Ladies' Department. of languor and hunger. Lemery, after having put a cat into a cage, suffered two or three mice to run through it. Puss, instead of destroying them, only DOMESTIC EDUCATION OF CATS. looked at them with apparent indifference. The Ir has not been ascertained at what period cats mice became more bold, and even attempted to prowere first classed among domestic animals; but as voke her; however, it had no effect, as she still rethis is of little consequence, I will endeavor to give mained quiet. Liberty being given her, her some account of them from the time that their use- strength and voracity returned; so that, had the ful and amusing qualities brought them into gene- cage been open, the mice would soon have become ral notice, as forming a part of our household com- her prey. They also fear severe chastisement, and forts. The finest species of domestic cats are those therefore this may be considered the best means of called Angora, which are remarkable for size and enforcing obedience. It is related that the monks strength of body, elegance of the head, softness of of the Isle of Cyprus instructed cats to drive away hair, and docile qualities, which rank them prece- serpents which infested the island; and they sucdent as domestic cats. Every country has its pecu-ceeded so well, that in a short time they were reliar species; that of Tobolski is red; that of the lieved of the venomous reptiles. Cape of Good Hope blue; and those of China and Japan have pendent ears; Pallas informs us, that in Russia the muzzle is small and pointed, and the tail six times as long as the body. After so many instances well known, why should so severe a sentence be passed upon these animals? It is said (without proof) that education has no effect upon their natural savageness; but I cannot imagine why this should be asserted, when we notice how quietly a cat will obey its mistress, and remain by her side most of the day, if required; will run when it is called, and appear unsettled and unhappy during the absence of its protectress; and how delighted when she returns, as it proves by its caresses, not acting from dissimulation or cunning. When cats have attained these social habits, they will retain them till their death; and thus brought up, they lose their inclination for mice and rats, and are devoted to those who are attached to them. From all that can be said, this conclusion may be drawn, that the more pains are bestowed upon educating them, the less they show of their natural wild state.-Magazine of Natural History. The effect that both sound and music have upon this animal is well known. They, like dogs, may be made to answer the call of a whistle. An invalid, who was confined to his room for some time, At all times, cats have acquired some influence, was much amused by this means, and with other indeed, may be considered favorites with women. proofs of the docility and sagacity of a favorite cat. There were very severe laws enacted in Egypt Valmont de Bomare saw, at the fair of St. Germain, against those who killed or even ill-treated this cats turned musicians, the performance being ananimal. They carried their notions so far as to be nounced by the title of the "Mewing Concert." quite ridiculous; for they actually worshipped In the centre was an ape, beating time; and on them as their gods, made great lamentations at their either side were the cats placed, with music before death, and buried them (according to Herodotus) them on the stalls. At the signal of the ape, they with much pomp. In China, this animal is indulg-regulated their mewing to sad or lively strains. ed with a bed of down and silk, where it remains One of our celebrated naturalists assures us that in a state of indolence, or lies at the feet of its mis- they are capable of gratitude, and may be consitress on a sofa, covered over like a child, decorated dered faithful. with a silver collar on its throat, and its ears adorned with ear-rings of jasper or sapphire. The Turks have places made or rented for them, that they may be fed and attended to by servants engaged for the purpose. They enjoy a still happier life in France; as faithful companions to their mistresses, they not only amuse them, but, by their gentleness and playful tricks, dispel ennui. They seldom look you in the face, but obliquely. I have remarked that naturalists have not spoken much in favor of this animal, particularly Buffon, who says, "that the cat may be considered as a faithless friend, brought under human protection to oppose a still more insidious enemy. It is, in fact, the only animal of this tribe whose service can more than recompense the trouble of education, and whose strength is not sufficient to make its anger formidable. Of all animals, when young, there is none more prettily playful than the kitten; but it appears to change this disposition as it grows old, and the innate treachery of its kind begins to show KITCHEN VEGETABLES TENDER.