ABERDEEN

Aberdeen, (JOHN CAMPBELL HAMILTON GOrDON,) Earl of, grandson of the preceding, was born August 3, 1847, and succeeded to the title in 1870. He entered the House of Lords as a Conservative, but changed his views, and was a pronounced Liberal by 1880. Was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by Gladstone in 1886, and from 1893 to 1898 was Governor-general of Canada.

Aberli, (JOHANN LUDWIG,) a Swiss landscapepainter and engraver, born at Winterthur in 1723 His landscapes of Swiss scenery, engraved and coloured, were much admired, and found many imitators. Died at Berne in 1786.

Ab'ernethy, (JAMES,) civil engineer, was born at Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1815. He was surveying officer to the Admiralty from 1842 to 1852, and was the first to apply hydraulic power in the working of lock-gates. He performed various important works of engineering, including the Birkenhead docks, the Hull works in the Humber, and the works at Lake Aboukir in Egypt, by which twenty thousand acres were reclaimed. He was consulting engineer of the Manchester Ship Canal. In 1881 he became president of the Institute of Civil Engineers.

a son of Rehoboam, whom he succeeded on the throne. After a reign of three years, he died about 955 B.C. (L. Kings xv. 1-8; II. Chronicles xiii.)

Abildgaard, a'bild-gord', (NICHOLAS,) a distinguished Danish historical painter, born in Copenhagen in 1744In 1772 he visited Italy, where he spent five years. He was afterwards appointed professor of painting in the Academy of Copenhagen. Died June 4, 1809. He is has produced. Among his works are a “Socrates," and considered by many as the best painter that Denmark the Creation of the World, after Orpheus."

See ERSCH und GRUBER. "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie;" NAGLER. "Neues Allgemeines Künstler-Lexikon."

Abildgaard, (PETER CHRISTIAN,) an able Danish physician and naturalist, born at Copenhagen about 1740, was, according to Malte-Brun, a brother of the preceding. He wrote many treatises on medicine, zoology, etc., and gave a description of the Megatherium at the same time as Cuvier, (1796.) He was secretary of the Academy of Sciences, and founder of the Veterinary School of Copenhagen. Died January 11, 1801. Veterinarii," etc., Copenhagen, 1788; CUVIER, "Sur les Ossements See "Biographie Universelle;" "Historia brevis Regii Instituti Fossiles."

Abildgaard, (Sö’REN,) a Danish naturalist, born between 1720 and 1730. He wrote two works on topographical mineralogy, one of which is entitled “ PhysicoMineralogical Description of the Promontory of Möen," ("Physik-mineralogisk Beskrivelse over Möens Klint," 1781.) Died in 1791.

See ERSCH, "Handbuch der Deutschen Literatur."
Abilfedæ. See ABOOLFEDA.

Abernethy, (JOHN,) an eminent dissenting divine, born at Coleraine, Ireland, in 1680. In 1730 he became the pastor of an independent congregation, in addressing whom he carefully avoided all appeals to the affections, maintaining that nothing else was requisite than merely to convince the reason. Hence his followers were termed Rational Dissenters. Died in 1740. A-bim'e-lech, [Heb. 8.] an illegitimate son Abernethy, (JOHN,) a celebrated English surgeon of Gideon, chosen king by the men of Shechem after and physiologist, born in London in 1764, was a pupil he had slain all his brothers except Jotham. Afterwards, of John Hunter. He was a grandson of John Aber- while attempting to take Thebez, he was mortally woundnethy, noticed above. In 1786 he became assistant-sur-ed with a stone thrown from the top of the citadel by a geon of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, and on woman; upon which his armour-bearer, at his request, the death of Sir C. Blick he succeeded him as chief surran him through the body with a sword, lest it should geon in that institution. He lectured on anatomy and be said that he had been slain by a woman. (See Judges surgery, and acquired immense popularity as a teacher. ix.) Two kings of Gerar, named Abimelech, are menHe published, in 1809, an able work "On the Consti- tioned in the book of Genesis, (chaps. xx. and xxvi.) tutional Origin and Treatment of Local Diseases," in Ab'in-ger, (Lord,) an English lawyer, whose proper which he propounded doctrines which have made a name was JAMES SCARLETT, was born in Jamaica about great change in the science of surgery. He is said to 1769. Having been educated in England, he was called to have been the first surgeon who performed the ligature the bar in 1791, and obtained great success as a pleader. of the carotid artery and the external iliac artery. He was appointed attorney-general in 1827, and became Many amusing anecdotes are related of him, exhibiting an adherent of the Tory party. In 1834 he was appointed that singular mixture of shrewd sense, wit, and eccen-chief baron of the exchequer, and raised to the peerage tricity for which he was so remarkable. A gouty rich as Baron Abinger. He is said to have been almost unriman having consulted him received for answer, "Live valled in the tact and address with which he operated on on sixpence a day, and earn it." In domestic relations the minds of juries. Died in 1844, leaving several sons. he is said to have been amiable. He married Ann Threlfall in 1800. Died at Enfield in April, 1831. See GEORGE MACILWAIN, "Memoirs of J. Abernethy," 1853 CHAMBERS,"Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen.' Abesch, a'besh, (ANNA BARBARA,) a famous Swiss painter on glass. Died about 1750.

