CARTER

CARTIMANDUA

See PENNINGTON, "Memoirs of E. Carter:" MRS. ELWOOD, "Memoirs of the Literary Ladies of England," etc., vol. i., 1843. Carter, (FRANCIS,) an English writer, who resided some years in Spain, and published "A Journey from Gibraltar to Malaga," (1777.) He left a work in manuscript, entitled "Historical and Critical Account of EarlyPrinted Spanish Books." Died in 1783.

Carter, (FRANKLIN,) LL.D., an American educator, porn at Waterbury, Connecticut, September 30, 1837. Graduated at Williams College in 1862. Was professor of Latin at Williams College from 1865 to 1872, and of German at Yale College from 1872 to 1881, and president of Williams College from 1881 to 1901.

Carter, (JAMES COOLIDGE,) an American lawyer, born at Lancaster, Mass., Oct. 14, 1827; graduated at Harvard in 1850; admitted to the bar in New York City in 1853; was on the commission of municipal administration for New York cities in 1875; member of the constitutional convention in 1888; and one of the counsel for the United States before the Behring Sea Tribunal in 1892. He wrote "The Codification of our Common Law," (1883,) "The Ideal and the Actual Law," (1890,) etc. Died February 14, 1905. He left a bequest of $200,000 to Harvard University. Carter, (JOHN,) an eminent architect and antiquary, born in London in 1748. From 1780 to 1794 he issued, in numbers, "Specimens of Ancient Sculpture now remaining in England," which was followed by "Views of Ancient Buildings in England." He was employed more than twenty years on an important national work, entitled "The Ancient Architecture of England," (1795 -1816,) which is highly prized by students of that art. Died in 1817 or 1818.

See MACAULAY, Essay on Walpole's Letters to Sir Horace Mann," 1833; also his article entitled "Thackeray's History of the Earl of Chatham," 1834.

Carteret, (PHILIP,) CAPTAIN, an English navigator, who, in 1766, commanded one of the two vessels sent out to make discoveries in the South Sea, under the orders of Captain Wallis. Having discovered numerous small islands, one of which bears his name, Captain Carteret returned home in 1769, after which Hawkesworth published an account of the voyage.

Carteromacho. See FortEGUERRI.

Cartesius, or Cartes, Des. See DEscartes.
Carthaeuser. See CARTHÄUSER.

Car'tha-lo or Car'tha-lon, a Carthaginian general of the first Punic war. He commanded a fleet which was sent against the Romans in 249 B.C. Before any general action was fought, the Roman fleet was destroyed by a storm, from which the superior skill of the Carthaginians saved them.

Carthalon, a commander of the cavalry of Hannibal in his invasion of Italy, and at Cannæ in 216 B.C. Soon after that action he was sent to Rome to negotiate for the ransom of prisoners, but was ordered by a lictor to quit the Roman territory before sunset. He was taken prisoner in 208 B.C., and killed by a Roman soldier.

Carthäuser, Carthaeuser, or Cartheuser, pronounced alike kåRt'hoi'zer, (FRIEDRICH AUGUST,) a German physician, son of Johann Friedrich, noticed below, was born at Halle in 1734. He became professor of medicine and surgery at Giessen in 1766. He published "Elements of Mineralogy," "Rudiments of Hydrology," (both in Latin,) and other works. Died in 1796.

Carter, (NATHANIEL H.,) an American writer, born at Concord, New Hampshire, in 1787 or 1788. He became, about 1820, editor of the New York "Statesman," which supported De Witt Clinton. He published, after a visit to Europe, "Letters from Europe," (2 vols., 1827.) Died at Marseilles in 1830.

Carter, (SAMUEL P.,) an American general, born in East Tennessee in 1819, served in the navy in his youth. He was appointed a brigadier-general about May, 1862. He commanded a division under Schofield, in North Carclina, in February, 1865. In 1878 he was made a commodore in the navy, and an admiral (retired) in 1882. Died May 26, 1891.

Car'ter-et, (Sir GEORGE,) an English naval officer, born about 1600, was an adherent of Charles I. and Charles II. in the civil war. Died in 1679.

Carticeya or Cartikeya. See KARTIKEYA. Canadian statesman, born at Saint-Antoine, Lower CanCartier, kaR'te-à', (Sir GEORGe Étienne,) Bart., a ada, September 6, 1814. In 1835 he became a lawyer of Montreal, and after the troubles of 1837 a price of two thousand dollars was set on his head; but he finally obtained a pardon, and in 1858 became Premier of Canada. Under the Dominion government he was a prominent Liberal leader. Died May 20, 1873.