— itself. From being naturally ravenous, education When peas, French beans, and similar productions, teaches it to disguise its appetite, and to seize the do not boil easily, it has usually been imputed to favorable moment for plunder. Supple, insinuat- the coolness of the season, or to the rains. This ing, and artful, it has learned the art of concealing popular notion is erroneous; the difficulty of boilits intentions till it can put them in force; when-ing them soft arises from a superabundant quantity ever the opportunity occurs, it directly seizes of gypsum imbibed during their growth. whatever it finds, flies off with it, and remains at a correct this, throw a small quantity of sub-carbondistance till it thinks its offence is forgotten." ate of soda into the pot along with the vegetables, The aversion cats have to anything like slavery the carbonic acid of which will seize upon the or imprisonment is so great, that by means of it lime in the gypsum, and free the legumes, &c., from they may be forced to prompt obedience; but, its influence. From the French. under restraint, they are very different; though surrounded by food, when deprived of liberty, they abandon the desire of theft or prey, and literally die upon TO MAKE To CRUST ON BOILERS, &c.-Potatoes and flour will prevent the incrustation of boilers and kettles. 322 Boys' Department. BOYS' DEPARTMENT. RUMINATION, OR CHEWING THE CUD. THE process of chewing the cud is always connected with a complicated stomach, excepting individual instances, as in man and the kangaroo, there being at least four distinct chambers, the structure of each of which is very different. second stomach; but, in the instance of liquids, such as broth, a portion always passes into each of the four stomachs immediately, the only opening into the third stomach being very straight, and the passage of anything coarse. capable, also, of being quite closed, so as to prevent The reason why liquids pass into the third and fourth stomachs is, that unless the gullet-inlet into the first stomach is expanded by a morsel of solid food, the cud-duct is more open to receive the liquid, and, for the same reason, the cud-duct is prevented, by the expansion of the gullet-inlet, from admitting solid food. In the process of common vomiting, the contents of the stomach are, by the action of the midribs and the muscles of the belly, ejected in a mass; but in chewing the cud, there is only a small rounded pellet brought up into the mouth, so that the process is in this very different from vomiting. Bourgelat denied the existence of the pellet, and Daubenton says it is formed by the second stomach. M. Flourens ascertained, beyond all question, that the pellet or cud (which is only a different way of spelling quid) is detached from the mass of aliment The second is termed the honeycomb bag, king's in the paunch, by the latter contracting and pressing hood, or bonnet, is much smaller than the paunch, the mass upwards towards the adjacent inlets of the and is situated on the right of the lower end of the paunch, the many-plies, and the cud-duct, which gullet, which opens in common into it and into the seize and detach from it a portion about an inch in paunch. On the inside a number of shallow cells, diameter. The space, also, which these several adlike those of a honeycomb, are formed by a project-jacent inlets enclose, being round, and its walls in ing membrane, and the whole is lined with a rough scarf skin continuous with that of the gullet and paunch. The first, which is similar to the crop or craw of birds, is termed the paunch, and serves by its heat and somewhat scanty moisture, to prepare the herbage for farther change. It is situated on the left side, and lined with a rough membrane studded with small flat projections. It is inferred to have a rotatory motion, from the round masses of hair, called bezoar stones, frequently found in it, arising from the union of hairs licked off, from time to time, by the animal when cleaning itself, and said, without proof, to be miraculously medicinal. In the chamois, the bezoar stones appear to consist of vegetable matter. The third is the smallest of the four, and is named the many-plies, because the inner surface rises up into a great many folds, one above the other, amounting to about forty in the sheep, and about one hundred in the ox, and covered with a rough scarf skin. Some of these folds project farther than others, there being first two long ones on each side, and within these, two shorter, and so The smallest of them, between the opening from the honeycomb bag, are puckered, so as to act as a valve between this third chamber and the fourth. on. The fourth, which is exclusively the digestive stomach, according to Dr. Carus, is called the rennet bag, or red. Here, as in the simple stomachs of beasts of prey, we find no lining of scarf skin, which goes no farther than the many-plies; but a soft mucous membrane, which has the property of curdling milk, and that of the calf is used for this purpose in cheese-making. motion, the pellet is thereby rounded, and at length pushed up into the gullet, and returned to the mouth. of the pellet, a very copious flow of spittle takes It is very remarkable, that, during the formation place from the mouth down the gullet, without which the pellet, which is rather dry at first, could not easily be brought up. The second stomach, also, has, by its contraction, the opposite open cells brought into contact, so as to form a series of shut cells; an admirable provision for preventing the fluids, always more or less present here, from