Ab'gar-us, [Gr. 'Aẞyapos,] written also Abagarus, Agbarus, and Augarus, a name common to several kings of Edessa in Mesopotamia.

Ab-i'a-thar, [in Hebrew,,] a high-priest of the Jews, and one of the chief counsellors of King David. (See L. Samuel xxii., xxiii., and xxx.; II. Samuel viii. and xx.; I. Kings ii. and iv.)

Abich, a'bik, (WILHELM HERMANN,) a German geologist, born in Berlin, December 11, 1806. From 1842 to 1877 he was professor of mineralogy in Dorpat. He travelled extensively in the Caucasus, Armenia, Persia, etc., and made valuable discoveries in geology, miner. alogy, and geography. He published various reports, papers, and volumes on scientific subjects. D. 1886. Abicot See HABICOT. Abidenus. See ABYDENUS. Ab'i-gail, [Heb. r,] a Hebrew matron, who was married first to Nabal, and secondly to King David. (See I. Samuel xxv.)

See "Gentleman's Magazine" for June, 1844; Foss, "The Judges of England," vol. ix.

rival.

Ab'ing-tọn, (FRANCES,) a celebrated English actress, born about the year 1731. She excelled in every department of comedy, and was for a long time without a Her taste in dress was greatly admired. Ier talents and elegant manners procured her admittance into society of the highest rank; but, as a woman, her character was marred with those moral blemishes so common in persons of her profession. She died in 1815. Abington, (THOMAS and WILLIAM.) See HABING

TON.

Abisbal, a-вès-bål', (HENRY O'Donnell,) COUNT, a Spanish general of Irish descent, who greatly dis. tinguished himself in resisting the French invasion it 1809-10. He afterwards acted a conspicuous part in the political as well as military affairs of Spain until his death, in 1834.

A-bish'a-i, [Heb. ',] one of the three sons of Zeruiah, sister of King David, in whose army he was a leader. See II. Samuel xxiii. 18; also I. Samuel xxvi. 6-9.

Ablancourt, d', diblỏn'koor', (NICOLAS Perrotpa'ro',) an eminent French translator, born at Châlonssur-Marne in 1606. He produced translations of Taci tus, Thucydides, Cæsar, and Lucian, which were received with favour; but they are not faithful, and are now neg lected. He was admitted into the French Academy in 1637. Colbert proposed him as historiographer in

A-bi'jah or A-bi'a, [in Hebrew, 'N,] a name common to several Israelites, among whom may be named a son of Jeroboam and a son of the prophet Samuel. Ab-i'jam (Heb. D`8] or Abijah, King of Judah, was

1662, but Louis XIV. rejected him because he was a Protestant. Died in 1664

Ab-lā'vĭ-us, a Roman historian, cited by Jornandes in his History of the Goths. The age in which he lived is

unknown.

Ablesimof or Ablecimof, 3-blês ́e-mof', (ALEXANDER,) an officer in the Russian army, who became distinguished as a dramatist. Among his works is a successful national comic opera entitled "The Miller," (1779,) which is considered a faithful picture of Russian manners. Died at Moscow in 1784.

Ab'ner or Abiner, [Heb. N or N,] the son of Ner, was captain of the host of Saul, King of Israel. After the death of Saul, in consequence of an affront offered him by Ishbosheth, Abner sought to transfer the whole kingdom to David. But Joab, exasperated because Abner had killed his brother Asahel in battle, and perhaps jealous of the influence which he might ac quire with David, called him aside under pretence of speaking with him privately, and treacherously slew

him.