Cartier, kar'te-à', (JACQUES,) a French navigator, the first discoverer of the Saint Lawrence River, was born at Saint-Malo in 1494. Being sent by Francis I. to explore North America in 1534, he entered the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, advanced as far as Gaspé Bay, and returned to France. He renewed the enterprise in 1535, and ascended the river as far as the site of Montreal. Being kindly treated by the natives, he passed the winter in Canada, and arrived at Saint-Malo in July, 1536. A narrative of the voyage was published.

Carteret, (JOHN,) Viscount Carteret and Earl Granville, an able English statesman and orator, born in 1690, was the son of George, Lord Carteret, of Bedfordshire. He graduated with high honours at Oxford, and in 1711 entered the House of Lords, where he soon became | prominent as a speaker and a supporter of the Whig ministry. He represented England at the Congress of Cambrai in 1720, and was made secretary of state in 1721. Between 1724 and 1730 he was lord lieutenant of Ireland, and after the latter date he acted with the opposition. "Of all the members of the cabinet," says Macaulay, "Carteret was the most eloquent and accom

Cartier, (LOUIS VINCENT,) a French physician and writer on surgery, born in Dauphiné in 1768; died at Lyons in 1839.

Car-ti-mand'u-a or Car-tis-man'du-a, Queen of the Brigantes in Britain, lived about 50 A.D. She be trayed Čaractacus to the Romans.

Cart'wright, (CHRISTOPHER,) a learned Englishman, born in 1602, is said to have been the first who applied the more ancient uninspired writings of the Jews to the illustration of the Bible. He published several theological works, including one on the Targum, (1648.) Died in 1658.

Cartwright, (EDMUND,) the inventor of the powerloom, was born at Marnham, England, in 1743. Having taken orders, he obtained the living of Brampton, and afterwards that of Goadby-Marwood. He wrote a number of poems, among which were "The Prince of Peace" and "Armina and Elvira." The latter, a poetical legend, passed through nine editions. About 1785 he invented the power-loom, the use of which was opposed by the weavers, who destroyed five hundred of his machines. He obtained patents for many other inventions. In 1809 Parliament voted him £10,000 for the service he had rendered the public by the invention of the powerloom. Died in 1823.

See "Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Mechanical Inventions of Edmund Cartwright," London, 8vo, 1843; "Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties," vol. ii., 1839.

Cartwright, (GEORGE,) an English traveller, born at Marnham in 1739. In the Seven Years' war he served in Germany and obtained the rank of captain. He afterwards made several voyages to Labrador, and in 1792 published a "Journal of a Residence of Sixteen Years on the Coast of Labrador." "The annals of his campaigns among the foxes and beavers," says Coleridge, "interested me more than ever did the exploits of Marlborough or Frederick." Died in 1819.

Cartwright, (JOHN,) MAJOR, a brother of the preceding, was born at Marnham in 1740, and passed some years in the royal navy previous to the American war. Prompted by his love of liberty, he refused to fight against the United States, and wrote "Letters on American Independence," (1774,) besides other political tracts. He was a zealous advocate of parliamentary reform and universal suffrage. Charles J. Fox thought him "one whose enlightened mind and profound constitutional knowledge placed him in the highest rank of public character, and whose purity of principle and consistency of conduct commanded the most respectful attention to his opinions." He was a coadjutor of Tooke, Hardy, etc. in the cause of reform. Died in 1824.

See F. D. CARTWRIGHT, "Life of Major J. Cartwright," 1826. Cart'wright, (PETER,) an eminent Methodist preacher, born in Amherst county, Virginia, in 1785. While he was still a child, his parents removed with him to Kentucky. When scarcely sixteen years old, he was converted, and joined the Methodist Episcopal Church. At an early age he began to preach, and continued to labour in the cause with great zeal and success for more than fifty years. It is estimated that he preached not fewer than fifteen thousand sermons. Died September 25, 1872. See "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright, the Backwoods Preacher," edited by W. P. STRICKLAND, New York, 1856.

Cartwright, (THOMAS,) an English Puritan divine, eminent for learning and talents, was born in Hertfordshire about 1535. He became a Fellow of a college at Cambridge in 1560, and professor of divinity there in 1570. A few years later he was deprived of these offices, and imprisoned several times, for his Puritanism. He published a "Body of Divinity,” (1616,) a “Directory fo: Church Government," commentaries on several books of the Bible, and other works. Died in 1603.

