and a detailed inspection shall be made of the propeller parts to check for fatigue, wear, and distortion. § 14.156-1 Teardown inspections (FAA policies which apply to § 14.156). The teardown inspection is one of the means for determining the airworthiness of the propeller and compliance with the requirements of this part. As a result of the inspection the Administrator may require such revisions to the design or additional tests to establish the airworthiness of the propeller before approving the issuance of a type certificate. (a) Wood or composition propellers. Wood propellers or those with blades of composition or of other than conventional wood or metal construction should be thoroughly examined for evidence of loosened or excessively cracked tipping, opened glue joints, cracks in the wood, local failure or cracking around the hub bolt holes, and slipping or crushing around the shank. Some flexural cracks in the metal tipping is considered normal. Plastic covered propellers should be inspected for cracks in the covering which would indicate a cracked lamination or open glue joint. Failures of these types are cause for the refusal to issue a type certificate. No (b) Variable pitch propellers. vital part of the propeller should bear evidence of fatigue cracks or wear which would necessitate altering or replacing such part. Wear measurements should be made on parts that are visibly unduly worn. All unduly worn or cracked parts should be photographed for further study in determining the airworthiness of the propeller. No parts of the propeller should show evidence of impending failure. (c) Hub and control mechanism. All ferrous parts of the hub and control mechanism should be given a magnetic particle inspection. All aluminum parts should be carefully inspected for cracks by a suitable process such as etching, anodizing, fluorescent penetrant or dye penetrant. (d) Aluminum alloy propellers and blades. Aluminum alloy propellers or propeller blades should be thoroughly inspected for cracks and material defects by a suitable process such as etching, anodizing, fluorescent penetrant or dye penetrants. Particular attention should be given to critical sections such as fillets and points of abrupt curvature. The blades should then be inspected for cracks with a 4 to 6 power magnifying glass. (e) Steel blades. Hollow steel blades and solid steel blades should be given a thorough visual and magnetic inspection for cracks and material defects in accordance with the manufacturer's established procedures and specifications. The magnetic inspection should be made only by a highly skilled operator. Any magnetic indication should be discussed with a representative of the Administrator since such indication may warrant a complete metallurgical examination. [Supp. 1, 21 F. R. 5220, July 13, 1956] § 14.157 Propeller adjustments parts replacements. and Sec. 18.12 Persons authorized to perform and approve one-hundred-hour, periodic, and progressive inspections. 18.12-1 Appropriately rated and certificated repair station (FAA interpretations which apply to § 18.12). 18.13 Aircraft operating limitations. MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, AND ALTERATION 18.20 Required records and entries. interpretations which apply to § 18.20). 18.21 Content of repair and alteration rec ords. 18.21-1 Scope of repair and alteration records (FAA interpretations which apply to 18.21(a)). 18.22 Form and disposition of major repair or major alteration records. 18.22-1 Procedure for certificated mechan ics (FAA rules which apply to § 18.22). 18.22-2 Procedure for certificated repair stations and manufacturers (FAA rules which apply to § 18.22). 18.23 Form and disposition of periodic and progressive inspection records. 18.23-1 Aircraft maintenance records (FAA rules which apply to § 18.23). 18.24 Provisions for air carrier records. 18.30 PERFORMANCE RULES Standard of performance; general. 18.30-1 Standard of performance (FAA interpretations which apply to § 18.30). 18.30-2 Wood aircraft structures (FAA policies which apply to § 18.30). 18.30-3 Fabric covering (FAA policies which apply to § 18.30). 18.30-4 Metal aircraft structures (FAA policies which apply to § 18.30). 18.30-5 Control cables and terminals (FAA policies which apply to § 18.30). 18.30-6 Bolts, screws, and miscellaneous fasteners (FAA policies which apply to § 18.30). 18.30-7 Corrosion protection, cleaners, and paint removers (FAA policies which apply to § 18.30). 18.30-8 Identification and inspection of material (FAA policies which apply to § 18.30). 18.30-9 Aircraft equipment (FAA policies which apply to § 18.30). 18.30-10 Windshields and enclosures (FAA policies which apply to § 18.30). 19.30-11 Hydraulic systems (FAA policies which apply to § 18.30). 18.30-12 Electrical systems (FAA policies which apply to § 18.30). 18.30-13 Instruments (FAA policies which apply to § 18.30). 18.30-14 Engines and fuel systems (FAA policies which apply to § 18.30). 18.30-15 Propellers (FAA policies which apply to § 18.30). Sec. 18.30-16 Weight and balance control (FAA policies which apply to § 18.30). 18.30-17 Procedures and guiding comments covering typical major alterations and modifications (FAA policies which apply to § 18.30). 18.30-18 Periodic and 100-hour inspections (FAA rules which apply to § 18.30 (c)). 18.30-19 Progressive inspection (FAA rules which apply to § 18.30 (c)). 18.30-20 Procedures covering major alteration of approved radio equipment (FAA interpretations which apply to § 18.30 (b)). 18.30-21 Testing approved radio equipment after alteration (FAA policies which apply to 18.30 (b)). 