Ab'ney, (Sir THOMAS,) M.P., Lord Mayor of London, born in 1639. He rendered important services to William III. Died in 1722.

mahrî,) a'boo bek'er ål-måн'ree', the vizier of Almutamed, Sultan of Seville, was born about 1030. He ap pears to have been an able minister, but, having incurred the suspicion of his sovereign, he was put to death in 1084. He was regarded as one of the first poets of his age. Aboo-Bekr (Abû-Beker) -Ibn-Tofail, (ib'n tofil',) an eminent Arabian philosopher, born at Guadix, in Spain. He wrote a philosophical romance entitled "HaiIbn-Yokdhân," (or "Hayyi-Ibn-Yokttân,") which was translated into Latin by Pocock and published in 1671, and into English by Simon Ockley, (London, 1708.) Died at Morocco in 1186.

See AL-MAKKARI, "History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain," translated by GAYANGOS, vol. i. pp. 335-6.

Aboo- (Abû- or Abou-) Farâs, â'boo fá-rds', a distinguished Arabian poet, born in 932. He was consin to Seyf-ed-Dowlah, (Seyfu-d-daulah,) Sultan of Aleppo, at whose court he lived. A Mohammedan writer calls him "the pearl of his time, and the sun of his age, in learning, talent, generosity, glory, eloquence, horsemanship, and bravery." He was killed in a skirmish in 968. Aboo- (or Abou-) Hâmid-Alghazâlee, (Abû-Ĥamid-Al-ghazâlî or Alghazzâlî,) a'boo hảʼmid al-caza'lee, a distinguished doctor, born at Toos, (Tûs,) in Khorassân, about 1058. He spent a part of his time in travelling; but much the greater portion appears to have been passed in seclusion and wholly devoted to philosophy and divinity. He is said to have been a man of sound judgment and immense learning. From his rare attainments as a divine, he was called Zeyn-Ed-DEEN,

Abney, (WILLIAM DE WINELESLIE,) astronomer and physicist, born at Derby, England, July 24, 1844. President of Royal Astronomical Society 1893-95; of Physical Society 1895-97, director of science in the Science and Art Department, captain in Royal Engineers, author of works on photography and color vision, and also "Thebes and Its Five Great Tem-"the ornament of religion." _Died at Bagdâd in 1111. ples," and "The Pioneers of the Alps."

AB'OO, ABOU, or ABÛ, an Arabic word signifying "father," forming a prefix to many Oriental names, as ABOO-BEKR, (which see,) the "father of the virgin."

Aboo- (Abû- or Abou-) Abdillah, a'boo åb-dil'ah, the Sheeite, the chief actor in the revolution which established the dynasty of the Fatimites on the throne of Egypt. He was born at Sanaa about 865. By his preaching and by his arms he induced a great part of the Mohammedans in Africa to join the new sect and to recognize the claims of Obeydallah, the first sultan of the Fatimite line. But having afterwards been detected in a conspiracy against his sovereign, whom he had raised to the throne, he was put to death in 911.

Aboo- (Abû- or Abou-) Abdillah-Mohammed, surnamed AL-MAHDEE or AL-MAHDI, (i.e. " director" or "ruler,") founder of the sect and dynasty of the Almohades, (Álmowahedûn,) was born in the province of Soos, in Morocco, about the year 1087. Like many other leaders of Mohammedan sects, he began with preaching and ended with the sword. He died in 1130, leaving to Abd-el-Moomen the prosecution of his plans of reform and conquest.

Aboo-Amroo-Al-Owzâee, (Abû-Amrû-Alauzaî,) a'boo am'roo al-ow-za'ee, a famous Mohammedan doctor, who was born at Baalbek about 706 and died about 774 A.D.

Aboo- (Abû- or Abou-) Bahr-Sefwân, a'booban'r sef'wan', a distinguished Moslem poet and historian, born at Murcia, in Spain, about the year 1106. Besides many other valuable works, he wrote a biographical dictionary of eminent contemporary authors. He

died about 1182.

