Air-speed limitations shall be established as set forth in §§ 3.739-3.743. §3.739 Never-exceed speed (Vne).

This speed shall not exceed the lesser of the following:

(a) 0.9 Va chosen in accordance with §3.184.

(b) 0.9 times the maximum speed demonstrated in accordance with § 3.159, but shall not be less than 0.9 times the minimum value of Va permitted by §3.184.

§3.740 Maximum structural cruising speed (V.).

This operating limitation shall be: (a) Not greater than Ve chosen in accordance with §3.184.

(b) Not greater than 0.89 times Vne established under § 3.739.

(c) Not less than the minimum V. permitted in § 3.184.

§ 3.741 Maneuvering speed (V,).

(See § 3.184.)

§ 3.742 Flaps-extended speed (V.). (a) This speed shall not exceed the lesser of the following:

(1) The design flap speed, V1, chosen in accordance with § 3.190.

(2) The design flap speed chosen in accordance with § 3.223, but shall not

POWERPLANT

§ 3.744 Powerplant.

The powerplant limitations in §§ 3.745 through 3.747 shall be established and shall not exceed the corresponding limits established as a part of the type certification of the engine and propeller installed in the airplane.

§ 3.745 Take-off operation.

(a) Maximum rotational speed (revolutions per minute).

(b) Maximum permissible manifold pressure (if applicable).

(c) The time limit upon the use of the corresponding power.

(d) Where the time limit of paragraph (c) of this section exceeds 2 minutes, the maximum allowable temperatures for cylinder head, oil, and coolant outlet if applicable.

¤ airplane during any contact flight as : determined by the availability and satisfactory operation of all necessary controls by each operator concerned.

TYPES OF OPERATION

$3.750 Types of operation.

The type of operation to which the airplane is limited shall be established by the category in which it has been found eligible for certification and by the equipment installed. (See the appropriate operating parts of the Civil Air Regulations.)

MARKINGS AND PLACARDS

§3.755 Markings and placards.

(a) The markings and placards specified are required for all airplanes. Placards shall be displayed in a conspicuous place and both shall be such that they cannot be easily erased, disfigured, or obscured. Additional informational placards and instrument markings having a direct and important bearing on safe operation may be required by the Administrator when unusual design, operating, or handling characteristics so warrant.

(b) When an airplane is certificated in more than one category, the applicant shall select one category on which all placards and markings on the airplane shall be based. The placard and marking information for the other categories in which the airplane is certificated shall be entered in the Airplane Flight Manual. A reference to this information shall be included on a placard which shall also indicate the category on which the airplane placards and markings are based.

$ 3.755-1 Markings and placards for an airplane certificated in more than one category (FAA policies which apply to § 3.755(b)).

(a) The following suggestions are given to assist in making placards and markings as simple and straightforward as possible:

(1) The applicant (who may be the manufacturer or an individual operator) should select a "basic" category on which all markings and placards will be based and installed on a particular airplane. However, this does not prevent the selection of some other category as "basic" for the placarding and marking of other airplane of the same model.

(2) Placards of markings pertaining to other categories should be installed only when this can be done without confusing the placards or markings for the "basic" category. For example, previous attempts to put dual sets of markings on airspeed indicators have proven unsatisfactory. On the other hand, it may be desirable to install baggage capacity and number of persons placards which cover both normal and utility categories.

(3) A statement on the placard, required by §§ 3.769 and 3.770, should refer the operator to the "Approved Airplane Flight Manual" for information on the placards and markings appropriate to the other categories in which the airplane is certificated.

(4) All placards should be arranged to present the necessary information to the pilot in as simple and practical a manner as possible. In many cases, it may be convenient to consolidate various placards.

(5) The following is an example of a possible (but not necessarily complete) form for a consolidated placard for an airplane certificated in Normal and Utility Categories, using the Normal Category as the "basic" category for purposes of placarding and marking:

THIS AIRPLANE MUST BE OPERATED AS A NORMAL OR UTILITY CATEGORY AIRPLANE IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE APPROVED AIRPLANE FLIGHT MANUAL.

All markings and placards on this airplane apply to its operation as a Normal Category Airplane. For Utility Category operations, refer to the Airplane Flight Manual.

NO ACROBATIC MANEUVERS (INCLUDING SPINS) ARE APPROVED FOR NORMAL CATEGORY OPERATIONS.

(6) When the category selected for marking and placarding is the Utility Category, the appropriate placards for limiting the weight to the approved utility value should, of course, be posted. This may, for example, require placards on some of the seats, "Not to be occupied during Utility operations," and "Maximum baggage capacity during Utility Category operations, pounds."

When the number of occupants permitted for the Utility Category is less than the number of seats, but the seating arrangement makes no difference, it

(7) For Utility Category maneuvering limitations, see § 3.20-2.

[Supp. 10, 16 F. R. 3292, Apr. 14, 1951]

§ 3.755-2 Markings and placards for flap settings (FAA policies which apply to § 3.755(a)).

(a) Flap settings as related to performance. Instructions on flap settings relating to airplane performance should be included in the "performance information" section of the Manual, and should be identified with the corresponding performance data given in § 3.777-1(g). If the applicant has demonstrated compliance with the pertinent performance requirements for a range of flap settings, the range may be given instead of a single setting. In this case, performance data should be shown for both extremes of the range, or for the critical setting within the range, plus explanation of the qualitative effect on performance of using other settings within the range.

(b) Flap settings resulting in unsafe characteristics. If improper setting of the flaps can result in dangerous characteristics, a suitable item should be included in the "operating limitations" section of the Flight Manual, and on a placard in view of the pilot.

