SOUTHERN CROPS AND CULTURE.NO. 2. 143 writer, strongly recommends salt as a manure, at think plowing in green oats or rye would be injuthe rate of from ten to twenty bushels to the acre, rious. I have done this to a greater or less extent to be sown two or three weeks before the seed is for several years, and I well remember of a ten put into the ground. He says the benefits are as acre patch of oats that I plowed in, in the month follows: "1st, when used in small portions it pro- of May, I think, and planted it forthwith to corn. motes putrefaction. 2d, By destroying grubs and The land showed a marked advantage for several weeds. 3d, As a constituent on direct food. 4th, years, and but for this would have been, ere now, As a stimulant to the absorbent vessels. 5th, By worthless. I ask if our Mississippi farmers (plantpreventing injury from sudden transitions of tem-ers I should say) do not plow in every spring a perature. 6th, By keeping the soil moist." good coat of green grass? I ask of those who It would seem from all the facts I have been able have the chick-weed-called in these parts" Jackto collect, that salt corrupts vegetable substances son purslain"-if they do not plow it in? I go when mixed in small quantities, but preserves them still farther, and contend if the turnip be sown on when it predominates in a mass; that, in dry sea-fields at the rate of 1-2 to 1 pint of seed per acre, sons, its effects are more apparent, and whether it attracts moisture from the atmosphere, or whether it acts as a condiment or stimulant, is of little consequence, so long as its effects are certain. On account of the small quantity of salt, in weight, required for manuring lands, it is no inconsiderable recommendation, because, on that account, it may with ease be conveyed to the most rough, steep, and mountainous parts, to which the more bulky and heavy manures most in use could not be carried, but with infinite labor, and at an expense far exceeding all the advantages to be effected from it. and fed on the land to sheep and cattle, that the land will not deteriorate. I am aware that a large majority of planters believe the turnip to be an exhauster, yet I cannot believe that it will prove so if used as we use them in this country. The turnip receives very largely of its growth from the air, being mostly composed of water, and not much over, though one-third is removed from the soilscarcely what the root has gained from the air. We never feed our turnip lots so close as to remove the half, and then bring feed on the land; a portion is returned in the way of urine and dung. The residue is turned under before the seed-stalks have Salt alone is considered by some rather too se-bloomed, and does good certainly, by keeping the vere and harsh in its nature; but mixed with ashes, land porous, if nothing else. say six of salt and ten of dry ashes, well beat up together, which is sufficient for an acre, and spread upon the furrow and harrowed in, one particle incorporates and mollifies the other, and if conveyed into the earth by a soapy, smooth method, will prove the real enricher the earth wants, to send forth vegetation. C. N. BEMENT. The cost of labor, with all these adjuvants, is very trivial; the sowing down in time is all that is required. I have grown as good rye without the land being plowed before as after, for that crop, as when the land was flushed and harrowed, rye not producing over 12 to 15 bushels per acre at this place. In 1843 I sowed some 75 or more acres-this American Hotel, Albany, April, 1846. year I sow over 30. I am anxious that this thing should be prosecuted in the South, believing that a SOUTHERN CROPS AND CULTURE.-No. 2. little help now will save our children's children, THE main crop in this section is cotton, gene- their ancestral all a rich legacy. And why not rally; it takes up about two-thirds of the cultiva- work thus for our children, as well as to add table labor of the farm. I presume, as the leaf is workers? If I can have my land entirely compelarge, thick, and hairy, the stalk also being hairy, tent to raise $40 per acre, will not my child be as that it must take from the air a larger proportion of well off as my neighbor, who leaves his child with its organized material than does our own corn, double the number of hands, and land not capable grain, or grass. As the leaves of all plants contain of producing over $20? The equality may not be a larger proportion of saline and earthy matter in one year apparent, but would be ere the close of than does the stalk, or even generally the fruit, the next generation. But when it is considered and as we return the leaves and stalk to the soil, that a plantation is under good hedges that will also, have I not some ground to suppose, if I last for a century, under a good system of drainage, return all my cotton seed, that I will keep up the and then in good heart, will not the advantage be fertility of the land, as it was at first-the peculiar immense? There are too few who will look at inorganic matter that forms the matter alone ex- the matter in its true light. They are fearful of the cepted and even then, there being so little taken labor, of