18.30-22 Radio systems (FAA policies which apply to § 18.30). Appendix A-Forms.1 Appendix B-Tables. Appendix C-Figures. AUTHORITY: §§ 18.0 to 18.30-22 issued under sec. 205, 52 Stat. 984, as amended; 49 U. S. C. 425. Interpret or apply secs. 601, 605, 52 Stat. 1007, as amended, 1010, as amended; 49 U.S.C. 551, 555. Additional authority is cited in parentheses following the sections affected. SPECIAL CIVIL AIR REGULATIONS 1. An individual holding a valid mechanic certificate of competence and appropriate ratings issued by the Canadian Government shall not be deemed an airman within the meaning of section 101 (7) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, with respect to inspection, maintenance, overhaul, or repair operations conducted in Canada in connection with aircraft of United States registry, and such individual, notwithstanding any contrary provisions of the Civil Air Regulations, may perform such operations in connection with United States aircraft in Canada: Provided, That, in the case of repair, alteration, and maintenance, each operation performed is listed and certified to by him in a manner and on a form prescribed by the Administrator: And provided further, That all such repairs, alterations, and maintenance operations shall be performed in conformance with the requirements of Part 18 of the Civil Air Regulations. 2. An aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller on which any major repair or major alteration has been performed as authorized herein shall not be flown in air commerce until examined, inspected, and approved by a Canadian Department of Transport Inspector of Aircraft. Such approval shall be indicated in a manner and on a form prescribed by the Administrator. This regulation supersedes Special Civil Air Regulation No. SR-377A, and shall termi 1 Filed with the Office of the Federal Register as part of the original document. nate November 1, 1962, unless sooner superseded or rescinded by the Federal Aviation Agency. (Secs. 101(7), 313(a), 601, 605, 610, 72 Stat. 737, 752, 775, 778, 780; 49 U.S.C. 1301, 1354, 1421, 1425, 1430) [26 F.R. 10474, Nov. 7, 1961] SR-397 Contrary provisions of the Civil Air Regulations notwithstanding, the Chief, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, is authorized to permit aircraft and airmen, while engaged in operations conducted for the United States Forest Service, to deviate from the provisions of the Civil Air Regulations to the extent that he finds necessary for the expeditious conduct of such operations. The Chief, Forest Service, shall notify the Administrator of any deviation which he has authorized and the reasons therefor in accordance with a procedure established by the Administrator. [18 F.R. 3830, July 4, 1953] APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS § 18.0 Applicability of this part. This part establishes rules for the performance of maintenance, repairs, and alterations on certificated aircraft or any component thereof. [Amdt. 18-1, 22 F. R. 1631, Mar. 14, 1957] § 18.1 Definitions. As used in this part terms are defined as follows: Aircraft. An aircraft is any contrivance now known or hereafter invented, used, or designed for navigation of or flight in the air, including airframe, powerplant, propeller, and appliances. Aircraft engine. An aircraft engine is an engine used, or intended to be used, for propulsion of aircraft, and includes all parts, appurtenances, and accessories thereof other than propellers. Airframe. Airframe means any and all kinds of fuselages, booms, nacelles, cowlings, fairings, empennages. airfoil surfaces, and landing gear, and all parts, accessories, or controls, of whatever description, appertaining thereto, but not including powerplants and propellers. Alteration. An alteration means any appreciable change in the design of an airframe, powerplant, propeller, or appliance. Appliances. Appliances are instruments, equipment, apparatus, parts, appurtenances, or accessories, of whatever description, which are used, or are capable of being or intended to be used, in the navigation, operation, or control of aircraft in flight (including communication equipment, electronic devices, and any other mechanism or mechanisms installed in or attached to aircraft during flight, but excluding parachutes), and which are not a part or parts of airframes, powerplants, or propellers. Appropriately certificated air carrier. An appropriately certificated air carrier is an air carrier holding an air carrier operating certificate, and which is required, either by its operating certificate or by operations specifications approved by the Administrator, to provide for a continuous airworthiness maintenance and inspection program to be performed by the carrier in accordance with its maintenance manual. used Approved. Approved, when either alone or as modifying such words as aircraft, airframe, powerplant, propeller, appliance, method, or technique, means approved by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Agency in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subchapter. Authorized representative of the Administrator. An authorized representative of the Administrator is any employee of the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Agency or any private person, authorized by the Administrator to perform particular duties of the Administrator under the provisions of this part. Certificated aircraft. A certificated aircraft is a civil aircraft for which an airworthiness certificate issued by the Administrator has not been surrendered or revoked. Certificated commercial operator. A certificated commercial operator is any person holding a commercial operator certificate as required by the provisions of Part 45 of this subchapter. Certificated mechanic. A certificated mechanic is an individual holding a valid mechanic certificate with appropriate ratings issued by the Administrator. Certificated repair station. A certificated repair station is a facility for the maintenance, repair, and alteration of airframes, powerplants, propellers, or appliances, holding a valid repair station certificate with appropriate ratings issued by the Administrator. Certificated repairman. A certificated repairman is an individual holding a valid repairman certificate issued in accordance with Subpart B of Part 24 of this subchapter. Component. A component is a constituent part of an aircraft. Instrument. An instrument is a device utilizing internal mechanism to in 4 dicate visually or aurally the attitude, altitude, performance, or operation of Ian aircraft or any component thereof, and shall include electronic instrumentation and devices for the automatic control of navigation of the aircraft in flight. Maintenance. Maintenance, which includes preventive maintenance, is the inspection, overhaul, repair, upkeep, and preservation of