1704.

1760. His donations to the institution at different times | addicted to buffoonery and immoral practices. Died ir amounted in the aggregate to not less than $100,000. He also gave freely to missionary and other charitable objects, and in his will made a bequest of $30,000 towards the erection of a Retreat for the Insane. Ife died October 27, 1841. For fuller particulars, see Hunt's "Lives of American Merchants."

Brown, (ROBERT,) a Scottish agriculturist, born at East Linton about 1770, published an esteemed work "On Rural Affairs," (2 vols., 1811.) Died in 1831.

See CIBBER, "Lives of the English Poets," etc. Brown, (THOMAS,) one of the most distinguished cf the Scottish metaphysicians, was born at Kirkmabreck, near Dumfries, in 1778. He manifested his fondness for metaphysical speculation before he was fifteen years of age. Not long after he attended the lectures of Dugald Stewart in Edinburgh, and attracted the attention of that philosopher by the acuteness of his remarks on a certain theory propounded in one of his lectures. This was the beginning of a life-long friendship between these two eminent men. He published, in 1798, "Observations on Darwin's Zoonomia," which evinced remarkable precocity of intellect and was much admired. Mackintosh calls the "Observations" the "perhaps unmatched work of a boy in the eighteenth year of his age."

About 1803 he took his degree as doctor of medicine. He resigned his practice in 1810, and was appointed colleague of Dugald Stewart in the chair of moral phi losophy in the University of Edinburgh. He obtained great popularity as a lecturer. His lectures were pub lished under the title of "Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind," (4 vols., 1820.) He wrote a number of poems, one of which is entitled "The Paradise of Coquettes," (1814.) His principal work is "Observations on the Relation of Cause and Effect," (3d edition, enlarged, 1818.) "His first tract on causation," says Sir J. Mackintosh, "appeared to me the finest model of discussion in mental philosophy since Berkeley and Hume." Died in 1820.

Brown, (ROBERT,) M.D., an excellent British botanist, born at Montrose in 1773, was educated at Aberdeen and Edinburgh. He was attached as botanist to the expedition sent out in 1801 under Captain Flinders to explore the coast of Australia. He returned in 1805 with a col- Dr. Brown possessed, besides an acute and powerful lection of four thousand species of plants from Australia, intellect, a poetic temperament, with a lively imagination and became librarian to Sir Joseph Banks. In 1810 he and refined sensibilities. "His mind," says Mackintosh, published "Prodromus Flora Nova Hollandiæ." As "soared and roamed through every region of philosophy an appendix to Flinders's "Narrative," Dr. Brown also and poetry; but his untravelled heart clung to the hearth published "General Remarks, Geographical and Sys-of his father and to the children who shared it with him. tematical, on the Botany of Terra Australis," a work His heart sought little abroad, but contentedly dwelt of great merit. He adopted and illustrated in his in his family and in his study. He was one of those men writings the natural method of Jussieu. He contributed of genius who repaid the tender care of a mother by many able treatises to the "Transactions" of the Lin-rocking the cradle of her reposing age." Respecting the næan Society, and made important discoveries in vege- style of Dr. Brown, the same eminent critic observes, table physiology, especially in the fecundation of plants. His prose is brilliant to excess; it must not be denied In 1833 he was elected one of the eight foreign asso- that its beauty is sometimes womanly; that it too often ciates of the French Academy of Sciences. His repu- melts down precision into elegance; that it buries the tation was perhaps higher on the continent than in Great main idea under a load of illustration." Britain; and Humboldt estimated him as the first of botanists, (botanicorum facile princeps.) Died in London in 1858.

rale."

See article by Dr. HOEFER in the "Nouvelle Biographie GénéBrown, (ROBERT,) geographer, was born at Campster, in Caithness, in 1842, studied at Edinburgh University, and travelled in Greenland, Canada, the West Indies, and the Barbary States. He wrote "The Countries of the World," (6 vols.,) "Our Earth," (3 vols.,) "Science for All," (5 vols.,) and "The Story of Africa and its Explorers," (4 vols.) Died October 26, 1895.

66

Brown, (THOMAS,) poet, was born at Douglas, Isle of Man, in 1830. He published several volumes of poems, mainly in the Manx dialect, of which the best known was "The Doctor." Died October 30, 1897.

Brown, (ULYSSES MAXIMILIAN,) COUNT, was born at Basel, in 1705, of an Irish family. He became one of the foremost field-marshals in the army of Maria Theresa. He beat the Prussians at Lowositz, was mortally wounded at the battle of Prague, and died June 20, 1757.