Aboo-Bekr, (Abû-Beker, Abû-Bekr, or AbouBekr,) a'boo bek'er, or a-boo'bêk-er, written also AbuBakr, Abu-Bacr, and Aboubecre, the first of Mohammed's successors, was born in 571 A.D. He belonged to the celebrated tribe of Koreish, and was one of the first and most zealous of the converts to Islâm. His original name was ABD-EL-KAABA, (abd-el-kä ́bâ ;) | but after the prophet Mohammed had married his virgin daughter Ayeshah, he was called ABOO-BEKR, the "Father of the Virgin." He was elected to the throne in 632, and died in 634, after a reign of two years and three months. Aboo-Bekr is admitted by all to have been a pious and humble man, and a mild, generous, and excellent prince. He was succeeded by Omăr.

Aboo- (Abû- or Abou-) Bekr-al-Mahree, (Al

Aboo-Haneefah. See HANEEFAH.

Aboo- (Abû- or Abou-) Hayyân, å'bōō hĩ'yản', surnamed ATHEER-ED-DEEN, (ATHÎR-UD-DÎN,) "the glory of religion," a distinguished Arabian author, born in the province of Jaen, in Spain, in 1256. When very young, he visited several towns in Andalusia, where he supported himself by transcribing books and lecturing on the Koran. He afterwards went to Egypt, and was appointed a professor and lecturer on the Koran in one of the colleges of that country. He died in Cairo in 1344He was called "the prince of his age in the science of grammar." Besides numerous other important works, he wrote a "History of the Turkish Race," and a voluminous commentary on the Koran.

Aboo- (Abû- or Abou-) Ishak, (-is-håk',) an Arabian geographer, who lived about the beginning of the tenth century. The place of his birth is unknown.

Aboo- (Ábû- or Abou-) Ishâk-Al-Hos'ree', (or Al-Hosri,) a noted poet, born near Kairwan in Africa; died in 1061.

Aboo-Jaafar, (or -Jafar.) See MANSOOR, AL.

Aboo-l- (Abû-l-) Abbâs-Abdallah, å’bōōl' åb ́bās' ab-dal'lah, surnamed AS-SEFFÂH (3s-sef'fah',) i.e. “the shedder of blood," the twenty-second caliph of the East, and the first of the dynasty of the Abbassides, was born at Damascus about 720 A.D. He was a descendant of Abbâs, the uncle of Mohammed. always, during the usurpation of the house of Omey. His family had yah, considered themselves the rightful heirs to the caliphate; at length, during the reign of Merwân II., the standard of revolt was raised in Khorassân. Upon hearing this, Merwân caused Ibrâheem, the brother of Aboo-l-Abbâs-Abdallah, the representative of the line of Abbâs, to be seized and put to death. His broth ers, Aboo-l-Abbâs and Aboo-Jaafar, being then absent from Damascus, fled to Koofah, (Kûfah,) where the former was proclaimed caliph by the people, (A.D. 749.) Merwân, having advanced against the rebels with an army, was defeated, and fled to Damascus, and thence to Egypt, where he was overtaken and slain. It is estimated that more than one hundred of the Omeyyah family fell vic tims to the vengeance of the new caliph. As-Seffâh died in 754. Notwithstanding his severity against the enemies of his family, he is represented by some historians as a liberal, benevolent, and able prince. esteemed the handsomest man of his time.

He was

See WEIL, "Geschichte der Chalifen," vol. ii. chap. i.; D'HERBELOT, "Bibliothèque Orientale."

Aboo-l-ala, (Abû-l-'ala,) â'bōōl' å'lå, a famous Ara. bian poet, born in Syria about 970. When only four

ABOOL-CACEM

37

ABOO-L-WALEED

£.boo-l-Ghazee-Bahadoor, or Abf-l-Ghazi-Bahadur, a'bool' ghå'zee bå-ha'door, a khan of Khiva, born in 1605. He was a descendant of Jengis Khan. He abdicated the khanate in favour of his son, and afterwards wrote a history of the Mongols and Tartars. This work is of much value, and has been translated into Russian, German, and French.

