Notes to Part XIII, Articles 1 [387] to 41 [427]-Continued by this Treaty, unless and until an Act of Congress of the United States shall provide for such representation or participation."

Part XIII of the treaty was not printed as an annex, technically a schedule, of the treaty restoring friendly relations by the Department of State in Treaty Series 658, nor in 42 Stat. 1939. The entire treaty of peace with Germany, as well as those with Austria and Hungary, was printed as a separate appendix reading with the treaty restoring friendly relations in the volume compiled under resolution of the Senate of August 19, 1921, and published as Senate Document 348, 67th Congress, 4th session, serial 8167 (Treaties, Conventions, etc., 1910-23, III, 3329).

Public Resolution 43, 73d Congress, 2d session (48 Stat. 1182), approved June 19, 1934, reads as follows:

"WHEREAS progress toward the solution of the problems of international competition in industry can be made through international action concerning the welfare of wage earners; and

"WHEREAS the failure of a nation to establish humane conditions of labor is an obstacle in the way of other nations which desire to maintain and improve the conditions in their own countries; and

"WHEREAS the United States early recognized the desirability of international cooperation in matters pertaining to labor and took part in 1900 in establishing, and for many years thereafter supported, the International Association for Labor Legislation; and

"WHEREAS the International Labor Organization has advanced the welfare of labor throughout the world through studies, recommendations, conferences, and conventions concerning conditions of labor; and

"WHEREAS other nations have joined the International Labor Organization without being members of the League of Nations; and

"WHEREAS special provision has been made in the constitution of the International Labor Organization by which membership of the United States would not impose or be deemed to impose any obligation or agreement upon the United States to accept the proposals of that body as involving anything more than recommendations for its consideration:

"THEREFORE be it

"Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President is hereby authorized to accept membership for the Government of the United States of America in the International Labor Organization, which, through its general conference of representatives of its members and through its International Labor Office, collects information concerning labor throughout the world and prepares international conventions for the consideration of member governments with a view to improving conditions of labor.

"SEC. 2. That in accepting such membership the President shall assume on behalf of the United States no obligation under the covenant of the League of Nations."

Notes to Part XIII, Articles 1 [387] to 41 [427]—Continued The eighteenth session of the International Labor Conference unanimously adopted the following resolution on June 22, 1934:

"The International Labour Conference

"takes note of the communication of 22 June 1934 addressed to the Director of the International Labour Office by the authorised representative of the Government of the United States of America,

"heartily welcomes the decision of the Congress of the United States authorising the President to accept on behalf of the Government of the United States Membership in the International Labour Organisation, recalling that it has always been the firm conviction of the Organisation that its ends could be more effectively advanced if the Membership of the Organisation could be made universal,

"hereby decides

"to invite the Government of the United States to accept Membership in the International Labour Organisation it being understood that such acceptance involves only those rights and obligations provided for in the constitution of the Organisation and shall not involve any obligations under the Covenant of the League of Nations,

"and further decides

"That, in the event of the Government of the United States accepting Membership, the Governing Body is hereby authorised to arrange with the Government of the United States any questions arising out of its Membership including the question of its financial contribution."

That invitation was accepted on behalf of the United States by the American Consul at Geneva in a letter dated August 20, 1934 to the Director of the International Labor Office, which stated:

"SIR: In your letter to me of June 22, 1934, you advised that the International Labor Conference had unanimously adopted a Resolution inviting the Government of the United States of America to accept membership in the International Labor Organization and there was transmitted with your letter a copy of the Resolution, which in extending the invitation states 'that such acceptance involves only those rights and obligations provided for in the constitution of the Organization and shall not involve any obligations under the Covenant of the League of Nations'.

"I am now writing to say that, exercising the authority conferred on him by a Joint Resolution of the Congress of the United States approved June 19, 1934, the President of the United States accepts the invitation heretofore indicated, such acceptance to be effective on August 20, 1934, and, of course, subject to the understandings expressed in the Conference Resolution, and has directed me to inform you accordingly."

Notes to Part XIII, Articles 1 [387] to 41 [427]-Continued

The acknowledgment of that communication by the Acting Director of the Office on August 21, 1934 confirmed the membership of the United States in these words:

"SIR: I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of 20th August in which you inform the Director of the International Labour Office that the President of the United States of America, exercising the authority conferred on him by a joint resolution of the Congress of the United States approved June 19, 1934, accepts the invitation to assume Membership of the International Labour Organisation extended to the Government of the United States by the resolution, adopted by the International Labour Conference of 22 June 1934, and communicated to you in the Director's letter of the same date.

