, and poor soil. If more than the above quantity be apespecially the gardener. plied to corn, it must be planted extra wide apart, Quantity Required per Acre.-This depends upon otherwise the growth will be so large as to make the kind of soil and its condition, and the kind of the stalks and leaves intermix and produce smut. crop to be grown. From 250 to 400 lbs. of guano Potatoes, Tomatoes, Sugar Cane, Tobacco, Cotton, per acre is the safest quantity to apply. It acts Cabbage, Cauliflower, and some other crops, may be quickest in a light sandy soil or loam, and is ex-treated nearly in the same manner as cor.

cremental manure."

RULES FOR THE APPLICATION OF GUANO, ITS HISTORY AND VALUE.

77

Peas, Beans, Turnips, Beets, Carrots, Parsnips, it Then as often as you wish to use the guano, and Onions.If these are sown broad-cast, apply take out the stopper and draw out what is necessary the guano in the same way as directed to wheat; from the keg with an iron rod flattened and slightly if in drills, as directed with corn, except it might crooked at the end. Now make a liquid of it as not be best to cover the guano with more than one described above, or with a trowel dig a small quanto one-and-a-half inches of soil in the drill, and tity of it in the earth, around the plant. This, then sow the seed. says Mr. Teschemacher, must be done before the Asparagus and Celery.-It is a good top-dressing plants form their full sized flowering buds, otherfor these early in the spring. wise they will begin to make new shoots, the buds Melons, Cucumbers, Squashes, and Pumpkins.-will be left behind, and the flowers will open with Treat to guano the same as corn in the hill, allowing an even tablespoonful for each plant to be left to run to vine.

Strawberries, Raspberries, Currants, Grape Vines, and indeed all fruits, may have guano dug in about the small roots, early in the spring.

diminished beauty. Be very careful not to let the guano touch the stems or leaves of your plants, otherwise it will be certain to kill them.

A boquet of flowers may be preserved a long time in water, by adding a very small quantity of guano to it as often as renewed. A quarter of an ounce to a quart of water would be sufficient. It might be well also to add a tablespoonful of pulverized charcoal at the same time.

Apple, Pear, Peach, Cherry, Plum, Quince, and other Fruit Trees.-Guano not only adds to the size, and fair, plump appearance of all fruits, but is said to increase the delicacy of their flavor. It Caution in Application.-Be very careful to place should not be applied around the body of the tree the guano so that it will not touch the embryo, or unless it be a very small one, but to the extreme young roots, or stalks of corn, potatoes, cabbages, ends of the roots, otherwise it cannot be absorbed, tobacco, sugar cane, cotton, or any plant that has and of course will be nearly all lost. Roots of but one stem from its root; for it is of such a burntrees spread under ground about the same distance ing nature, that if a portion no larger than a small from the trunk, as the branches do above ground. pea comes in contact with the plant, before being Let the soil be well trenched from one to three feet wide, according to the size of the tree, directly under the circle formed by the ends of the branches, and the guano then be incorporated with the soil, within a few inches of the top of the rootlets; it will thus find its way to their mouths, and as it decomposes be taken up in the sap for the benefit of the tree and its fruit." If applied later than May or June, it will make a large, soft, spongy, growth of unripened wood of no value whatever.

watered or rained on, or undergoing partial decomposition, it instantly kills it. With grass and small grains this caution is not important, as other shoots from the roots will immediately supply the place of those killed.

Destructive to Insects.-That guano is destructive to insects may be proved by any one disposed to make the experiment. Take insects and put them in a saucer or bottle, and sprinkle a little guano on them; or mix up a tablespoonful of guano in a gill of water, and pour this liquid upon the insects. It. will be found to kill the smaller ones almost instantaneously, and the larger in one or two hours' time.

