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Russell has made decisively evident. That such a result has been gained only after painful investigation of previously hidden sources is all the more to the author's credit. The student of Leibniz is furnished with a new key to the system, and abundance of assistance is given each investigator in framing his own opinion of it. In a very thorough and critical manner, Mr. Russell deals with the system of Leibniz under the following heads: 1. Leibniz's Premises; 2. Necessary Propositions and the Law of Contradiction; 3. Contingent Propositions and the Law of Sufficient Reason; 4. The Conception of Substance; 5. The Identity of Indiscernibles and the Law of Continuity, Possibility, and Compossibility; 6. Why did Leibniz believe in an External World? 7. The Philosophy of Matter (a) as the Outcome of the Principles of Dynamics; 8. The Philosophy of Matter (b) as explaining Continuity and Extension; 9. The Labyrinth of the Continuum; 10. The Theory of Space and Time and its Relation to Monadism; 11. The Nature of Monads in General; 12. Soul and Body; 13. Confused and Unconscious Perceptions; 14. Leibniz's Theory of Knowledge; 15. Proofs of the Existence of God; 16. Leibniz's Ethics. In an appendix of 95 pages, to which an index is attached, Mr. Russell presents the reader with extracts from Leibniz, classified according to subjects. Mr. Russell has also been exceedingly careful and orderly with his references.

Taken as a whole, the book is of first-class value, both as regards its completeness and thoroughness of reference, and its critical estimate of the philosopher. It is a work which every student of speculative thought should have in his library, and for the English student of Leibniz it is indispensable. S. F. MACLENNAN.

THE NEO-PLATONISTS.

BY THOMAS WHITTAKER. Pp. xiii, 231. Cam

bridge: At the University Press.

1901.

Students of the history of Civilization as well as of Philosophy will welcome the appearance of Mr. Whittaker's excellent volume upon NeoPlatonism. The longer one studies the social, political, intellectual, moral, and religious movements subsequent to the death of Aristotle, and precedent to the rise of the mediæval universities, the more one is impressed with the importance of Neo-Platonism as the agency which ga. thered together the threads of life, new and old, and in the years following the third century of our era formulated them in an original and systematic fashion. That Neo-Platonism was ultimately used in the service of Christian thought is not to its discredit; and in the cominon thought and experience of to-day, as well as in its more refined and speculative phases, are to be found traces often very marked and distinct of the last accomplishment of Hellenic thought. Of this widespread influence of Neo-Platonism, Mr. Whittaker makes the reader fully aware, as will be seen from the following outline: Chapter I., "Græco-Roman Civilization in its Political Development," lays a broad, scholarly foun

dation; Chapter II. advances by outlining the main "Stages of Greek Philosophy"; Chapter III. defines more clearly the relation of NeoPlatonism to the predominating interest of the times by setting forth the "Religious Developments in Later Antiquity"; Chapter IV. introduces the reader to the personalities of "Plotinus and his Nearest Predecessors"; Chapter V. deals critically and systematically with the "Philosophical System of Plotinus" as contained in his Psychology, Metaphysics, Cosmology, Theology, Esthetics, Ethics. Every student of philosophy will thank Mr. Whittaker for the care with which he has woven the various statements of Plotinus into a consistent and intelligible whole; Chapter VI. deals sympathetically with the "Mysticism of Plotinus"; Chapter VII. deals with the "Diffusion of Neo-Platonism"; Chapter VIII. investigates the "Polemic against Christianity"; Chapter IX. deals with the later "Athenian School"; whereas chapters XI. and XII. conclude with an account of the "Influence of Neo-Platonism" and a general estimate of the system.

S.F.M.

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY. BY MARY WHITON CALKINS, Professor of Philosophy and Psychology in Wellesley College. Crown 8vo. Pp. xv, 509. New York: The Macmillan Co. 1901.