See B. BROOK, "Memoir of the Life of T. Cartwright," 1845. Cartwright, (THOMAS,) born in 1634, is supposed to have been a grandson of the preceding. He became Bishop of Chester in 1686, and was one of the commissioners who seconded James II. in his despotic attempt to impose a Roman Catholic president on the Fellows of Magdalen College. Died in 1689.

See MACAULAY, "History of England," vols. ii. and iii. Cartwright, (WILLIAM,) an English poet, born at Northway in 1611. He graduated at Oxford, took orders in 1638, and became an eloquent preacher. Wood calls Lim the most florid and seraphical preacher in the

Carus, ka'rus, (FRIEDRICH AUGUST,) a Protestant German theologian, born at Bautzen in 1770. He acquired distinction as professor of philosophy in the University of Leipsic, (1796 to 1807.) He published, besides other works, a "History of Psychology," and a History of the Psychology of the Hebrews," which is said to be a profound and well-written work. Died in 1807.

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Carus, (KARL GUSTAV,) an eminent German physiologist and physician, born at Leipsic in 1789. He was appointed assistant professor of anatomy in his native city in 1811, and professor of obstetrics at Dresden in 1815. In 1827 he became physician to the King of Saxony, with the title of privy councillor. He also practised painting with success. Among his principal writings are an "Essay on the Nervous System," (1814) a "Manual of Zootomy," (1818,) “Principles of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology," (1828,) and a “System of Physiology," (1838-40.) Died July 28, 1869.

See CALLISEN, "Medicinisches Schriftsteller-Lexikon:" "Nonvelle Biographie Générale."

Cā'rus, (MARCUS AURELIUS,) a Roman emperor, born at Narbo, (now Narbonne.) Under the emperor Probus he held the high office of prefect of the prætorium. At the death of Probus in 282 A.D., Carus was elected his successor by the army. In 283 he marched against the Persians, leaving his son Carinus to govern Italy. Having taken Seleucia and Ctesiphon, he was about to pursue his conquests, when he died suddenly, (283,) or, as some report, was killed by lightning.

Carus, (PAUL,) author, was born at Ilsenburg, Germany, July 18, 1852. Is editor of "The Open Court" and "The Monist," Chicago, and author of "The Ethical Problem,' ""The Soul of Man," "The Gospel of Buddha,' "Homilies of Science," "The Idea of God," etc.

Carus, (VICTOR JULIUS,) an eminent German biologist, a grandson of Friedrich August, noticed above, was born at Leipsic, August 25, 1823. In 1853 he became professor of comparative anatomy at Leipsic. Among his books are treatises on comparative anatomy, mor phology, general zoology, and the history of natural science.

Caruso, kå-roo'so, or Carusio, kå-roo'ŝe-o, (Giovan NI BATTISTA,) an Italian historian, born near Palermo in 1673. He published “Historical Memoirs of Sicily," (3 vols., 1716-45.) Died in 1724.

Caruso, (LUIGI,) a popular Italian composer of operas, born in Naples about 1750. He died in 1822.

Carutti di Cantogno, kå-root'tee de kån-tōn'yō, (DOMENICO,) an Italian historian, born at Cumiana, November 16, 1821. He took a prominent part in poli. tics, being for years connected either with the home administration or with the diplomatic service. He published histories of Victor Amadeus II. (1856) and of Charles Emanuel III. of Savoy, (1859,) "Storia della Diplomazia di Casa Savoia," (1875; 4th vol., 1880,) "Versi," (1872,) "Dei Principii del Governo libero," and other works, including two treatises (1868 and 1869) on the Latin poet Propertius, and some plays.

Carvajal, kaR-vå-Hål', or Carbajal, kaR-вå-Hål', (TOMAS JOSÉ GONZALEZ,) a Spanish writer and statesman, born at Seville in 1753. He was chosen president of the junta of finances in 1812. At the restoration in 1814 he was imprisoned for political reasons. In 1819 he produced a Spanish version of the Psalms, which is greatly admired. He afterwards held several high civil offices, among which was that of a member of the Council of the Indies, and became a peer in 1834. He died the same year.

See BROCKHAUS, "Conversations-Lexikon."