the present cost, without looking to the away that the top is somewhat recompensed by result. Every one who would reflect would know, Occasional additions from accidental sources. If that land retaining water would remain cold much we judge of the leaf of the cotton plant by the longer than if it did not; let them place their hand willow, we would not lose very much by even re-in water and hold it up-the evaporation causes moving the cotton stalk. The willow contains coldness. Again, a vacuum will not exist; if the 4 1-2 lbs. of saline and earthy matter, whereas land be full of water, air cannot penetrate it; but the leaves contain 82 lbs. to the 1,000-so says Johnston. But the advantage is not only returning of the salts--supply of organic food--but the stalks tend to loosen the land, of course to render it lighter and less adhesive. As to the turning under of corn-stalks, cottonstalks, and pea vine, there is no planter in the South will object to it; but there are many who drain off the water, air will follow; if made light the air will fill every interstice, and thus will roots be furnished with more material for food. Yet even this is not all; when the food is too much diluted with water, it is like feeding the horse with fodder-there is nutriment, but too dilute-it requires too much aliment. With all these important aids there is one thing 144 MANURES AND CULTIVATION.-FENCES. that is all important-deep plowing. By the natural course of events the richness of the top soil is washed out, it sinks into the sub-soil; lime sinks, marl sinks, clay sinks, thus leaving the top soil poor in lime, &c., and disposed to become poor and sticky. By deep plowing these are brought up, mixed, and the soil deepened; in proportion to the mixing and fine tilth will the air have access, and will the soil be rendered lighter and more open, and of course permitting roots to ramify and extend in search of food; thus causing a retention and circulation of moisture, more rapidly cooling in the night, and a greater deposit of dew, as well as earlier warmth in the spring. I need not extend these remarks; your readers can find them elsewhere, and if they will examine, they will be as equally convinced as I am of their utility. rowed first; wheat then sown and twice harrowed; the first parcel, although plowed in to the depth of five inches, was 2 inches high before the last appeared above ground, although the whole field received the benefit of the following composition sown by hand, at an expense of two dollars per acre, viz.: stable manure, dry charcoal dust, hickory wood soot, bone dust, oleaginous charcoal dust, oyster-shell lime, decayed leaves, leached ashes, unleached ashes, guano, sal soda, nitrate of potash, fine salt, poudrette, horn shavings, refuse sugar, ammoniacal liquor, blood, sulphuric acid, magnesia, plaster from walls ground, decayed grass, decayed straw, decayed weeds, fish, refuse oil, sea-weed, oxide of iron, and oxide of manganese. My object was to contribute to that growing crop every substance required for its growth. It is possible that ten or twelve of the above named substances might have produced the same effects. The wheat raised by the experiment just detailed produced flour containing 18 per cent. of gluten. Nature herself pursues a rotation of crops. I have seen a waste field producing nothing save broom-sedge; in a few years it would be able to bear a crop of short-leaved pine trees. These In 1843 I sowed thirty acres with prepared wheat, grow, drop their leaves, and after years of labor, and top-dressed it with charcoal dust. It grew fit the land to produce a crop of oaks. These grow rapidly, was not attacked by rust, mildew, or with more or less vigor, and we are told that after blight, when fields near it were almost destroyed. thriving for centuries, they sicken and die-A small portion of the lot, which had received by "its entire race dies out, and other races succeed it." Let the hand of man, in imitating nature, have a care lest it runs one crop to the death, and unfits the land to produce aught save the ridgegrass; as barren fields amply testify all through the south. M. W. PHILIPS. Edwards' Depôt, Miss. MANURES AND CULTIVATION. CONCLUSION of Mr. R. L. Pell's remarks at the January meeting of the American Agricultural Association, on manures and cultivation. On cultivation, Mr. P. said :--On the 9th of October, 1844, I cleared the tops from a dug potato field -burnt them, and returned the ashes-with a view of sowing wheat. The seed was then prepared thus: soaked four hours in brine that would float an egg; then scalded with boiling hot water mixed with pearlash; passed through a sieve; distributed thinly over the barn floor, and a dry composition sifted on it composed of the following substances: oyster-shell lime, charcoal dust, oleaginous charcoal dust, ashes, Jersey marl, or blue sand, brown sugar, salt, Peruvian guano, silicate of potash, nitrate of soda, and sulphate of ammonia. The sun was permitted to shine upon it for half an hour, when the particles crystallized upon the grain. In this state it was sown at the rate of two-and-ahalf bushels to the acre, directly on the