Steeps and Liquid for Watering Plants. For one pound of guano use 5, 10, or even 20 gallons of water; or at the same rate for a smaller proportion. Stir it up well and cover over the vessel tight, so as to prevent the escape of the ammonia, History of Guano.-Guano, or huano, as it is and let it remain from one to three days before called in the Peruvian language, is the dung of seabeing used. Now water around (not upon) the birds which has been accumulating for centuries on plants as occasion may require. If this liquid the headlands and islands of the coast of Peru; the touches the plant, or its leaves, it is apt to burn it. birds resorting to these places to lay, and hatch, and Previous to watering, stir the earth well around the rear their young. A good many of the young die plant. One pound of guano for 20 gallons of water there, or are killed by being trodden under foot by may be thought to make a very weak steep for wa- the old birds. More or less feathers are annually tering plants, but such is not the fact; we have shed from the old birds and incorporated with the seen the most surprising results from watering with dung, all adding to its value. These birds exist in a steep no stronger than this. Some of our friends countless numbers, and living almost entirely on last year steeped their corn and other grain in this fish, their manure is of the richest kind produced. liquid, from 3 to 24 hours previous to planting. It It never rains on the coast of Peru; the fertilizing came up unusually quick, and grew very rapidly. properties of the dung, therefore, are not subject to For steeps we would recommend 10 to 20 gallons be washed out; and as very little of the salts can of water to each pound of guano, using the latter be evaporated in a dry atmosphere, it retains nearly quantity for the more delicate seeds. It is so pow-all its fertilizing properties for ages. This dry clíerful a substance there is great danger of its killing mate is peculiar to the coast of Peru; guano comthe embryo of the seed, if applied in too strong ing from Chili or any other quarter of the globe, doses. The phosphate of lime and magnesia in the cannot therefore be so good as the Peruvian, as the guano are insoluble in water; the sediment there-analyses below fully show. fore is valuable to spread on the land.

Guano has been used by the Peruvians from time

To the Ladies.-Guano is very easily applied by immemorial, for manuring Indian corn and other you, and in the neatest possible manner, to your crops and fruits. After the Spaniards conquered conservatory and garden plants. Purchase a neat Peru, they adopted the use of it in their husbandry, keg of it containing about 60 lbs., have a hole bored and have continued it with the best effects for more in the head, into which insert a stopper. Now than three centuries. In the West India Islands it place the keg on its side as if to draw liquor out of has been used with good effect for a long time. It

75

ALPACAS

ALPACAS.

was first introduced into England and other parts of Ar the January meeting of the American AgriculEurope, to considerable extent, in 1840, and so popular has it become with the farmers of that tural Association, a committee was appointed to country, that upwards of 156,000 tons were con- collect all the information to be had in regard to sumed of it the past year. It was first imported into Alpacas, and to devise a way of introducing them the United States in 1824, but was little used till into the United States. At the February meeting last year, when the season being very dry, rendered of the Association, the chairman, R. L. Pell, Esq., it peculiarly unfortunate for experiments. Guano reported favorably to the project. He said, that the must have moisture to derive benefit from it. The committee had given information through the public Peruvians always irrigate their lands after applying papers of their appointment, and had solicited subThey put themit. We should take care to apply it just before scriptions in aid of the enterprise. rain, or early in the spring, when the ground is selves in communication with Amory Edwards, wet, unless it is buried deep enough for the moisture Esq., an American merchant, residing in Peru, who of the ground to fully act upon it and ensure decom- chanced to be in New York. From him they obposition. This may be easily done in planting corn, tained much valuable information. The Alpacas are to be bought in Peru for six dollars a piece. It is potatoes, and some other crops, as directed above. Best Kind of Guano.-The superiority of the genu-proposed by the committee to import three hundred. ine PERUVIAN Guano has led to various attempts For this purpose it will be necessary to raise in England, and latterly in the United States, to im- $10,000. It will cost $1,800 to purchase 300, and port and sell that of a very poor and sometimes $1,200 more to lay in the necessary feed for them almost worthless quality, under the name of Peru- during their voyage round Cape Horn, home. Of Of the vian. Farmers should be careful to ascertain the the sum of $10,000, the committee had already on The the 1st of February, $8,000 subscribed. origin of what they buy, to avoid imposition. only genuine Peruvian Guano brought to this coun- $10,000, it will be necessary to place in London, try is shipped by the Guano Company of Lima, immediately, the sum of $3,000, against which to under the authority of the Government of Peru. draw for the purchase of the animals and their food. Every cargo thus shipped will come to New York, Bills on London are more valuable in Peru than to the consignment of EDWIN BARTLETT, or to Balti-money, and this is the best remittance. It will cost more, to SAM'L K. GEORGE. Every other offered as $6,000 to $7,000 for the freight of the vessel from The whole vessel must be taken up Peruvian is spurious and should be avoided. An in- Peru, home. ferior kind from Chili has been offered as Peruvian, by the animals and their food. This, of course, is an analysis of which will be found below, showing the great expense. The animals delivered here, if they arrive all alive, will cost about $35 each, and it to be of little value. more per head in proportion to the number that may be lost on the voyage. They are to be brought in a first class vessel, that they may be more secure, and insurance may be small.