years old, he lost his sight from the small-pox. He used Arabia before the time of Mohammed, the ancient Perto call himself "the doubly-imprisoned captive," allud-sian dynasties, the Copts, the Hindoos, etc. ing to his blindness and the voluntary seclusion in which ne devoted himself to study. He soon won so great a reputation that his house was filled with students, who came to him from different countries. Died in 1057. Abool-Cacem. See ABOO-L-KASIM. Aboolfaraj, (Abû-l-faraj,) á'bool' får'aj, (or -fårʼaj,) an eminent Arabian author and compiler, a descendant of Merwân II., born at Ispahan in 897. His works are numerous and very valuable. Died at Bagdâd in 967. Aboolfaraj, (Abu-l- (or Aboul-) faraj,) [written in French ABOULFARADGE, 'bool' fa'raj; Latin, ABULFARA GIUS or ABULPHARA'GIUS; called also BARHEBR.EUS,] GREGORIUS, an eminent historical writer, born in Armenia in 1226. At the age of twenty he was ordained Bishop of Guba by Ignatius, the patriarch of the Jacobite Christians. About 1266 he was chosen Primate of the Jacobites, which position he held till his death in 1286. His entire life was devoted to literature, -principally history, in which he left works of great value. He wrote in Arabic and Syriac. His talents and virtues gained for him the esteem of Mohammedans as well as Christians.

See ABOULFARADGE, in the "Nouvelle Biographie Générale." Aboolfaraj (Abu- (or Abou-) 1-faraj) OF RONAH, a distinguished Persian poet, born in the first half of the eleventh century. He lived at the court of Ibrâheem of Ghiznee, (Gazna.) He died, it is supposed, about 1090. Aboolfazl, (Abú-l-fazl or Aboul-Fazl,) a'bool'faz'l, (commonly pronounced in India ub'ool-fuz'l,) the enlightened minister and historiographer of Akbar, the greatest of the Mogul emperors. The date of his birth is unknown. In 1572 he was raised to the office of prime minister, which he held for about twenty-eight years. He was waylaid and assassinated about the year 1600, leaving behind him the justly-won reputation of an excellent historian, and of a wise, virtuous, and truly great man. His works are numerous and extremely valuable. Among them we may mention the "Akbar Namah," a minute history of the times of Akbar; "Ayeen Akbari," (or "Ayin-i-Akbari,") "Institutes of Akbar;" and a posthumous work entitled "Muktoobat," (or "Maktûbat,") the "writings," or "letters," including Aboolfazl's own correspondence.

Aboo-1-Hassan or Abu-1- (Aboul-) hassan, a'bool' hås'san, an Arabian astronomer, who flourished in Morocco in the beginning of the thirteenth century. Aboo-l-Hassan, (or Abû-l- (Aboul-) hassau,) written also Aboul-Haçan, a Samaritan, who embraced the Mohammedan religion and repaired to the court of the King of Damascus, by whom he was appointed vizier about the year 1231. Accompanying an expedition into Egypt, he was taken prisoner and put to death in 1251. Aboo-l-Hassan or Aboul-Haçan, (Alee (or Ălî) Ibn Omar, a'lee Ib'n o'mar,) an Arabian astronomer of Morocco, lived about the year 1200. He wrote a valuable treatise on philosophical instruments, which was translated into French by Sedillot.

Aboo-1-Kasim, Abú-l-kâsim, or Aboul-cacem, å'bōōľ kāʼsim, [in Latin, ALBUCA'SIS or ABULCAʼSIS,] the most celebrated of all the Arabian writers on surgery. Scarcely anything is known of his life; he is supposed to have practised medicine in Córdova in the latter part of the eleventh and the beginning of the twelfth century, and to have died about 1110. His principal work, which treats of anatomy, physiology, the practice of medicine, and surgery, is one of extraordinary value. That portion which is devoted to surgery has been pronounced the best treatise on this subject that has come down to us from antiquity. It is especially interesting and valuable to those who desire to trace the gradual progress of the surgical art in its various departments. See WÜSTENFELD, "Geschichte der Arabischen Aerzte;" SPREN GEL, "History of Medicine."

Aboo-1-Kâsim, (Abû-l-kâsim or Abou-l-cacem,) a distinguished Mohammedan theologian and poet, born in the province of Valencia, Spain, about 1143. He visited several foreign countries, and finally settled in Cairo, where he was appointed to a professorship. He died in 1194. He wrote several works on the Koran, which are highly esteemed.

Aboo-l-Kasim or Aboul-Cacem, a Turkish general, lived about 1050. He took Nicæa, and advanced towards Constantinople, but was repulsed by Taticius, and put to death by the Shah of Persia.

Aboo-1-Kasim-Mansoor.