unplowed potato ground, and immediately plowed in to the depth of five inches, with a Scotch plow; harrowed once; a bushel of timothy seed sown to the acre, and harrowed twice. At the expiration of fifteen days the wheat was so far above ground as to be in advance of some which had been sown on the 1st of September-thirty-nine days earlier, in the usual manner, without any preparation. Near it I sowed wheat prepared, on turnip and carrot ground, the tops not having been removed, and plowed the whole in together with like success. Still adjoining I sowed three bushels to the acre in a dry state, on potato ground; plowed and har accident a large supply of charcoal dust, produced at the rate of 784 bushels to the acre. I cut it when the straw presented a yellow appearance four inches above the ground. At that stage of its growth a milky substance could be expressed readily from the kernels. It was allowed to remain three days in the field, when it was carried to the barn, and threshed immediately. It weighed nearly 64 lbs. to the bushel, and sold by weight for 12 cents above the market price. A few acres were left standing, and cut three weeks after, when the farmers in the neighborhood harvested their wheat. The grain was small, shrivelled, and weighed 56 lbs. only per bushel; the straw had lost its most nutritious substances; was much lighter than that cut earlier, and consequently less valuable. I believe that after the stem turned yellow near the ground, there being no connection between the root and tassel, the kernel wastes daily. By cutting early there is preserved in the straw all its nutritive matter, and thus it is rendered almost as valuable for fodder as hay. In conclusion, Mr. P. said that his processes looked not only to results through science, but to economy in expenditure. FENCES. WHEN you commenced your articles on fences, early in the last volume, I hardly had sympathy enough with you to read them attentively. I was not vexed (as it seems some of your readers were), I rather ridiculed your notions, and passed them unheeded. But now, having spent more than $150 the past summer, in enclosing my farm with a new and stout fence, I confess I have considerably changed my mind. I purchased a farm where the fences were miserably poor. It was said a crop had never been harvested there without more or less injury from unruly cattle. Indeed, the domestic animals all about seemed to regard it as "free plunder." The first thing I did was to hire two men, and com mence enclosing the whole farm (wood lot and all) work was commenced in 1823, and was completed with a stout fence. It took us several months of in 5 or 6 years, at an expense of $75,000. hard labor, to the neglect of other needed improve- The first public botanic garden in England was ments. It took also a good share of the valuable founded at Oxford in 1632, by Henry, Earl of timber from the whole lot. The fence is finished Danby, who gave, for this purpose, five acres of -the cattle keep their own side. This is some land, built green-houses and stoves, and handsomely satisfaction. But when I remember how much it endowed the establishment. The botanic garden at cost, in time, money, and timber, and remember, Kew was established in 1760 by the Princess too, that it is all to keep others' cattle out, not my Dowager of Wales, the mother of George III. The own in-that it is a direct and heavy tax to pro- botanic garden of Edinburgh occupies 16 acres, and tect me from what ought never to be allowed--cattle includes extensive hot-houses and other desiderata, on the common, I repeat, I begin to have conside- in a superior style. rable sympathy with your anti-fence making articles. I wish you great success in convincing the farmers of the injustice of this whole matter. By the time this fence decays, I hope there will be such a revolution as to make it needless (as it will be impossible for want of materials) to rebuild. If the Agriculturist shall effect such a change, it will save millions to this people. Ohio, January, 1846. GARDENING.-No. 3. T. Now was there maide fast by the touris wall Was all the place, and hawthorn hedges knet, Hampton Court was laid out about the middle of Henry the Eighth's reign (1530), by Cardinal Wolsey. The labyrinth, one of the best which remains in England, occupies only a quarter of an acre, and contains about half a mile of winding walks. It is of great intricacy. Chatsworth, the splendid seat of the Duke of Devonshire, was laid out in 1670, from a design by the artist Le Nôtre. Hopetown House is situated on the banks of the Frith of Forth, a few miles west of Edinburgh. Both on account of the elegance of the mansion itself, and of the magnificence of the scenery with which it is surrounded, it is considered one of the most princely residences in Scotland. The park contains 1,700 acres, of an irregular surface, and abounding in trees. The pleasure grounds were laid out in the years 1725 to '30, and appear to have been designed in the Dutch style. There is a certain stateliness about the grounds which harmonizes well with the aspect of the mansion itself. The greatest curiosity in gardening in Ireland, is the Hanging