For further particulars of this important fertilizer, see Mr. Teschemacher's Essay, recently published in an octavo pamphlet of 50 pages, at Boston. It is the best work on the subject we have yet seen, and Any person who wishes to participate in the imwe are under considerable obligations to it in making up the above rules. See also American Agricul-portation may still do so. They will for this purturist, vol. 3, pages 23, 98, 220, 222, 251, 334, 348; and vol. 4, pages 36, 108 156, 179, 236.

ANALYSES OF VARIOUS GUANOS BY DR. CHILTON, OF
NEW YORK.

Peruo. Chilian. African.

•26.82 52.65 38 00
46.43

5.44

Phosph. of magnesia and ammonia. 2.00

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Oxalate of lime..

Carbonate of lime..

Chloride of sodium.

Sulphate of potassa.

Sulphate of soda..

Silica,

Alumina, &c.)

Undetermined organic matter

containing nitrogen

"}

Water and loss..

....

4.16 22.94

8.12

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.5.45 3.88 15 26

.12.10

5.20 19.05

100.00 100.00 100.00

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When the animals arrive, they will be divided among the subscribers, in proportion to the amounts subscribed by each person. In case there should be subscribed more than $10,000, there will be more animals imported, or the subscriptions will be rateably diminished to the aggregate of $10,000.

pose address R. L. Pell, Esq., New York.

Mr. Edwards, who sailed for Peru on the 5th of February, with the liberality that characterizes a patriot, has tendered his services free of charge, and, as he returns next summer to the United States, has agreed to accompany the Alpacas on their voyage here, and to give his personal attention to them. He states that they yield about 12 lbs. of wool per head, and that large quantities of their wool are exported from Peru to England; that it is worth in England about forty cents per pound; that the flesh of the animal is highly prized in its own country.

They live on the elevated plains of Peru, and on the sides of the mountains, and endure an elevation in the tropical regions of 12,000 feet. In the

Ammoniacal salts, 33 to 40 pr. c. 12 pr. c. 23 to 28 pr. c. mountainous regions of Virginia, North Carolina,

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AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION, ETC.

79

AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION. | Clark, D. P. Gardner, M. D., R. K. Delafield, Shepard Knapp. THE Annual Meeting of this Society for the election of Officers for the ensuing year, was held at the Historical Society's rooms, on the 2d of February, 1846. The chair was taken by Hon. Luther Bradish.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.

Mr. Pell made the report of the Committee for the introduction of the Peruvian Alpaca into this

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For President, Hon. Luther Bradish; for Vice Presidents, Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen, James Lenox, James Boernan, A. H. Stevens, M.D., T. A. Emmet, H. Maxwell, S. Whitney, S. Knapp, Vice Chancellor Mc Cove, Cyrus Mason, D.D., W. A. Seeley, J. S. Livingston; for Treasurer, A. P. 'Halsey; for Recording Secretary, R. Ogden Doremus; for Corresponding Secre1. A. H. Green; for Executive Committee, R. L. Pell, W. Draper, M.D., Archibald Russell, Col. Edward

44.