being brought up along with the pellet. The pellet, when returned to the mouth, is minutely chewed and reduced to a half fluid pulp. which, on being swallowed, is not solid enough to force open the always shut inlet of the paunch, and consequently enters the always open inlet of the cud-duct, and passes to the third stomach, from which it is forwarded to the fourth. The account of this process by Blumenbach, adopted by our British physiologists, is grossly erroneous. In consequence of this complicated process, aniIt is important to observe, that, from the inlet of mals which chew the cud can digest more effectuthe paunch or first stomach, from the termination ally than those which do not, such as the horse, it of the gullet, near the junction of the second and being common for the latter to pass corn quite undithird stomachs, there runs to the third stomach a gested, a circumstance that rarely happens with groove, which I shall call the cud-duct, with the horned cattle; and hence it is well known to grafirst stomach on its left, and the second on its right. ziers, that one-third less will be enough for an This cud-duct has thick prominent margins, which ox than for a horse or an ass. According, howcan be brought to meet so as to form a tube, and ever, to the recent experiments of De Dombasle constitute a continuation of the gullet across the and Biot, this will depend, in the case, at least, of second into the third stomach. This duct was as-roots, such as carrots or potatoes, upon boiling, so certained by M. Flourens to remain always open, even when the gullet inlet of the first stomach was closed. When an ox or a sheep first swallows grass or other herbage, it passes chiefly into the paunch, but both partly, immediately and successively, into the as to break the globular crust enveloping the nutrient matter, which the stomach cannot well effect. This matter, formerly called amidine from its occurring in starch, has been termed by M. Biot dextrine.-Professor Rennie. FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL NEWS. FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL NEWS. 323 By the arrival of the steamer Cambria, we are in receipt of our foreign journals up to September 4th. MARKETS.-Ashes were in greater request. Cotton had advanced fully Id. per lb., with large sales. The stock on hand at Liverpool on the 1st of September, was 744,000 bales, against 934,000 same time last year. Beef an advance of 6s. per tierce, with a light stock on hand. Pork had improved. Lard, the same. Cheese, quick of sale with a light stock on hand. But-reckoned from the amount of Nitrogen contained in them; ter, little doing. Flour, an advance of 6d. per barrel. Indian Corn had risen 3s. per quarter. Naval Stores, a slight advance in Tar. This article was scarce in market. Rice, an advance. Tallow, brisk. Tobacco, a moderate demand. Wool, United States, little on hand, and no recent transactions to quote. Money.-The Bank of England has reduced the rate of interest to 3 per cent. This has given an increased activity to business, and slightly advanced the price of stocks. The Weather had been favorable for the completion of the harvest. The Crops were gathered, and Wheat turns out an average yield; Oats, the same; the Potato crop, owing to the rot, a great failure. The crops on the Continent, especially in France, are rather short than otherwise, so that Great Britain will have to look to the United States for her chief supplies in Provisions. This will be a great boon to the American farmer the ensuing year. To Exchange Papers.-We have one word to say to auch of our contemporaries as are in the habit of copying our foreign summary, which is this: we shall expect them hereafter to give credit to this paper for it, as well as the Foreign Journals; for said Journals cost us no small sum per annum, and the condensations from them give us a great deal of extra labor. It is, therefore, no more than just that we should also have credit for the same. Importation of Grain.-The quantity of wheat imported during the past year, has not been so great as in 1845, but that entered for home consumption is much greater-fully 2,000,000 quarters. The import of Indian corn is nearly six times greater this year! than during the same period of 1845. Of wheat meal or flour there has been an enormous increase in the arrivals from foreign countries. A large quantity of Indian meal has also been imported this season, which forms no part of the returns in 1845; a small quantity appears to have been imported in 1844. Of the total quantity of grain taken into consumption during the period already stated in 1845, was 543,898, and in 1846, 2,301,949 quarters, and of flour and meal, 97,847 cwt. were taken for a like purpose; in 1846, the quantity had increased to 2,197,554 cwt. The Scarcity of Apples and other fruits in England this year will, we expect, afford to the American cultivator of apples an opportunity of exporting that article to this country to some advantage. the price obtained by the large dairy farmer was 45s. of some of the substance alluded to in the extensive Potatoes. We must again draw the attention of our correspondents to the importance of not coming to hasty conclusions respecting this important matter. It is the worst kind of trifling to pretend that this, that, or the other little experiment has secured a crop, when we are only just at the beginning of the end. We must therefore decline to give insertion to a large number of representations which can have no value, and which their writers would regret to see on record hereafter. To imagine that planting shallow, or planting deep, earthing up or letting it alone, and fifty more such crotchets, can have any effect, is worse than absurd; it is mischievous, for it tends to mislead unreasoning minds.