Garden of Limerick. This contains an acre of ground, which is covered with lines of arches rising in terraces one above another; the lowest, 25 feet, and the highest, 40 feet. Over these arches is placed a layer of earth, five feet thick, and planted with choice fruit trees and flowers. The space under the arches is employed as a cellar, and will hold nearly 2,000 hhds. This The garden of the Emir Facardine, at Beyroot, is described by Maundrell as "a large quadrangular spot of ground, divided into sixteen lesser squares, and planted with citron trees." The gardens of Damascus are described by Egmont and Heyman as perfect paradises, being watered with copious streams from Lebanon, and shaded with palms and elms, whose shade was exquisite in that burning climate. "An The gardens of Persia are said to vie in beauty and luxuriance with any in the world; and to them the Persians devote their principal attention. When Mirza Abul Hassan was ambassador to the court of St. James', one of his greatest satisfactions arose from occasionally walking, unattended, in Kensington Gardens. The gardens of Kerim Khan are thus described in Morier's Journey to Persia. immense wall, of the neatest construction, encloses a square tract of land, which is laid out in walks, shaded by cypress and chenar, and watered by a variety of marble canals, and small artificial cascades. In the centre of the garden is one of the principal summer houses. There is a basin in the middle of the chief room, where a fountain plays continually, refreshing the air. The garden is now (1812) falling into decay; but those who saw it in the reign of Kerim Khan delight to describe its splendor, and do not cease to give the most ravishing pictures of the beauty of all the environs of his capital." One of the earliest accounts of Chinese gardens is thus given by Père le Compte, who resided for some years in that country as a missionary. "The Chinese appear still more to neglect their gardens than their houses. They would consider it as a want of sense to occupy their grounds only in parterres, in cultivating flowers, and in forming alleys and thickets. The Chinese, who value order so little in their gardens, still consider them as sources of pleasure, and bestow some expense in their formation. They form grottoes, raise little hills, pro. cure pieces of rocks, which they join together with the intention of imitating nature. If they can, besides these things, find enough of water to water their cabbages and legumes, they consider, that as to that material, they have nothing more to desire, and content themselves with a well or a pond." Such was Chinese gardening anciently, but mark their improvement. In Dobell's Travels (vol. 2, p. 314), we find that "the houses are surrounded by extensive and beautiful gardens, adorned with artificial lakes, rocks, cascades, buildings of various descriptions, walks, bridges, &c. In the ornamenting and beautifying of gardens the Chinese excel all othe nations. By means of a variety of winding walks they make a small place appear twice as large as it really is. Innumerable flower-pots, containing a great variety of beautiful asters, of which they are very fond, are sometimes arranged in a labyrinth. When the asters are in full bloom, the pots arranged handsomely, near a piece of water, and the walks and alleys well lighted, at night, with variously colored lamps, a Chinese garden has the appearance of one of those enchanted places we read of in the Arabian tales." The country houses and gardens of the Pacha, and most of the rich inhabitants of Grand Cairo, are situated at Boulak. They are said to be well stocked with date and other palm trees, and with the grape and some other vegetables. grounds. It is one of the finest in the country, and will probably, before long, vie with the famous English gardens of Sion House and White Knights. Hawthorne Grove is a fine place, consisting of about fifteen acres, containing green and hothouses, and other forcing pits. Monataquot, in the vicinity of Braintree, is noted for its collection of fine fruits. Brighton Nurseries are situated about four miles from Boston. The collection of herbaceous plants, ornamental shrubs, forest, and fruit trees, is one of the best in New England. The garden of Mr. Tudor, in the vicinity of Hartford, is neatly laid out in flower beds, and a green, and has one of the best collections of hardy, herbaceous and choice green-house plants, any. where to be seen. Of the state of horticultural science in the North of Africa, some idea may be formed from the fol- In and around Providence, R. I., there are many lowing extract, given by Beechey, from a Moorish fine gardens and country residences. The principal horticultural work. 66 When a palm tree refuses nursery is Dier's, about four miles from the city, to bear," says the Moorish author, "the owner, and contains many select varieties of fruit and armed with a hatchet, comes to visit it in company other trees. with another person. He begins, by observing aloud to his friend, in order that the date tree may hear him, I am going to cut down this worthless tree, since it no longer bears me any fruit.' Have a care