See ABOULFAZL, in the "Nouvelle Biographie Générale." Aboolfeda, (Abû-l-feda* or Aboulfeda,) a'bool fet' or å-bool'fe-da', a prince and warrior, and one of the most celebrated of the Arabian authors, was born at Damascus about 1273. He was a direct descendant from Aiyoob, (Aiyûb,) the founder of the Aiyoobite dynasSee FIRDOUSEE. ty in Egypt. His family had possessed the throne of HaAboo-l-Khatâr or Abûl- (Aboul-) Khattar, å'bool' mah, but the fief which they held having been declared Kåt'tåR', a governor of Spain under the caliphs. He extinct by Nasir, (or An-Nâsir-Ibn-Kalâun,) Sultan of was a native of Arabia, and was sent by the Viceroy Syria and Egypt, Aboolfedâ was deprived of his inherit- of Africa to quiet the contending factions by which ance. Upon this he entered the service of the sultan, Spain was at that time distracted. He arrived in Córand was with him in all his wars against the Tartars.dova in 743 A.D. At first he was entirely successful, but Afterwards, as an acknowledgment of his eminent ser- at length a rebellion broke out, which he was unable to vices, the sultan conferred upon him the title of Prince quell; and he was finally slain by the conquering party. of Hamah. He remained in undisturbed possession Aboo-l-Maalee or Ábûl- (Áboul-) Maalî, â'bōōl' of his newly-acquired dignity until his death in 1331.ra'a-lee, a learned Persian who flourished in the reign

All the Moslem writers agree in representing Aboolfed as a man of the greatest talents; he was as much distinguished for skill and courage in the field as for wisdom and prudence in the divan. In spite of the cares of his government, he devoted much of his attention to the cultivation of literature. He has left valuable works on history, geography, and medicine. His work entitled "The Description of the Countries" is considered to be the best and most complete Arabic geography which exists. His great history, called "An Abridgment of the History of Mankind," is a work of vast erudition. Besides containing a history of the Mohammedans from the birth of the prophet down to the date of the work itself, (1328,) it furnishes much information respecting

It may be proper to observe that the Latin name ABULFEDA forms the genitive very irregularly-ABILFEDE. This peculiarity is owing to the fact that the Abû in the first part of the name has in Arabic Abi for its genitive. In like manner, we say (in the nominative) Abu Talib: but Ibn Abi Tâlib, the "son of Abu Talib," the change of û (oo) to î (ee) being necessary to mark the genitive case.

Bahram Shah, of Ghiznee, between 1118 and 1152. Aboo-l-Mahânee or Abûl- (Aboul-) mahânî, 'bool' må-há'nee, an Arabian astronomer, who lived at the court of Al-Mâmoon, the seventh caliph of the Abbassides, between 813 and 833.

Aboo-1-Wafa or Abûl- (Aboul-) Wafâ, a'bōōl wa'fa', a distinguished mathematician and astronomer, born in Khorassân about 940; died in 998. He was employed at Bagdâd, with other eminent astronomers, to correct the astronomical tables of Aboo-l-Mahânee.

Aboo-1-Waleed or Abûl- (Aboul-) Walid, 'bool' wå-leed', a famous Mohammedan divine, born at His talents and learning Beja, in Portugal, about 1012. attracted the notice of Al-Mootamed, King of Seville, by whom he was appointed chief justice, which position he held till his death, in 1081.

Aboo-l-Waleed or Abûl- (Aboul-) Walîd, a distinguished Moslem divine and historian, born at Aleppo about the year 1400; died 1478.

Aboo-1-Waleed- (or Abûl- (Aboul-) Walîd-) Ibn

the chief of a sect called Karmatians, who, with a comparatively small number of followers, took and plun dered Koofah, (Kûfah,) Mecca, and several other cities of Asia, and at length, in 931, was bold enough to advance, with only 500 horse, to within a short distance of Bagdad. He suddenly attacked, defeated, and took prisoner Abissâj, (a'be-saj',) whom, at the head of 30,000 men, the caliph had sent against him. Died in 943. Bahrein, See on the Persian Gulf, was the capital of his dominions.

