its fur trade, and especially its fisheries. The latter, in which for some time the English had participated largely, became the fertile cause of dispute between the New England colonists and the French in Nova Scotia. The French government also encouraged the pirates, who infested the coasts, to commit depredations on the shores of Massachusetts and on the English fishing vessels, by offering them an asylum, and the means of disposing of their plunder at La Have. The people of New England retaliated in 1704, by despatching Colonel Church a second time, with about six hundred troops, to pillage the French settlements in Nova Scotia. He proceeded to Passamaquoddy, where he burnt all the houses, and seized the property of the inhabitants. He then crossed the bay to Port Royal, and sent boats, with a detachment, to Minas, where they plundered and destroyed three flourishing villages. On their return to Port Royal, Church discovered that the fortresses built since he destroyed the place eight years before, were too strong to be taken by the force under his command. He, therefore, sailed to Chignecto, where he laid waste all the settlements, and carried all the plunder to Massachusetts. The New England states, still unwilling to relinquish the conquest of Nova Scotia, raised a thousand troops, who were despatched, in 1707, with two ships of war, to take Port Royal; but they were repulsed by M. Subercuse, who succeeded Brouillard. The same force was soon after sent again from New England to Port Royal, but they returned a second time equally unsuccessful.

The conquest of Port Royal, was, however, determined upon by the English; and, in 1710, an armament, commanded by General Nicholson, an able and brave officer, consisting of four men-of-war, nineteen transports, and four provincial regiments, appeared before Port Royal. With the exception of those on board one vessel that was wrecked, the troops landed without difficulty. Batteries were immediately erected by the English, and, after a heavy cannonading on both sides, the garrison capitulated. The conditions were most honorable both to General Nicholson and the gallant Subercuse. Notwithstanding this, France still seemed anxiously disposed to regain possession of Nova Scotia; but the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, secured the province to England.

The name of Port Royal was now changed, in honor of Queen Anne, to Annapolis; the fortifications were repaired and strengthened, and General Nicholson appointed as first resident British governor. He arrived at Annapolis in 1714, but could not succeed in obtaining the allegiance of the French settlers, who, by

the capitulation of Port Royal, were allowed two years to retire with their effects from the province. In 1719, Colonel Phipps arrived, and succeeded Governor Nicholson; and, by the royal instructions, established a council to assist him in managing the civil affairs of the colony. The province, at this period, was resorted to only by trading adventurers, and there were no resident inhabitants but the Acadian French. These colonists, although abandoned by their hereditary sovereign, refused to transfer their allegiance to the British crown. Clinging, with extraordinary affection and lingering hopes, to France, it was long, and then with wonderful reluctance, before many of these unfortunate and ill-used people were induced to swear fealty to the king of England. From this period to the peace of 1763, that succeeded the conquest of Louisburg and Canada, Nova Scotia was incessantly harassed by the savages.

CHAPTER XXXI.

Slowe progress of the settlement.—Indian hostilities.-The Acadian French.Conquest of Cape Breton and St. John's.—Expedition of D'Anville against Nova Scotia.-Disasters of the French.-Cape Breton given up.-Foundation of Halifax.-Indian wars.—Expedition to Chignecto.-Continuation of hostilities by the Indians and Acadian French.-Capture of Beau Sejour.-Devastation of Chignecto and expulsion of the French inhabitants.—Expedition of Admiral Holborne.-Re-conquest of Cape Breton.-Nova Scotia and its dependencies finally secured to Great Britain. HUDSON'S PAY TERRITORY.-The Boston settlers.-Prince Rupert's expedition.-Incorporation of the Hudson's Bay Company.-Discoveries of Hearne, Mackenzie, Ross, Parry, Franklin and Back. RUSSIAN AMERICA.-Discoveries of Behring and Tchirikow.-Settlements of the Russians.

THE settlement of Acadia was long disregarded by the British, although the governors issued proclamations, which stated their readiness to grant lands on favorable terms to emigrants. But the New England and Southern States were at this time in a condition to afford abundant room for new settlers, and the emigrants, especially farmers, preferred removing to those places where others had previously gone, and of whom, or of their success, they had some knowledge. Very few, therefore, except trading adventurers, resorted for a long time to Nova Scotia. A considerable fishery was, previously to 1720, established at Canseau harbor; but during the autumn of that year, a desperate attack was made on this place by the Indians, several persons were killed, all the property plundered, and the merchants ruined. It became, at length, necessary to resort to resolute and effective measures against the Indians. On the west coast of the Bay of Fundy, the Abenaqui tribe were entirely governed by a Jesuit priest, named Pere Rallè, and by a son of the Baron Castine, who was half Indian. The latter, whom they considered their cacique or leader, was arrested, but soon afterwards released. He and Pere Rallè resided at Kennebec; and an expedition against the Indians and Acadians settled in this place, was despatched from Massachusetts, which defeated both with great slaughter, and among the killed was Pere Rallè. The chapel, crucifix, and all that was considered idolatrous, were then destroyed, the goods plundered, and the buildings subjected to conflagration. The fate of Pere Rallè was much deplored by the Indians, and it was maintained

that the provincials, after he was killed, treated his body with the most brutal barbarity.