"I note that such acceptance is effective on August 20, 1934, and is subject to the understandings expressed in the Conference resolution."

The Constitution of the International Labor Organization in a certified true copy dated August 22, 1934 is printed in 49 Stat. 2712 and in Treaty Series 874, where the Public Resolution of June 19, 1934 and subsequent related papers also appear.

SECTION 1.-Organisation of Labour.

Whereas the League of Nations has for its object the establishment of universal peace, and such a peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice;

And whereas conditions of labour exist involving such injustice, hardship and privation to large numbers of people as to produce unrest so great that the peace and harmony of the world are imperilled; and an improvement of those conditions is urgently required: as, for example, by the regulation of the hours of work, including the establishment of a maximum working day and week, the regulation of the labour supply, the prevention of unemployment, the provision of an adequate living wage, the protection of the worker against sickness, disease and injury arising out of his employment, the protection of children, young persons and women, provision for old age and injury, protection of the interests of workers when employed in countries other than their own, recognition of the principle of freedom of association, the organisation of vocational and technical education and other measures;

Whereas also the failure of any nation to adopt humane conditions of labour is an obstacle in the way of other nations which desire to improve the conditions in their own countries;

The HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES, moved by sentiments of justice and humanity as well as by the desire to secure the permanent peace of the world, agree to the following:

Note to XIII, sec. I

On May 10 the German delegation, declaring that "domestic peace and the advancement of mankind depend vitally on the adjustment of [the labor] question" and that the demands for social justice were only partly realized in part XIII of the Conditions of Peace, transmitted an elaborate draft convention for labor and proposed the summoning of a labor conference at Versailles (Foreign Relations, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, v, 571). In their reply of May 14, the Allies declined to summon a labor conference and asserted that the German draft convention was inferior to the proposals of section XIII because it made no provision for the representation of labor; Germany could participate in the proposed labor organization as soon as it became a member of the League of Nations (ibid., p. 600).

In a second note of May 22, the German delegation complained that the Allied plan did not conform to the resolutions of the International Trade Union Conference held at Bern in February 1919 and renewed its proposal for a conference of trade unions (ibid., p. 869). The Allied reply drew attention to a "fundamental misconception" of the German delegation that "the views and interests of Governments must necessarily be antagonistic to those of Labour” and declared that the resolutions of the Bern Conference had been carefully considered in the preparation of the treaty (ibid., vi, 124). Since the proposed International Labor Organization was to meet in Washington in October 1919, there was no need for interposing a labor conference at Versailles.

The German delegation made a third effort in the counterproposals of May 29. The peace proposals started from the assumption that the interests of the working classes were to be decided not by the workers themselves but by the governments. Since Germany was not to be admitted immediately to the League and the International Labor Organization, the German people were thus excluded from cooperation in determining the rights and duties upon which the

Note to XIII, sec. I-Continued

health and welfare of German workers depended, although German labor legislation had become a model for the entire world. The Conditions of Peace would destroy all the progress which German workers had made and subject them to extreme distress and exploitations. The German workers could agree only to a peace which embodied the aims of the international labor movement and did not sacrifice their achievements in favor of alien oppressors. Germany therefore entered a solemn protest against even its temporary exclusion from the I.L.O.

The Allies treated labor as "mere private property" and failed to recognize workers as citizens entitled to equal rights. A peace on such terms "would not rest on a firm foundation, but only on a quicksand". Article 427 did not provide for the primary essentials— recognition of the right of settlement, the right of association, and the unrestricted participation of workers living in a foreign state in all measures for the protection of labor. The German delegation once more asked for conference of labor organizations to consider both the Allied proposals, the German counterproposals, and the Bern proposals, the result to be embodied in the treaty of peace and to become "part of international law". Any other settlement would involve "an infringement of the rights of humanity", which the conscience of the world would not allow (Foreign Relations, The Paris Peace Conference, vi, 876).

The Allied reply referred the German delegation to the previous notes of May 14 and 28, and pointed out that article 312 provided for special conventions between Germany and the states receiving German territory under the treaty to protect the social insurance of workers (ibid., p. 996).

CHAPTER I. ORGANISATION.

ARTICLE 1 [387].

1. A permanent organisation is hereby established for the promotion of the objects set forth in the Preamble.

2. The original Members of the League of Nations shall be the original Members of this organisation, and hereafter membership of the League of Nations shall carry with it membership of the said organisation.