what you do,' replies his companion, for I predict that, this very year, your tree will be covered with dates.' No, no,' cries the owner, I am determined to cut it down; for I am certain it will produce me nothing; and then, approaching the tree, he proceeds to give it two or three strokes with the hatchet. The friend again interferes, and begs him to try one more season; adding, that if it does not bear then, he will let him do as he pleases. The owner at length suffers himself to be persuaded, and retires without proceeding to further extremities. The threat, however, and the few strokes inflicted with the hatchet, have always the desired effect; and the terrified palm tree never fails to pro-tation of every gardener in the United States, on duce, the same year, an abundant crop of dates." The Isle of Bourbon contains a botanic garden, which has been richly endowed by the French kings; and contains, besides the productions of the island, a splendid collection of African and Asiatic plants. It is situated on a rising ground, in the middle of the town, and occupies fourteen acres. The gardening of North America is necessarily that of Europe, so far as soil and climate will permit, and, as is the case of other arts in any new country, the useful departments are more generally attended to than the ornamental. "Horticulture in the United States, it will readily be perceived, has had to contend with many obstacles. Separated from the old world by a wide ocean, it was for a long time with difficulty that any of the rarer and finer vegetable productions of the eastern continent, could be brought out by emigrants. Whatever has been done has been effected by private means, and to gratify private taste. This, however, at the present time, is so much as to afford cause of the highest gratification, and gives reason to hope for the fulfilment of every reasonable anticipation for the future." (Downing.) Belmont Place, at Watertown, in the vicinity of Boston, is a beautiful residence, and was formerly known as the Preble Place.' It is in an excellent situation, containing about one hundred acres of land, consisting of a lawn, gardens, and pleasure The only botanical garden of any extent in New England, is situated at Cambridge, and is connected with the University at that place. It was commenced in 1802, by subscription, but it afterwards received aid from the State; and, in commenting on this fact, the New York Farmer makes use of the following language-" Of a very enlightened legislature, who, not mistaking false maxims of economy for true ones, saw, in the destruction of a great public work, great loss; deeming that the riches and prosperity of a state are as much promoted, to say nothing of its reputation, by wise and generous establishments for the promotion of knowledge, as by any financial measures." In the neighborbood of the city of New York are many fine gardens and residences. The nursery and green-houses of Mr. Hogg are worthy the imiaccount of their neat and orderly appearance. The seat of N. Prime, Esq., is noted for containing one of the finest ranges of forcing houses in the vicinity of the city. Messrs. Shaw & Thorburn, have a nursery and green-houses at Astoria, containing about twenty acres, rich in trees and plants. The well known and extensive nurseries and green-houses at Flushing, L. I., are among the oldest and most extensive in this country. Farms is situated about 4 miles from Harlem. The grounds, which are laid out in a fine, open manner, may be considered of the first order. Long avenues of flower-borders and walks, with a good proportion of lawn, together with summer-houses, seats, and the like, very appropriately arranged, render it a delightful summer residence. The establishment of Judge Buel, at Albany, and the nursery of A. J. Downing at Newburgh, are fine places, and worthy the attention of all lovers of horticulture. West The most distinguished garden in the neighborhood of Philadelphia is that now owned by Mr. Carr. It was established in the early part of the last century, and is the second in age in the United States. Here was collected together, by the celebrated naturalist, John Bartram the elder, nearly all the indigenous plants and trees of North America, the superb specimens of which, at this day, stand unrivalled in any part of the country. Messrs. Landreth's nurseries are situated about two PLANTING A VARIETY OF CROPS.-ANALYSIS OF CLOVER AND ITS MANAGEMENT. 