Typical examples of "dangerous characteristics" would be cases in which a flap take-off setting less than that marked on the flap indicator would cause unusual difficulty in take-off by greatly extending the take-off distance, or affecting controllability (e. g., porpoising, or inability to raise nose wheel). Reasonable and gradual variations in performance with change in flap setting would not be considered dangerous. Cases of obvious pilot error need not be considered such as take-off with flaps in landing setting, provided the pertinent settings are adequately marked on the flap indicator.

[Supp. 10, 16 F. R. 3292, Apr. 14, 1951]

strument, adequate provision shall be made to maintain the correct alignment of the glass cover with the face of the dial. All arcs and lines shall be of sufficient width and so located as to be clearly and easily visible to the pilot. § 3.757 Air-speed indicator.

(a) Calibrated air speed shall be used: (1) The never-exceed speed, Vne-a radial red line (see § 3.739).

(2) The caution range—a yellow arc extending from the red line in (1) above to the upper limit of the green arc specified in (3) below.

(3) The normal operating range-a green arc with the lower limit at V as determined in § 3.82 with maximum weight, landing gear and wing flaps retracted, and the upper limit at the maximum structural cruising speed established in § 3.740.

(4) The flap operating range—a white arc with the lower limit at Vs, as determined in § 3.82 at the maximum weight, and the upper limit at the flapsextended speed in § 3.742.

(b) When the never-exceed and maximum structural cruising speeds vary with altitude, means shall be provided which will indicate the appropriate limitations to the pilot throughout the operating altitude range.

[21 F.R. 3339, May 22, 1956, as amended by Amdt. 3-5, 24 F.R. 7067, Sept. 1, 1959] § 3.757-1 White arc on air-speed indicator (FAA interpretations which apply to § 3.757(a)(4)).

The white arc on the air-speed indicator should extend to the "basic" flaps extended speed specified in § 3.742. Additional combinations of flap setting, airspeed and power established in accordance with § 3.742 should be listed in the airplane flight manual and may be listed on a placard if the manufacturer desires.

[Supp. 10, 16 F. R. 3293, Apr. 14, 1951] § 3.758 Magnetic direction indicator.

A placard shall be installed on or in close proximity to the magnetic direction indicator which contains the calibration of the instrument in a level flight attitude with engine(s) operating and radio receiver(s) on or off (which shall be stated). The calibration readings shall be those to known magnetic headings in not greater than 30-degree increments.

$3.759 Powerplant instruments.

All required powerplant instruments shall be marked with a red radial line at the maximum and minimum (if applicable) indications for safe operation. The normal operating ranges shall be marked with a green arc which shall not extend beyond the maximum and minimum limits for continuous operation. Take-off and precautionary ranges shall be marked with a yellow arc. Ranges of engine speed which are restricted as a result of excessive engine or propeller vibration shall be marked with a red arc.

$3.759-1 Powerplant instrument mark

ings (FAA interpretations which apply to § 3.759).

(a) Where the propeller is restricted against operation in a definite r.p.m. range, because of vibrating stress considerations, such restrictions should be indicated by a red arc on the tachometer extending from the low to the high engine r.p.m. speeds corresponding to the restricted propeller speed r.p.m. ranges. This policy follows the general practice of the regulations in prescribing the use of red markings instead of yellow markings in indicating restrictions that are more than precautionary.

(b) Tachometer dial should not be marked to indicate restricted operating range due to propeller vibratory stress considerations when this consideration applies only under certain conditions such as when landing gear is extended. It is considered satisfactory for a placard covering such restricted ranges to be provided.

[Supp. 10, 16 F. R. 3293, Apr. 14, 1951] § 3.760 Oil quantity indicators.

Indicators shall be suitably marked in sufficient increments so that they will readily and accurately indicate the quantity of oil.

§ 3.761 Fuel quantity indicator.

When the unusable fuel supply for any tank exceeds 1 gallon or 5 percent of the tank capacity, whichever is greater, a red band shall be placed on the indicator extending from the calibrated zero reading (see § 3.437) to the lowest reading obtainable in the level flight attitude, and a suitable notation in the Airplane Flight Manual shall be provided to indicate to the flight personnel that the fuel remaining in the tank when the

All cockpit controls, with the exception of the primary flight controls, shall be plainly marked as to their function and method of operation.

§ 3.762-1 Marking of button-type starter switches (FAA interpretations which apply to § 3.762).

Simple pushbutton type starter switches need not be marked to indicate method of operation.

[Supp. 10. 16 F. R. 3293, Apr. 14, 1951] § 3.763 Aerodynamic controls.

The secondary controls shall be suitably marked to comply with §§ 3.337 and 3.338.

§ 3.764 Powerplant fuel controls.

(a) Controls for fuel tank selector valves shall be marked to indicate the position corresponding to each tank and to all existing cross feed positions.

(b) When more than one fuel tank is provided, and if safe operation depends upon the use of tanks in a specific sequence, the fuel tank selector controls shall be marked adjacent to or on the control to indicate to the flight personnel the order in which the tanks must be used.

(c) On multiengine airplanes, controls for engine valves shall be marked to indicate the position corresponding to each engine.

(d) The usable capacity of each tank shall be indicated adjacent to or on the fuel tank selector control.

§ 3.765 Accessory and auxiliary controls.

(a) When a retractable landing gear is used, the indicator required in § 3.359 shall be marked in such a manner that the pilot can ascertain at all times when the wheels are secured in the extreme positions.

(b) Emergency controls shall be colored red and clearly marked as to their method of operation.

MISCELLANEOUS

§ 3.766 Baggage compartments, ballast location, and special seat loading limitations.

(a) Each baggage or cargo compartment and ballast location shall bear a