bear witness of me. . . . I have yet many things to say unto you, but ye cannot bear them now. Howbeit when he, the Spirit of truth, is come, he shall guide you into all the truth. He shall glorify me: for he shall take of mine, and shall declare it unto you" (John xv. 26; xvi. 12-14).

The Spirit Continues the Work of Christ.

Although the manner of the Holy Spirit's working should be very different from the manner of Christ's working, yet the work of the Holy Spirit was to be in effect a continuation of the work of Christ. So Christ said the Spirit should be sent in his name, and he even spoke of the Spirit's coming and presence as his own coming and presence (John xiv. 26, xix. 23, and Matt. xxviii. 20). In other words, the Spirit should so present Christ to those who loved him that the Spirit's presence would be potentially the continued presence of Christ. Indeed this would be better than the presence of Christ in the flesh; for it could be enjoyed everywhere at the same time, and it would enable men to understand Christ himself better than they had done during his personal ministry. Christ said: "It is expedient for you that I go away for if I go not away, the Comforter will not come unto you" (John xvi. 7).

The relation of Christ to the soul is illustrated by the relation of a visible object to a man's eye. But if, while the eye looks at the object before it, there were an unseen, unfelt power within helping the eye to see clearly, and transforming the man himself into the likeness of that which he beholds, this would illustrate the work of the Holy Spirit. "But we all, with unveiled face beholding as in a mirror the glory of the Lord, are transformed into the same image from glory to glory, even as from the Lord the Spirit" (2 Cor. iii. 18. American Revised Version).

ARTICLE VII.

THE STEEL STRIKE.

BY PROFESSOR ERNEST LUDLOW BOGART, PH.D.

I. THE HISTORY.

THE summer of 1901 was marked by rather more than the usual number of labor disputes, but the strike of the employes of the United States Steel Corporation so far overshadowed the others that they were concluded with scarcely a notice from the general public. And the steel strike deserved the attention it received, not merely on account of the magnitude of the interests involved, for it was against the largest aggregation of capital ever brought under a unified control,-but because of the principles and issues at stake. At no time was the question of wages raised. The strike was called solely for a "principle." Earlier in the history of trades-unionism, strikes were usually inaugurated, either for the purpose of securing higher wages, shorter hours, or improvements in the general conditions of work. As the unions have grown in numbers and power, and as the earlier demands have been more or less completely met, the tendency has been for the unions to demand an increasing voice in the control and management of the business itself. This has found expression in the prohibition of machinery, limiting the amount of work and the output, appointing the foreman, forbidding employment of non-union or discharge of union men, and in various other ways more or less defensible.

In England this policy of the trades-unions seems to

have proceeded farthest,' but within the last few years the United States too has seen an extension of this policy, which has been enforced more than once by means of the strike. The demand of the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers, whose refusal by the United States Steel Corporation led to the so-called steel strike, was essentially a demand for recognition in the management of the steel business. The consideration of this demand, with all that it implies and involves, suggests some interesting thoughts which may be briefly developed. Before drawing any conclusions, however, about the tendencies of American trades-unionism as illustrated by the steel strike, a brief preliminary sketch of the strike itself and of the two parties thereto will be in order.

The United States Steel Corporation was organized on February 23, 1901, in New Jersey, with an authorized capital of $1,100,000,000, one-half of which was in seven per cent cumulative preferred stock, and the other half in common stock. The Steel Corporation, more generally known as the Steel Trust, was formed by the union of nine companies, some of which represented previous consolidations, and which covered almost every department of the steel industry. The avowed object of the consolidation was to do away with disastrous competition, and to economize in production. One of the greatest economies effected lay in the centralization of management, but this was secured without sacrificing the autonomy of the constituent companies. In his testimony before the Industrial Commission, Mr. Schwab, the president of the corporation, testified on this point as follows:

"In making up the working force of the organization, I was careful to put in no controlling officers, no directing officers, my idea being to make the organization of each subsidiary company as strong within itself as

1For a vigorous arraignment of trades-unions' methods and results, see an article by Benjamin Taylor, "How Trade-Unionism Affects British Industries," No. Amer. Rev., Aug., 1901, p. 190.

possible, and to throw the whole responsibility for the results and the manufacture upon the subsidiary organizations. . . . The United States Steel Corporation will endeavor to make themselves largely a clearinghouse of information from which the presidents of the subsidiary companies can get the information they desire with reference to the other companies, and from that be able to define the best methods they should pursue."

Such matters as the fixing of a wage-scale, the employment or discharge of laborers, and similar details were left entirely with the subsidiary companies to arrange. So far, therefore, as the relations of the steel companies to their employes were concerned, no change was introduced or intended by their incorporation in the United States Steel Corporation.1

can.

The history of the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers can be traced back to 1858.2 In that year the puddlers and boilers in the iron mills of Pittsburg organized under the name of the United Sons of VulFor several years it remained virtually a secret society, but in 1865 it arranged for the first sliding scale of wages, based on the selling price of iron, and reorganized as a national organization. Meanwhile the heaters and roll-hands in the mills had formed a separate union, and in 1876 the two associations amalgamated, and formed the order of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel

1The following table shows the constituent companies of the Steel Corporation, with their capitalization, and number of men employed:—

The Shelby Steel Tube Company was added later.

2 Age of Steel, August 17, 1901, p. 28. See also Collier's Weekly, July 18, 1901, art., “Strikes and the Amalgamated Association," by T. J. Shaffer,

Workers. The tin workers were added later, after the development of that industry. Since 1876 annual wagescales have been signed by the employers with the associa tion, running from July to July. These scales were, however, not signed for all the plants, but only for those in which the men were organized into unions. In a number of the plants the union did not exist, either because the managers of the plants had determined, as at Homestead and the Carnegie works generally, after conflicts with the Amalgamated, to run them as non-union plants, or because the union had not been able to induce the men to join. In April, 1901, the Amalgamated Association had 160 active lodges and 13,893 members.1

The annual convention of the Amalgamated Association for 1901 was held in May at Milwaukee, and at this the question of the annual scale came up for discussion. It was decided to ask no changes in the wages, except a ten per cent advance for the iron workers. The most important question which was discussed by the convention was as to the stand the association should take to the new steel trust. Heretofore it had been customary to submit the new scale to each manufacturer individually, and later to the company, and, if an agreement could not be reached, to strike work in the mills affected. Now the association. decided to demand that the mills under the control of the United States Steel Corporation should be considered a unit for the purposes of signing the scale, and that work would not be commenced in any one mill until the scale had been signed for all. In 1899 the constitution had been amended by adding the following section: "Should one mill in a combine or trust have a difficulty, all mills in said combine or trust shall cease work until such grievance is settled." It was now determined to enforce this clause.

1Journal of the Twenty-sixth Annual Session of the A. A. of I. S. and