CHITTENDEN COUNTY, VERMONT, AG. SOCIETY. The Directors of this Society have just had their first meeting the present year, and have offered to the public a list of three hundred and twenty-five premiums, appropriating between $700 and $800 to various objects. We were the first, probably, to adopt the plan of giving an agricultural paper to every member of the Society who desired it; and we find this plan meets with universal favor. We employed an agent to go into every town in the County, and deliver two lectures on Agriculture, and take up subscriptions. Our number of members is more than doubled by this plan, and our prospects were never so encouraging. The whole mass of our community are deeply interested in the working out of this new experiment; and we anticipate from it the best results. We wish that other County Societies would try the same measure, and tell the world whether it is good or bad; whether the interests of the farmer are promoted by it or not. We wish to hear from other organizations on the subject, and hope they will open a correspondence with L. G. BINGHAM, us, detailing their success. President C. C. Ag. Society.

Williston, Vt., Feb. 14, 1846.

THE EAGLE PLOW.

THE plow of which we give the nnexed cut, is manufactured by Messrs. Ruggles, Nourse & Mason, of Worcester, Mass.; and the only place to find the genuine article in this city, is at our warehouse, No. 187 Water Street. We consider it the most perfect plow in the United States for general work. It I will turn a furrow from 6 to 12 inches deep, and from 10 to 18 inches wide, according to the size used, and the requirements of the plowman. Four! different sizes are already constructed, and others can be manufactured on the same principles if desired. The cutter can be raised and lowered at pleasure, or be taken out of the beam entirely: the same may be done with the wheel; but being generally fastened on the outside, this is unnecessary, as it can be raised so high as to admit the plow into the earth if wished, nearly up to the beam. Instead of a clevis, it has a draught-rod attached, to pull by, when preferred, thus making it a perfect centre-draught plow.

The latest improvement in the Eagle plow is a neat and simple dial apparatus (recently patented by Ruggles, Nourse & Mason) attached to the end of the beam, by which the plowman can easily and quickly place the end of the rod in a position that will cause the share to take any required width or depth of furrow. Considering the work it does, the plow moves with great ease. A single pair of horses or oxen, in ordinary soils, will take a cut from 6 to 7 inches deep, and 10 to 12 inches wide, with the No. 1 Eagle, and do the work in admirable style, laying the furrows flat over or lapped, as required, and according to the set of the wheel and

cutter.

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THE EAGLE PLOW.-FIG. 18.

Cheap, worthless imitations of this admirable plow have been recently got up in New York and elsewhere. We caution the public not to be imposed upon by them. To prevent this, their only safety is to address their orders directly to us, or to Ruggles, Nourse & Mason, at Boston, or Worcester, Massachusetts.

REDUCTION OF THE BRITISH TARIFF.-It will be seen by reference to our Foreign News, that Sir Robert Peel proposes very important reductions in the duties on agricultural products, admitting bacon, beef, hay, hides, meat, and pork, free; and others, such as buckwheat, Indian corn, and tallow, nominally free. This is to be followed by a gradual reduction of duties to the same scale, on wheat, flour, and some other things, which will open a very extensive market hereafter to American products, into Great Britain and Ireland. We hope that these concessions will be met with a corresponding spirit on the part of Congress, and that this war of high tariffs may hereafter cease. One nation may be so situated that it can produce certain articles cheaper and better than another nation; why then should it force other products by high tariffs, rather than make a beneficial exchange with its neighbors ?

80

LIEBIG'S PATENT PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING MANURE.

FACTURING MANURE.

LIEBIG'S PATENT PROCESS OF MANU

pounds I mix other ingredients as hereafter mentioned), so as to produce manures; and such comIr has been ascertained, that the growing of any positions, when cold, being ground into powder by crop on land in a state of cultivation, and the re-edge-stones or other convenient machinery, the moving and consuming of such crop wholly from same is to be applied to land as manure. And in the land where it was grown, takes away mineral order to apply such manure with precision, the compounds; and it has been suggested by Professor analysis and weight of the previous crop ought to Liebig, that in cultivating land and supplying be known with exactness, so as to return to the land manure thereto, the manure should be such as to the mineral elements in the weight and proportion restore to the land the matters and the quantities in which they have been removed by the crop. thereof, which the particular plants have abstracted from the soil during their growth. It has been observed in the chemical examination of marls and vegetable ashes, that the alkaline carbonates and the carbonate of lime can form compounds, the solubility of which depends on the quantity of carbonate of lime contained in the particular compound. It has further been found, that the said alkaline carbonates can form a like compound with phosphate of lime, in which the carbonate of potash or soda is partly changed into phosphate of potash or soda.