Carvajal, de, då kar-vå-Hål, or Carbajal kaR-BåHål', (BERNARDINO,) born at Palencia, ir. Spain, about 1456, was made a cardinal in 1493 In 1511 he supported the interest of Louis XII. of France against Pope Julius

CARVAJAL

CASABIANCA

Cary, ka're', (FÉLIX,) a French antiquary and numis. matist, born at Marseilles in 1699, formed a fine collection of antique medals. His principal production is a History of the Kings of Thrace and of the Cimmerian Bosphorus," which is regarded as a classic work. In 1752 the Academy of Inscriptions chose him as a correspondent. Died in 1754.

Ca'ry, (Rev. HENRY,) an English scholar and writer, son of Henry F. Cary the translator of Dante. He has published "Testimonies of the Fathers," (Oxford, 1835,) and "Memorials of the Great Civil War in England from 1646 to 1652," (1842.) He has also edited his father's version of Dante, "Early French Poets," etc.

Cary, (Rev. HENRY FRANCIS,) an English poet, emi. nent as the translator of Dante, was born at Birmingham in 1772. While a student at Oxford, he gave much attention to Greek, Latin, French, and Italian, and before he left college he had published a number of sonnets and odes. In 1797 he was appointed vicar of Bromley Abblank verse, of Dante's "Inferno," and in 1814 completed bot's. He produced in 1806 an excellent translation, in the other portions of the "Divina Commedia." This version is highly applauded by the most eminent judges, magnitude and difficulty, executed with perfect fidelity including Southey, who said it was a translation of and admirable skill." He afterwards published "The Early French Poets, a Series of Notices and Translations," and other works. Died in 1844.

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See "Memoir of H. F. Cary," by his son, HENRY Cary, a vols., 1847: "Fraser's Magazine" for May, 1847.

Cary, (JOHN,) of Bristol, an Englishman, published,

my, etc." His "Discourse on Trade," a work of little merit, was made the basis of a better work, published in French, at Paris, 1755.

Carvallo, kaR-val'yo, (MANUEL,) a South American jurist and diplomatist, born at Santiago, in Chili, in 1803, was chargé-d'affaires at Washington.

Carvaxal. See CARVAJAL.

Car'ver, (JOHN,) the first governor of Plymouth colony, was born in England. He was one of a company of Puritans who emigrated to Holland, and came over in the Mayflower in 1620. He is said to have been a prudent and able governor. Died in 1621.

Carver, (JONATHAN,) an American traveller, born in Connecticut in 1732, served as captain in the war against the French in Canada. He passed about three years (1766-68) in the exploration of North America, which he crossed to the Pacific Ocean, and published in 1778 "Travels through the Interior Parts of North America." Died in London in 1780.

Carwell, MADAME. See KEROUAL.

Ca'ry, (ALICE,) an American authoress, born near Cincinnati, Ohio, April 26, 1820. She first attracted attention by her contributions to the "National Era," under the title of Patty Lee; and she afterwards published several volumes of poems and other works, including three novels," Hagar, a Story of To-Day," ""Married not Mated," and "Hollywood." Her sketches of Western life, entitled "Clovernook," were very popular both in America and Europe. She died February 12, 1871. PHOEBE CARY, a sister of Alice, born September 4, 1824, also contributed to periodical literature, and in 1854 published "Poems and Parodies." She died July 31, 1871. Cary, (ANNIE LOUISE,) singer, was born at Wayne, Maine, October 22, 1842. She made her début in Italian opera at Copenhagen, and afterwards sang leading contralto and mezzo-soprano rôles in Europe and America. She married Charles M. Raymond, of New York, in 1882, and retired from the stage.

Cary, (Colonel ARCHIBALD,) a Virginian patriot, born about 1730. He favoured the cause of independence, and took a prominent part in the Convention of 1776 which framed the constitution of Virginia. He was afterwards a member of the Senate of Virginia. Died in 1786.

Cary, (LOTT,) an African preacher, was born a slave in Virginia, and accompanied the first emigrants sent to Liberia by the American Colonization Society in 1821. He officiated as pastor, physician, and soldier to the colony, was elected vice-agent in 1826, and on the withdrawal of Mr. Ashmun, whose entire confidence he enjoyed, discharged for about six months the duties of governor. He was killed in November, 1828, by the accidental explosion of a magazine.

Cary, (LUCIUS.) See FALKLAND, LORD.
Cary, (ROBERT.) See CAREY, (ROBERT.)

Cary, (ROBERT,) a learned English clergyman, born in Devonshire about 1615. He became Archdeacon of Exeter in 1662, and wrote an esteemed work entitled “Palæologia Chronica." Died in 1688.