147 tered; while those who sowed corn and millet for fodder, have wintered their stock as easily as usual. This is only an illustration. The principle extends to the whole circle of tillable crops. If one or two alone are cultivated, there may be an entire failure, causing much suffering and much loss. If a variety, some will always succeed, and these may be substituted for the rest. Mount Vernon, on the Potomac, was the seat of Gen. Washington, "first in peace, first in war, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." The extent of this place is about ten thousand acres, much of Besides, the times for planting and harvesting which is yet covered with forest. the different kinds occur, the one after the other, so Monticello was the residence of President Jeffer-as to divide the labor through the season. Thus, son. It is situated on the summit of an eminence, commanding extensive prospects on all sides. At Charleston, the houses of the suburbs are, for the most part, surrounded by gardens, in which orange trees with most splendid ripe fruit, monthly roses in full bloom, and a variety of other very flourishing plants, display themselves." spring wheat and oats should be sown early; corn planted after the danger of frosts is over; corn for fodder and millet later still. And these (and others) all have their different seasons for harvest, each in its time. Whereas, when, one crop is the main one, there is one season of great hurry in seeding, and another in harvest; teams and men "At Cincinnati, there is a public garden, where have to be driven to excess then, and be comparathe people go to eat ices and look at roses. For tively idle the rest of the time. This surely is not the preservation of the flowers, there is placed at wise. I recommend, then, that farmers add the end of one of the walks, a sign-post, represent-greatly to the variety of the crops they annually ing a Swiss peasant girl holding in her hand a scroll, cultivate, and "give each its portion in due season." requesting that the flowers might not be gathered." Ohio, March, 1846. At New Orleans are beautiful gardens, both public and private, filled with tropical and other choice flowers and plants. A conventual garden at Mexico is described by Humboldt, as one of the finest he had ever seen. In the garden, were immense groves of orange trees, peaches, apples, cherries, and other fruit trees of Europe. The botanic garden of Rio is situated about 8 miles from the town. The tea shrub of China, first introduced into this garden, has begun to be cultivated in the interior of the country. "The botanic garden of Jamaica, West Indies, was originally begun by Hinton East, Esq., and afterwards bought by government and enlarged, so as to contain about 70 acres. One of the objects of its establishment was to preserve, without artificial means, the productions of various climates. Such a project could only be executed in a tropical latitude, where the various elevations of the ground would regulate the required temperature." L. T. TALBOT. T. ANALYSIS OF CLOVER AND ITS MANAGE MENT. Horsford, of Albany, now with Prof. Liebig, at Giessen, January, 1846. In the progress of the last term, while other chemical labor was going forward, I made an ashanalysis of red clover, and accompanied it with an investigation, which I record below. To the latter I attach in its isolation no special value; inasmuch as the circumstances in which it was conducted deprive it of perfect scientific exactness. I make it the basis, as you will observe, of explaining one or two chemical processes. The It is well known that the juice of clover-heads contains more or less sugar. The nectaries of the fully developed head are especially rich in a honeylike liquid, which bees gather. In cutting the clover when the heads are fully formed, but not ripe, PLANTING A VARIETY OF CROPS. the sugar of this honey will be secured. SOMETIMES, farmers devote most of their tillable water will evaporate, leaving the sweetness with soil for, and expend most of their time upon, one or the vegetable fibre and other organic matters, to two main crops. Thus, some men depend mainly be fed to stock. If the clover be cut before the upon the wheat crop-others upon grass, and the heads begin to develope, the sugar, if formed, southern planter upon cotton. Now, it often hap- must be in the stems and leaves; if not cut until pens that an unfavorable season destroys particular the seeds are ripened, the sugar may have accomcrops, and thus often a whole year is lost, where plished one of its supposed ends-that of keeping one crop (or two) receives the farmer's sole atten-up a higher temperature within the seed for the tion Last year, for example, in this section, elaboration of its various parts, and thereby have wheat was very nearly destroyed, hay entirely, and been destroyed. fruit and some other crops were very light. On the other hand corn was never better. Buckwheat, millet, flax, and vines, generally produced well. Potatoes yielded well, but were injured by the disease after gathering. Now the object of this note is to recommend to farmers to plant a greater variety of seeds, so that when one fails, others will supply their places. Those who had only grass lani last year had to nearly give away their cattle, or drive them at a great expense to another part of the state to be win It was my purpose to ascertain how much sugar, or rather the relative amounts of sugar, there might be at the above named three stages of the development of clover. Experiments with the first two kinds were made. The clover crop being nowhere permitted to ripen, I was unable to submit the inquiry concerning the third to the test of experiment. I cut clover exactly at the surface of the ground, on the 16th day of June, just as the tufts of leaflets enclosing the heads were discernible. These I chopped to fineness, and placed a weighed |