Two compounds are first prepared, one of which is the basis of all manures, which I shall describe as the first and second preparations.

The first preparation is formed by fusing together two or two-and-a-half parts of carbonate of lime, with one part of potash of commerce (containing, on an average, sixty carbonate of potash, two sulphate of potash, and ten chloride of potassium or common salt, inthe hundred parts), or with one part of carbonate of soda and potash, mixed in equal parts.

The second preparation is formed by fusing together one part of phosphate of lime, one part of potash of commerce, and one part of soda ash.

Now, the object of this invention is to prepare a manure in such a manner as to restore to the land the mineral elements taken away by the crop which Both preparations are ground to powder, other has been grown on and removed from the land, and salts or ingredients in the state of powder are added in such manner, that the character of the alkaline to these preparations and mixed together, or those matters used may be changed, and the same render-not of a volatile consistency may be added when the ed less soluble, so that the otherwise soluble alka-preparations are in a state of fusion, so that the maline parts of the manure may not be washed away nure may represent as nearly as possible the compofrom the other ingredients by the rain falling on the sition of the ashes of the preceding crop. This is land, and thus separating the same therefrom. And assuming that the land is in a high state of cultivait is the combining carbonate of soda or carbonate of potash, or both, with carbonate of lime, and also the combining carbonate of potash and soda with phosphate of lime, in such manner as to diminish the solubility of the alkaline salts to be used as ingredients for manure (suitable for restoring to land the mineral matters taken away by the crop, which may have been grown on and removed from the land to be manured), which constitutes the novelty of the invention.

tion; but if it be desired to grow a particular crop on land not in a high state of cultivation, then the manure would be applied in the first instance suitable for the coming crop, and then in subsequent cases, the manure prepared according to the invention would, as herein described, be applied to restore to the land what has been taken therefrom by the preceding crop.

Preparation of manure for land which has had a wheat crop grown on and removed therefrom. I would here state, that although the manures Take of the first preparation six parts by weight, made in carrying out this invention will have and of the second preparation one part, and mix various matters combined with the alkaline car-with them two parts of gypsum, one part of calcined bonates, no claim of invention is made thereto bones-silicate of potash (containing six parts of separately, and such materials will be varied ac-silica), and one part of phosphate of magnesia and cording to the matters which the land to be manur-ammonia.

ed requires to have returned to it, in addition to the And such manure is also applicable to be used mineral substances above mentioned. The quan- after growing barley, oats, and plants of a simila tity of carbonate or phosphate of lime, used with character.

them with one part of common salt (chloride of sodium), a quantity of silicate of potash (containing two parts of silica), two parts of gypsum, and one part of phosphate of magnesia and ammonia.

carbonate of soda or potash, may be varied accord- Preparation of manure for land which has had a ing to the degree of solubility desired to be obtain-crop of beans grown thereon and removed therefrom. ed, depending on the locality where the manure is Take fourteen parts by weight, of the first prepa to be used, in order to render the preparation less ration, two parts of the second preparation, and mix soluble in localities where the average quantity of rain falling in the year is great; but, as in practice it would be difficult to prepare manures to suit each particular locality with exactness, I shall give such average preparations as will suit most soils as manure, and I will afterwards give such information as will enable parties desirous of applying the invention under the most disadvantageous circumstances to have manure manufactured for their particular cases. In making manure according to the invention, I cause carbonate of soda or of potash, or both, to be fused in a reverberatory furnace, such as is used in the manufacture of soda ash, with carbonate or phosphate of lime (and with such fused com

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And such manure is also applicable for land on which peas or other plants of a similar character have been grown and removed.

Preparation of manure for land on which turnips have been grown and removed therefrom

Take twelve parts by weight, of the first preparation, one part of the second preparation, one part of gypsum, and one part of phosphate of magnesia and ammonia.

And such manure is also applicable for lands

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