Căr'ýl, (JOHN,) of Sussex, an English dramatic writer, was intimate with Pope the poet. He wrote "The English Princess," a tragedy, and a few other works. He was secretary to Mary, queen of James II., whom he followed into exile in 1688, and who gave him the empty title of Earl Caryl.

Caryl, (JOSEPH,) an English divine of the sect of Independents, born in London in 1602, was ejected for nonconformity in 1662. His principal work is an “Exposition of Job," (in 12 vols.,) which is much praised. Died in 1673.

See NEAL'S "History of the Puritans."

Caryophilus. See GAROFALO, (BIAGIO.)

Casa, della, del'lå kå'så, (GIOVANNI,) an Italian poet and priest, born near Florence in 1503, was one of the most elegant writers of his time. He became a resident of Rome, and in 1544 Archbishop of Benevento. Paul IV. on his election to the papal see made Casa his secretary of state. He wrote lyric poems in Italian, which were much admired, and were compared to those of Bembo for purity of style. The first edition appeared in 1558. His most popular prose work is "Galateo, ovvero de' Costumi," which treats of the rules of politeness. He translated Plato into Latin, and wrote Latin Carmina," and other works. Died at Rome about 1556. See "Life of Della Casa," prefixed to his works, by G. B. Casotti,

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(edition of 1707 :) LONGFELLOW, "Poets and Poetry of Europe;" Ft

LIPPO GERARDI," Biografia di Giovanni della Casa," 1836; GINGUENÉ, "Histoire Littéraire d'Italie:" ERSCH und GRUBER, "Allgemeine Encyklopaedie;" NICERON, "Mémoires."

Casabianca, kå ́så-be-an'kå, (LOUIS,) a naval officer, born at Bastia about 1755. He was sent as a deputy to

the French National Convention in 1792, and voted for the detention of the king. In 1798 he was captain of L'Orient, the flagship of the fleet which conveyed Bonaparte and his army to Egypt. At the battle of the Nile, August 1, 1798, after he was mortally wounded, he made a heroic defence of the burning ship, which finally was destroyed by a terrific explosion.

Casabianca, (RAPHAEL,) a French general, brother of the preceding, was born in Corsica in 1738, and became general of division in 1794. In 1806 he was made a count. Died in 1825.

See DE COURCELLES, "Histoire des Généraux Français." Casa-Irujo, de, då kå'så e-roo'нo, (CARLOS MARIA MARTINEZ,) MARQUIS, a Spanish statesman, born at Cartagena in 1765. From 1795 to 1808 he was minister to the United States, where he married the daughter of Thomas McKean. He was plenipotentiary at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, and ambassador to Paris in 1821. In 1823 he was appointed minister of foreign affairs, and president of the council. Died in 1824.

Casal, kå-sål', (Gaspar,) Bishop of Leiria, in Portugal, born at Santarem in 1510. He became counsellor and confessor of John III., whose preceptor he had once been. He wrote a treatise "On the Justification of Man," (in Latin,) and other works. Died about 1580.

See N. ANTONIO, "Bibliotheca Hispana Nova."

Casaregi, kā-så-rā'jee, [Lat. Casareʼgis,] (GiovaNN! BARTOLOMMEO,) an Italian poet, born at Genoa in 1676, was a brother of the jurist noticed below. He lived at Rome and afterwards at Florence, and was a member of the Academy della Crusca. He wrote elegant lyric poems, "Sonnetti e Canzoni," and translated the Proverbs of Solomon into verse. Died in 1755.

See LONGFELLOW's "Poets and Poetry of Europe.'

Casaregi, [Lat. CASARE'GIS,] (GIUSEPPE LORENZO MARIA,) a distinguished Italian jurist, born at Genoa in 1670. He was reputed a high authority in questions of commercial law, on which he wrote several treatises,"Discursus legales de Commercio." Died in 1737. Casaregis. See CASAREGI.

Casas, de las, då lås kå'sås, (BARTOLOMÉ,) a benevolent Spanish missionary, noted for his zeal in behalf of the oppressed Indians, was born at Seville in 1474In 1493 he accompanied Columbus in his second voyage to America. Some years later, having become a Dominican friar, he went to Hispaniola as a missionary, preaching the gospel to the natives, and humanity to the Spanish conquerors who had enslaved them. His efforts to ameliorate the condition of this class having been opposed and frustrated, he visited the court of Spain in 1516, and afterwards repeatedly crossed the ocean to plead their cause.