Aboo- (Abû- or Abou-) Merwân or Merouan, Aboo- (Abû- or Abou-) Tâlib, (pronounced by the a'boo men'wan', a distinguished Mohammedan divine, Hindoos ub'ōo tả'lib,) a native of India, born at Luck. born at Seville about 1170. He was for several years now in 1752. For a number of years he was em chief justice of his native city. Having made a pil- ployed by the East India Company in various offices, grimage to Mecca, he died at Cairo, on his return, in 1237.civil and military. At length, in 1800, he visited EngAboo- (Abû- or Abou-) Mos'lem, (or -Muslim,) a land, where he was received with the most flattering atgeneral, who contributed greatly to the overthrow of the tentions by the royal family and many of the nobility. Omeyyah dynasty and the establishment of that of the He returned to India through France, Italy, Turkey, Abbassides, was born about 720 A.D. Neither his fidelity and Persia. He wrote a very interesting journal of his nor the greatness of his merits availed him against the travels, a translation of which into English has been jealous cruelty of a sovereign whom he had raised to published. Died in 1806. the throne. Áboo-Jaafar had employed him in quelling some formidable rebellions which threatened to dismember the empire. But, when his services were no longer needed, the caliph, having invited him, with every mark of friendship, to visit him in his palace at Roomeeyeh, (Ramiyyah,) caused Aboo-Moslem to be basely assassinated, in 755. Although Aboo-Moslem's character was undoubtedly stained with many crimes, he appears to have been always faithful to his sovereign.

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upon the topics of the day, one of which, "La Question | ka-na-nee'a yå'gel, an Italian rabbi, was born near the Romaine," urging the abolition of the temporal power of close of the sixteenth century. He wrote a work enthe Pope, created a great sensation. Returning to fiction, titled "The Book of Good Doctrine," a catechism on About published, among numerous others, the following the articles of the Jewish faith, which is much celenovels: "The Man with a Broken Ear," (1861,) "The brated. He embraced Christianity about the beginning Nose of a Notary," (1862,) "Madelon," (1863,) and the of the seventeenth century, and was baptized by the "Romance of an Honest Man," (1880.) In 1872 he be-name of Camillus Jaghel. The exact time of his death came editor of "Le XIXe Siècle." Died Jan. 17, 1885. is unknown. Abou-Tahir. See ABOo-Tahir.

See XENOPHON's "Cyropædia," book v. Abraham, a'bra-ham, [Heb. DN,] or Abram 'bram, one of the most eminent of the Hebrew patriarchs, was born at Ur, a city of Chaldea, about 2000 years (it is supposed) before the Christian era. "Abraham" Abresch, a'bresh, (FRIEDRICH LUDWIG,) a learned signifies the "father of a numerous people," and German author, born at Hesse-Homburg in 1699. He "Abram" "exalted father." In consequence of his ex-studied at the University of Utrecht. His parents had emplary obedience and trust in God, he has been hon-designed him for the Church, but his own inclinations oured with the title of "father of the faithful." He died led him to devote himself wholly to classical literature. at or near Hebron, aged 175 years. (See Genesis xi.-xxv.) Among his works are "Notes on Eschylus and Thucy-} Abraham-a-Sancta-Clara å-sånk'tå klå'rå, an dides.' He was rector of the College of Middelburg, Augustine friar, regarded as the greatest popular preach-1725-41. Died in 1782.

er of Germany during the seventeenth century, was born Abreu, d', da'brẻ-00, (ALEXIS,) a distinguished Por in Suabia, in 1642. His proper name was ÚLRIC ME-tuguese physician, born about 1570. In 1606 he was ap GERLE, (māʼger-lå). He studied philosophy and theo-pointed consulting physician to Philip III. of Spain. logy in the Augustine convent at Vienna. In 1662 he Died in 1630. entered holy orders, and took the degree of doctor of divinity; in 1669 the emperor Leopold appointed him preacher to the imperial court at Vienna, which office he continued to hold for many years. He died in 1709, leaving many religious works.

Abreu y Bertodano, de, då å'brê-00 è bêr-to-Da'no, (FELIX JOSÉ,) a Spanish knight, (caballero,) son of the Marquis de Regalia, born about 1720. He devoted himself to the study of international law, and published, in 1746, a "Treatise on Maritime Prizes," (Tratado juridico-politico sobre Presas de Mar,") which attracted considerable attention. From 1755 to 1760 he was envoy extraordinary to the court of St. James. The year of his death is unknown.

ish writer on international law, was brother to the preAbreu y Bertodano, de, (JoSÉ ANTONIO,) a SpanAbraham-Ben-Chanania-Jagel (or Jaghel) ceding. Died in 1775.