airframes, powerplants, propellers, and appliances, including the replacement of parts. Major alteration. A major alteration of an aircraft or any component thereof is: (a) An alteration which might cause an appreciable change in its weight, balance, structural strength, performance, powerplant operation, flight characteristics, or other qualities affecting airworthiness, or (b) An alteration which is not accomplished in accordance with accepted practices or cannot be performed by means of elementary operations. Major repair. A major repair to an aircraft or any component thereof is: (a) A repair which, if improperly accomplished, would adversely affect the structural strength, performance, flight characteristics, powerplant operation, or other qualities affecting airworthiness, or (b) A repair which is not accomplished in accordance with accepted practices or cannot be performed by means of elementary operations. Manufacturer. A manufacturer is any person who: (a) Holds a type or production certificate for and manufactures an aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or appliance, or (b) Manufactures an approved appliance in accordance with a specification issued by the Administrator. Minor alteration. A minor alteration of an aircraft or any component thereof is an alteration other than a major alteration. Minor repair. A minor repair is any repair other than a major repair. One-hundred-hour inspection. A 100hour inspection is an inspection of an aircraft required within each 100 hours of time in service and is a complete airworthiness inspection of such aircraft and its various components and systems in accordance with procedures prescribed by the Administrator. Preventive Preventive maintenance. maintenance means simple or minor preservation operations and the replacement of small standard parts not involving complex assembly operations. NOTE: The Administrator publishes, as part of Civil Aeronautics Manual 18, the various operations constituting preventive maintenance of the several types of aircraft. Progressive inspection. A progressive inspection is a continuing airworthiness inspection of an aircraft and its various components and systems at scheduled intervals in accordance with procedures prescribed by the Administrator. Propeller. A propeller is a device for propelling an aircraft through the air, having blades mounted on a powerdriven shaft, which when rotated produces by its action on the air a thrust approximately parallel to the longitudinal axis of the aircraft, and also includes control components normally supplied by the manufacturer of the propeller. It also includes a system of rotating airfoils which serve either to counteract the effect of the main rotor torque of a rotorcraft or to maneuver a rotorcraft about one or more of its three principal axes. Repair. Repair means the restoration of an airframe, powerplant, propeller, or appliance to a condition for safe operation after damage or deterioration. Time in service. Time in service, as used in computing maintenance and inspection time records, is the time from the moment an aircraft leaves the ground until it touches the ground at the end of a flight. Type. Type is a specific classification of aircraft having the same basic design including all modifications thereto except those modifications which result in (2) All changes to the empty weight or empty balance which result in an increase in the certificated maximum weight or center of gravity limits of the aircraft. (3) Changes to the basic design of the fuel, oil, cooling, heating, cabin pressurization, electrical, hydraulic, deicing, and exhaust systems. (4) Modifications to the wing or to fixed or movable control surfaces which affect flutter and vibration characteristics. (5) Installation or modification of any system affecting the structural airworthiness, flight behavior, or control of the aircraft. (b) Powerplant major alterations. Changes such as the following are considered major powerplant alterations: (1) [Reserved] (2) Conversion of an aircraft engine from one approved model to another, involving any changes in compression ratio, propeller reduction gear, impeller gear ratios or the substitution of major engine parts which requires extensive rework and testing of the engine. (See § 18.30-14 (a) (9) for details of identification of converted engines.) (3) Modification of the engine by replacing aircraft engine structural parts with other than those supplied by the original manufacturer or otherwise specifically approved by the Federal Aviation Agency.1 (4) Installation of an accessory which has not been approved for the engine. (5) Removal of accessories that are listed as required equipment on the aircraft or engine specification. (6) [Reserved] (7) Installation of structural parts other than the type of parts approved for the installation. (8) Conversions of any sort for the purpose of using fuel of rating or grade other than that called for in the engine specification. (c) Propeller major alterations. Changes such as the following, when not authorized in the propeller specifications issued by the Federal Aviation Agency, are considered major propeller alterations: (1) Changes in blade design. (3) Changes in governor or control design. (4) Installation of a propeller governor or feathering system. (5) Installation of propeller de-icing system. (6) Installation of parts not approved for the propeller. (7) Any changes in the design of a balance propeller or its controls. (d) Appliance major alterations. Changes to the basic design not made in accordance with "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Agency" approved recommendations of the appliance manufacturer or in accordance with a FAA Airworthiness Directive are considered to be major appliance alterations. (1) Radio communication and navigation equipment approved under type certification or the Technical Standard Order System. Changes in the basic design which have an effect on frequency stability, noise level, sensitivity, selec 1 Changes as above require extensive proof tests as specified in Part 13 of this chapter. Changes such as outlined above usually involve proof testing of the propeller or governor in accordance with Part 14 of this chapter. |