Casali, (GIUSEPPE,) an antiquary and priest, born in Rome in 1744. He formed a rich collection of medals and antique remains, was a liberal patron of artists, and wrote a few treatises on numismatics. Died in 1797.

Casanova, kå-så-no'vå, (FRANCESCO,) a painter, born of Italian parents, in London, about 1728. At the age of twenty-five he went to Paris, where he gained a high reputation for his battle-pieces and landscapes, and was admitted into the Royal Academy. He afterwards worked in Vienna, where the Empress of Russia employed him to illustrate her victories over the Turks. Died in 1805.

See CHARLES BLANC, "Histoire des Peintres."

Casanova, (Giovanni Battista,) an Italian painter, brother of the preceding, was born at Venice about 1725. He was a pupil of R. Mengs, and professor in the Academy of Fine Arts of Dresden. He gained distinction by his "Dissertations on Ancient Monuments of Art." Died in 1798.

Casanova, (GIOVANNI GIACOMO de Seingalt-deh sin'gålt or deh såN'galt',) a celebrated Italian adventurer, remarkable for his wit, accomplishments, learning, and intrigues, was born in Venice in 1725, and was a brother of the preceding. His parents were play-actors. For many years he led a wandering and dissipated life in the various capitals of Europe, frequenting the most aristocratic society, and having no regular business. He was confined about two years in the dungeon of Venice, (1755-57,) and escaped by stratagem. In the course of his life he fought several duels. He became librarian to Count Waldstein, a Bohemian grandee, with whom he passed the last fourteen years of his life, and died in 1803, leaving "Memoirs of his Life," which are sprightly and entertaining. He translated the "Iliad" into ottava rima, and wrote a few other works.

See CASANOVA, "Memoirs," in German and French, 8 vols., 1830: BARTHOLD, "Die geschichtlichen Persönlichkeiten in J. Casanova's Memoiren," Berlin, 2 vols., 1846; see, also, "Nouvelle Biographie Générale."

Casanova, (MARCANTONIO,) an Italian poet, born at Rome in 1476. He wrote epigrams against Clement VII. Died about 1527.

Cäsar. See CÆSAR.

See ARTHUR HELPS, "Life of Las Casas," 1868; RAYNAL," His

Casati, kå-sa'tee, (PAOLO,) a learned Italian Jesuit, born at Piacenza in 1617. He taught mathematics and theology at Rome, and is said to have converted Queen Christina of Sweden to the Catholic faith. He wrote treatises on Mechanics, on Optics, and on Fire. The last is commended. Died at Parma in 1707.

See NICERON, "Mémoires."

Cạ-sau’bọn, [Fr. pron. kả zī bỏN; Lat. CASAUBO. of his time, was born of French Protestant parents, at NUS, (ISAAC,) one of the most eminent critics and scholars Geneva, on the 8th of Febuary, 1559. In 1582 he became a professor of Greek in the College of Geneva, and soon after began to publish the editions of Greek authors which caused his celebrity as a critic. His "Athenæus" (1600) "has always been deemed," says Hallam, “a noble monument of critical sagacity and extensive erudition. In conjectural emendation of the text, no one hitherto had been equal to Casaubon." He married Florence, a daughter of the eminent scholar Henry Étienne, about 1585. He was professor of Greek at Montpellier from 1596 to 1599. În 1600 Henry IV. invited him to Paris to give lessons in Greek, and appointed him royal librarian. He published an excellent edition of Polybius in 1609. In 1610 he removed to England, where he was received with favour by James I., who made him prebendary of Canterbury. Joseph Scaliger once said of Casaubon, "He is the most learned man now living," although he himself was equal to Casaubon in general learning, but not in a critical knowledge of Greek. Casaubon died in London in 1614. He was a moderate Protestant, and wrote a treatise "De Libertate ecclesiastica," ("On Ecclesiastical Liberty.") Among his productions were editions of Aristotle's Works, (1590,) and of the "Characters" of Theophrastus, (1592.)

Casaubonus. See CASAUBON.

Cas'ca, (P. SERVILIUS,) a Roman conspirator, was a tribune of the people when he assisted at the assassination of Cæsar in 44 B.C. He fought at the battle of Philippi, (42 B.C.,) and died shortly afterwards.

Cas-çel'li-us, (AULUS,) an eminent and eloquent Roman jurist, was a contemporary of Cicero and Trebatius. He was a firm and consistent republican, and showed his independent spirit by refusing, in 41 B.C., to