Soon after the beginning of the war with France, in 1744, Canseau was destroyed by an expedition sent from Louisburg. The Indians, also, recommenced their hostilities; and, under the direction of a French priest, and with some troops, under the command of an officer from Cape Breton, besieged Annapolis. They were, however, compelled to raise the siege. Annapolis was again attacked by about one thousand Indians and several Acadians, commanded by French officers. These were also repulsed, and Louisburg and the island of St. John were taken the following year, by the New England troops, under General Pepperel, as already related in the history of the United States.

The conquest of Cape Breton and St. John's was of serious consequence to France, while it secured Nova Scotia, in a great measure, against the depredations of the savages, and gave the British ships-of-war the advantage of all the harbors on the coasts of America, with the consequent effectual means of annoying the commerce of France. The harbor of Louisburg and the possession of Cape Breton and Nova Scotia, were, however, objects of too much importance to the French nation, to be abandoned to England, without an extraordinary effort to recover these colonies. One of the most powerful fleets that had ever left France for North America, was therefore equipped for sea, provided with immense stores of artillery, ammunition and provisions, and having on board about four thousand regular troops. The supreme command was given to the Duke D'Anville. They sailed, early in the summer of 1746, from Rochelle, unobserved by the English, and escaped the pursuit made by Admiral Lestock. The disasters which this expedition experienced, are scarcely paralleled by the fate of the invincible Armada of Spain. After a passage of nearly three months, D'Anville, with three ships, reached Chebucto, where one of his ships had arrived before him. He died a few days after. Several other vessels arrived, after experiencing great hardships; and the second command, under the vice admiral, was assumed by M. de la Jonquire, governor of Canada.

But the wretched condition of the troops that had arrived from France, and the great number of ships with stores and troops, which were either lost or not accounted for, called for a council of war, in which the bombardment of Louisburg, according to the original plan, was relinquished, and an attack upon Annapolis determined on, much against the advice of Vice Admira) Destournelle, who now had the chief command. Upwards of

twelve hundred men were lost during the voyage from France, and the majority of the survivors were reduced to a condition of helpless debility by scurvy and fever. It was found necessary to allow them time to recover, and encampments were accordingly formed for their accommodation. The infection was then caught by the Indians, several hundreds of whom became its victims; great numbers of sailors and troops were carried off by disease, after landing. Destournelle, reduced to that state of bodily weakness and depression of mind, which usually causes delirium, terminated his life by running a sword through his body. The fleet, reduced from seventy to forty ships, with the remaining troops, left Chebucto on the 13th October. The measure of calamity, however, was not yet completed. A tremendous storm dispersed the fleet off Cape Sable, drove them from the coast back to France, where most of them arrived in a shattered, disabled, and miserable condition.

This formidable fleet, which raised such glorious hopes in France, and caused proportionate terror in the British colonies, would, no doubt, had it been attended with even common fortune, have repossessed France of all the colonies she claimed in America. The power of England was now, however, in the ascendant; and, in the beginning of May, another fleet of thirtynine ships, most expensively equipped, and destined for America, under the command of the gallant Jonquiere, was defeated by Admiral Anson. M. Rams y still remained in Nova Scotia, holding the province in a state of alarm; but the intelligence of Jonquiere's defeat destroyed all the sanguine hopes he had entertained of success, and he soon after retired to Canada. Cape Breton was restored to France by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle. The British now undertook, in earnest, the settlement of Nova Scotia. Chebucto, on the east coast of the province, was fixed upon for a capital, on account of its safe and capacious harbor. The Hon. Edward Cornwallis, governor of the province, arrived in 1749, with about four thousand adventurers, at Chebucto harbor; and having selected the sloping side of a peninsula on the west side of the harbor, for the site of a town, laid it out according to a regular plan, and named it Halifax, in honor of the Earl of Halifax, then president of the Board of Trade and Plantations. The Indians, meantime, plundered Canseau, attacked Dartmouth opposite Halifax, scalped some of the inhabitants, murdered nearly half the crews of two ships in Halifax harbor, and carried off several prisoners, whom they sold at Louisburg. They were incessantly committing murders along the coasts, and it was impossible to guard the colonists effectually against enemies, who