-Gard. Chron. Potato Seed.-Seeds produced by healthy plants from Importations of Provisions into Great Britain.-This which the tubers have been removed, and the flowers trade has already received an important impetus by hybridized, is, perhaps, the best; but large ripe plums the late measures of commercial reform. The im- collected from the healthiest plants will answer port of bacon during the six months ending July 5, equally well. They may be spread on a dry loft until 1846, is nearly one hundred times greater than during they become shrivelled, and then mixed with twice the same period of 1845. Salted beef more than their bulk of fine peat or sand, turning the whole over double; fresh beef 150 times greater; hams are also occasionally until the pulp becomes dry and mixed more than double; and in salted and fresh pork there with the peat or sand, in which the seeds will keep is also a considerable increase, but not anything like good for four or five years. The plan of washing the the others. The importation of cheese has not in- seed out of the shrivelled plum, and thoroughly drying creased during the last year; but, notwithstanding it, also answers perfectly; and, suspended in bags in the competition of foreign countries, the value of a dry situation, it will keep good for a long time, more English cheese has not merely been maintained, but especially if the slime has not been too much rubbed considerably advanced. For example-in 1843 the off in the operation of washing. Care must be taken, quantity of foreign cheese imported was only 63,497 however, to keep it from mice, as they are fond of it.— cwt. In that year, in the Wiltshire markets in August, Ibid. 324 FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL NEWS. one year. Mustard, four years. Cucumber, melon, and congeners; ten years. The following instructions will tend to obviate disappointments in the transmission of seeds, trees, &c., if strictly attended to: Seeds for exportation, must be new, perfectly ripened, and well dried, and cleared from all impurities, and to be packed in brown paper or canvass bags, and on board ship to be exposed to a current of air. If the quantity is so large as to require the outer package to be a cask or box, these should be perforated for the admission of air, but of a size to exclude vermin. Those boxes or casks are better for being kept on deck, exposed as little to the sun as possible; or if stowed below, it should be as convenient of access to them, as possible, in order to give them an occasional airing on deck [Seeds have been successfully preserved through long voyages in glass bottles hermetically sealed. ED.] In long voyages seeds should never be stowed in the hold. Bulbs such as onions, or tubers, as in potatoes, should be carefully dried, and of rare or desirable species, each bulb or tuber should be wrapped up singly, in coarse brown paper, each species in packets by themselves, and placed in close wooden cases, carefully excluding air; these packages require less attention than those containing seeds, but they must not be placed deep in the hold of a ship, for fermentation will take place, and a total decay of the bulbs ensue. N. B. Seeds, bulbs, or plants, must be kept in separate packages, or the premature decay of either will destroy or seriously damage the whole. And the smaller the packages of seeds, the greater will be the certainty of success, as they can be placed in the cabins of ships with less inconvenience, and are more readily carried on deck for occasional airing.-Southern African Almanac. Durability of the Wood of the Locust-tree.-The following notes relative to the duration of the locust wood (Robinia pseud-acacia), have been made by M. Pepin, Jardin du Roi, Paris:-A number of trees were felled that had been planted from 40 to 45 years; but not more than one in five of those wheelwrights who came to purchase appreciated sufficiently the locust, the others preferring elm. Ultimately the locust was sold to the person who knew its value, at one-third higher price than the elm. The purchaser found that spokes made of the wood in question lasted two sets of felloes, and were likely to answer for a third. Under equal circumstances of wear and tear, spokes made of locust wood were perfectly sound, whilst those of oak required to be replaced. M. Pepin further states that the ends of locust gate-posts which had been in the soil for upwards of 40 years were still not decayed. This sort of wood employed as feet, or supports, for chests made of oak, proved sound, although the oak planks in contact with them had been thrice renewed; but oak supports decayed simultaneously with the oak planks composing the chests. Vine props of locust wood are greatly esteemed.