Brown, (WILLIAM,) an English botanist, born in 1628, published "Catalogus Horti Oxoniensis." Died in 1678.

Brown, (ROBERT,) an English author, born at BartonBrown, (WILLIAM,) an eminent merchant and banker upon-Humber, July 6, 1844, was educated at Chelten- born at Ballymena, Ireland, in 1784, settled in Liver ham College. Among his works are "The Religion of pool. He was senior partner of the firm of Brown, ShipZoroaster," (1879,) "Religion and Mythology of the ley & Co., and represented South Lancashire in Parlia Aryans of Northern Europe," (1880,) "Language and ment in 1845. He gave £30,000 or more for a public its Origin," (1881,) etc. library in Liverpool. Died in 1864.

Brown, (SAMUEL,) M.D., a Scottish poet and chemical theorist, born at Haddington in 1817, was a grandson of Rev. John Brown, (1722-87.) His talents and attainments are said to have been extraordinary. He devoted much time to the subject of isomerism, and laboured to prove that chemical substances which are usually considered simple can be transmuted into each other. In 1850 he produced "The Tragedy of Galileo." Died in 1856. Two volumes of his Essays and Lectures were published in 1858.

Brown or Browne, (WILLIAM LAURENCE,) a theologian, born at Utrecht in 1755, removed to Scotland in 1795, and became professor of divinity at Aberdeen in ticism," (1788,) and an "Essay on the Existence of a that year. He wrote an "Essay on the Folly of SkepSupreme Creator," (1816.) The latter gained a prize of £1250. Died in 1830.

See CHAMBERS, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen;" "Edinburgh Review" for April, 1804.

Browne, (ANDREW,) a Scottish physician and medical Brown, (Sir SAMUEL,) a civil engineer, born in Lon-writer, lived about 1650-95.

don in 1776, served in the royal navy, and gained the Browne, (CHARLES FARRAR,) (known in literature as rank of captain. He acquired distinction by improve- ARTEMAS WARD,) was born at Waterford, Maine, April ments in suspension bridges. Died in 1852. 26, 1834. In early life he was a journeyman printer. Brown, (THOMAS,) a satirical and facetious English In 1858 he began the "Artemas Ward" papers in the poet, commonly called TOм BROWN, born in 1663, was "Cleveland Plaindealer." He edited “Vanity Fair” in

Browne, (JOHN Ross,) an American traveller and writer. He published in 1846 "Etchings of a Whaling Cruise, with Notes of a Sojourn on the Island of Zan-in zibar." After a visit to Palestine, he produced a humorous account of his adventures, entitled "Yusef, or the Journey of a Frangi: a Crusade in the East." He was ap pointed minister to China in 1868. Died Dec. 8, 1875. Browne, (JOSEPH,) an English physician, born about 1650, published a work entitled “Antidotaria," and wrote against the doctrine of the circulation of the blood.

Browne, (JOSEPH,) D.D., an English scholar, borr in Cumberland in 1700, was provost of Queen's College, Oxford. Died in 1767.

Brown'ell, (THOMAS CHURCH,) D.D., LL.D., was Browne, (MARY ANN,) an English poetess, born in born in Massachusetts in 1779. He graduated at Union Berkshire in 1812. She produced "Ada," (1828,) "The College, with the highest honours of his class, in 1804, Coronal," (1833,) "Ignatia," (1838,) and other poems. and continued his connection with the institution, as In 1842 she was married to James Gray. Died in 1846. tutor and professor, for many years. He was ordained Browne, brown, (MAXIMILIAN ULYSSES,) a distin-in 1816, and appointed Bishop of Connecticut in 1819. guished general in the Austrian service, born at Bâle in He was chosen the first president of Washington (now 1705, was a relative of the field-marshal George Browne. Trinity) College, an institution chartered in 1823, and He fought in the Silesian war against Frederick the Great, built up at Hartford under his auspices. In 1852 he and commanded the right wing at the battle of Mollwitz became Presiding Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal in 1741. In 1754 he was made a field-marshal. He was Church in the United States. Died in 1865. Bishop mortally wounded at the battle of Prague in 1757. Fred- Brownell was the author of several valuable religious erick the Great was accustomed to call Marshal Browne works and various occasional sermons, addresses, etc his teacher in the art of war. His "Family Prayer" has passed through numerous editions, and been received with great favour by Epis copalians throughout the country. His "Religion of the Heart" (5 vols., partly a compilation and partly original) is also highly esteemed.