-Gard. Chron. Plants Diseased in Jamaica.-There has been a disease among the cocoes for more than two years in this island; to the eye, the leaves and head appear sound, yet on breaking they prove rotten and unfit for planting; of which I hear the negroes complaining, as it forms a principal article of their general provisions. The yam season has not yet commenced, so little can be said of them; but complaints are made that the plantain-trees are beginning to show disease. The mangoes are failing generally in this district, which may partly be accounted for by the drought, as also the bad appearance of the bread-fruit. A gentleman lately pointed out to me several pimento-trees, which have become completely blighted, though I have not heard as yet of such being the case elsewhere. The potato-murrain has been truly designated mysterious, and if such unusual diseases appear in the vegetable kingdom throughout various parts of the globe, it may rationally create alarm that some malignant agency is abroad, probably through the intervention of the atmo sphere.-Ibid. Fruit Trees and other deciduous Trees, are fit for export on the fall of the leaf, when they are to be taken up, the longer roots shortened, and the heads shortened also, for the convenience of package, and the roots coated with a tenacious clay puddle, of the thickness Potatoes Sprouting Again.-There appears to be an of cream, and which must be allowed to dry on the excited and unnatural state of vegetation in the early roots; each tree should be numbered with a leaden growths of the potato this year, which before its arritally, fixed securely to the stem with copper wire; the val at maturity forces out its sprouts or buds, upon trees are then to be closely stowed in strong wooden which fresh tubers are formed, and these in turn emit cases, and made tight, to the total exclusion of air. their embryo shoots, and exhibit the strange phenoMoss is sometimes used to fill up the spaces between menon of a young growing crop keeping pace with its the trees, but is not necessary. Maiden trees are the parent stock, or, as I may say, three generations of best for this mode of package, and of forest trees, those tubers growing from the same stem. I have by me with stems one inch thick at least. Upon the arrival now a potato nearly full grown, to which are attached of the trees at their destination, after unpacking, their by strong shoots four lesser ones, the size of large roots must be soaked in water for 24 hours, and after green walnuts, and a very great number of young planting they will require shade and water to be ap-ones just formed, no larger than full-grown peas, but plied conformable to the season. On a long passage the packages to be treated as those of the bulbs. Evergreen Trees and Shrubs to be taken up on the immediate periodical maturity of the leaf, and which are, before packing as above, to be cut off from the stems with a sharp instrument; in evergreens, it is better, if possible, to select such as have no leaves on the lower and reserved part of the stem. The pine and fir tribe must be introduced by seed. all in a most healthy condition, and it is curious to Editor's Table. EDITOR'S TABLE. 325 further encomium of ours would seem useless. All we can say, is, if there are any young men in our highly-favored country who have not read it, let not another week pass over their heads without being fully acquainted with its contents. CULTIVATION OF FLAX; the Fattening of Cattle with Native Produce; Box-feeding; and Summer- A CATALOGUE OF VALUABLE STANDARD WORKS, grazing. By John Warnes, Esq. London: Clowes in the Several Departments of General Literature. & Sons, Stamford Street. Pp. 321, Svo. Through | New York, Harper and Brothers, 82 Cliff st. pp. 98, the politeness of Mr. Henry Coleman, we have re- 12mo. This new Catalogue, having been constructed ceived a copy of this able and well-written work, which, it is to be regretted, cannot be republished in this country entire. For the benefit of our readers, however, who are interested in the flax cause, we propose, hereafter, to publish in our columns, in a condensed form, a series of articles from this treatise, which we hope will receive an attentive perusal. VESTIGES OF THE NATURAL HISTORY OF CREATION; with a Sequel by the same Author, and an Appendix containing an Article from the North British Review. New York: Wiley & Putnam, 161 Broadway. Pp. 496, 12mo. Price 75 cents. A general notice of this work having been given at page 70, vol. 4, of the Agriculturist, we are now only called upon to notice the fourth edition, greatly amended by the author, and the "Explanations." That a work, like the present, should have raised a vast number of admirers on one hand, and a host of antagonists on the other, is no more than could be expected. Indeed, that the author is open on all sides to criticism, is abundantly apparent to any one who will examine the work with reference to such points of detail as may be most familiar to himself. It is therefore surprising that the opponents of the peculiar opinions set forth in this remarkable volume, if they are not true, should not have been able to adduce a more powerful array of arguments, founded on facts, against this "nameless author." He contends that no specific creation has ever taken place; but that the Almighty has commanded matter to obey certain laws, which have been in operation from the beginning; that the effect of these self-acting laws has been the production by successive degrees of completeness of our globe and all that it contains; that they are still in operation as they always have been, and that they will continue to act to the end of time. with a view to the especial use of persons desirous of forming or enriching their Literary Collections, as well as principals of District Schools and Seminaries of Learning, who may not possess any reliable means of forming a true estimate of any production, commends itself to all such by its novel feature of includ ing bibliographical, explanatory, and critical notices. For want of such aid, a large portion of the reading community remain ignorant of the vast wealth of our accumulated literary stores, an acquaintance with which must ever be regarded as an essential element, both in the progress of social advancement and in individual refinement and happiness. It may be as well to add, that the valuable collection described in this Catalogue combines the two-fold advantages of great economy in price and neatness, often great elegance of typographical execution, in many instances the rates of publication being scarcely one-sixth of those of similar issues in Europe. Copies of this Catalogue may be obtained, free of expense, by application to the Publishers personally, or by letter, post-paid. A NEW UNIVERSAL AND CRITICAL DICTIONARY, of the English Language, by Joseph E. Worcester. The Dictionary of Johnson as corrected and enlarged by Todd, and Walker's Critical Pronouncing Diction ary, have been made, in some degree, the basis of this work; but the words found in those dictionaries have been carefully revised, with regard to their orthography, pronunciation, definition, &c.; and a great part of them, especially such as relate to the arts and sciences, have been defined entirely anew. To the words found in Todd's Johnson, nearly 27,000 words have been added, and for these words authorities are given. The work contains a much improved edition of Walker's key to the pronunciation of Classical and Scripture Proper Names; and to Walker's Vocabulary Admitting this theory to be correct, it would follow about 3000 classical names have been added. It also that new and more perfect species of plants and ani- comprises a pronouncing Vocabulary of about 4000 mals must have been successively appearing since modern geographical names. The several vocabulalife was first infused into matter by the will of the ries are computed to contain upwards of 105,000 Creator; that races in like manner have disappeared, words. Boston: Wilkins, Carter and Co. pp. 956, and have been succeeded by others (as geological evi-large 8vo. For sale by Saxton & Miles, 205 Broaddence conclusively proves); that new species are still appearing on the face of the globe; and that, finally, Great attention has been bestowed on pronunciaman himself will disappear, to be succeeded by beings tion; and with regard to words of various, doubtful, more perfect in their nature, and more nearly allied to or disputed pronunciation, the authorities for the vaangels. This, in the opinion of the author of the rious modes are exhibited; so that this dictionary will "Vestiges," is a more philosophical way of account-show the reader in what manner these words are proing for the appearance of new races of living things nounced by all the most eminent English Orthoepists. than to assume that every new form of plants and ani- The grammatical forms and inflections of words have mals is produced by the special and direct interven-been given more fully than ever before in any Engtion of the Almighty; and, he adds, " in a more rever-lish Dictionary; and brief critical notes on the orential way." The weakest point, however, in this thography, the pronunciation, the grammatical form theory unfortunately consists in the absence of proof and construction, and the peculiar, technical, local, that new species are still appearing on the earth. The provincial and American uses of words are scattered author ought to produce evidence of it, if the views he throughout the volume. The design has been to give entertains are just, or his theory falls; for, the law of the greatest quantity of useful matter in the most concreation which he assumes to rule the universe must densed form, and to specify, as far as practicable, aube, and has been, ceaselessly in action from the beginning of thorities in doubtful and disputed cases. time, and can know no pause! LECTURES TO YOUNG MEN, on Various Important Subjects. By Henry Ward Beecher, Indianapolis, la. Tenth Thousand, Salem, Ms. John P. Jewett & Co., and Saxton & Miles, 205 Broadway, New York. Pp. 251, 12mo Price 62 cts. This excellent little work is so widely circulated and generally known, that any way, New York. Price $3 50. A GENERAL INDEX TO THE FIRST SERIES OF XLIX. Volumes of Silliman's American Journal of Science and Arts, will be published at the earliest_moment, consistent with its accurate preparation. Complete Sets of the First Series of this excellent Journal, fifty volumes, including the Index, will soon be offered for sale. |