Teachers of Psychology generally will welcome Miss Calkins's volume. Apart from James's smaller work, it has been impossible, heretofore, to obtain a text for general classes which combines interest with efficiency. Miss Calkins's work meets the need exactly. The volume is exceedingly interesting in its style, and its wealth of illustration, as well as its simplicity of expression, will prove a boon to every beginner. On the other hand, the volume is scholarly throughout. Furthermore, while Miss Calkins has ever an opinion of her own upon controverted points, this opinion is always expressed with intelligent regard for the opinions of others. In other words, the author appears to be interested more in bringing the whole fact before the pupil, than in enforcing her own point of view. For this reason the pedagogical value of the book is greatly enhanced. The reader has his mind opened to the richness and complexity of various mental problems, and is thereby stimulated to do some little thinking on his own account. There are many points made by Miss Calkins which will certainly lead to dispute. As one among others, I would here note her identification of interest with attention. And still it is just this quality of constantly challenging us which makes one of the strong points of the work. Both student and teacher need to be saved from an all-too-prevalent tendency toward conscious or unconscious dogmatism. The Introduction will take a high rank among serious and scholarly psychological treatises. At the same time it is one of the few books upon Psychology which combine interest with scholarliness, and are thereby fitted to be popular in the best sense of the term.

S.F.M.

THE CRIME of CHRISTENDOM; or, The Eastern Question from its Origin to the Present Time. By DANIEL SEELYE GREGORY, D.D., LL.D., Ex-President Lake Forest University; late Managing Editor "Standard Dictionary"; Editor Homiletic Review; author of "Christian Ethics,' Key to the Gospels," etc. 12mo. Pp. xi, 330. New York: The Abbey Press. 1901.

99.66

In the author's opinion, the crime of Christendom is England's maintenance of the Turkish power in Europe, which has resulted, among other things, in the recent horrible massacres in Armenia. By England the author does not mean the English people in general, but the military and commercial class, who have deftly maintained the control of her foreign affairs in the interest of their own material profit, and in the face of a most vigorous protest of the better classes, as represented especially by Mr. Gladstone.

The volume is full in its details, and comprehensive in its treatment of the subject, showing in the clearest manner how England's insane jealousy of Russia has led her to support, in the Turkish power in Europe, the most horrible anomaly and monstrosity that has ever appeared in the world's history. The only government which has been in position to protect the Christians within the limits of the Ottoman Empire has been Russia. But the Crimean War was waged to tie her hands and prevent her from doing it; while she was still further restricted by England in the terms that were enforced upon her by the Treaty of Berlin in 1878.

The volume is written with great clearness and force, and will do much to help to a proper understanding of the conditions in the East. It deserves a wide reading.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND RELIGIOUS REFORM: An Account of Ecclesiastical Legislation and Its Influence on Affairs in France from 1789 to 1804. By WILLIAM MILLIGAN SLOANE, L.H.D., LL.D., Seth Low Professor of History in Columbia University. Based on the Morse Lectures for 1900 before the Union Theological Seminary. 8vo. Pp. xxviii, 333. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1901. $2.00, net. So intimately connected was the religious condition of France with the events of the Revolution, that the whole history might well be written from a religious point of view. Dr. Sloane's volume, while not pretending to accomplish this result, has well-nigh been successful in doing it, since it is impossible to follow out the influence of the religious forces at work without giving a pretty full statement of the main events which attracted the attention of the world during that tremendous movement. The volume is clearly and forcibly written, and cannot fail to interest all students of the period.

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THE RATIONAL BASIS OF ORTHODOXY. BY ALBERT WESTON MOORE, D.D. Crown 8vo. Pp. vii, 378. $1.75, net.

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, New York.

DICTIONARY OF PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY. Written by Many Hands and Edited by JAMES MARK BALDWIN. In Three Volumes.

Vol. I. A-LAWS OF THOUGHT. Large 8vo. Pp. xxiv, 644. $5.00. VIA CHRISTI: An Introduction to the Study of Missions. By LOUISE MANNING HODGKINS, M.A., author of "A Guide to the Study of the Nineteenth Century Authors." 12mo. Pp. xix, 251.

PRESBYTERIAN BOARD OF PUBLICATION AND SABBATH-SCHOOL WORK, Philadelphia.

THE MANY-SIDED PAUL. A Study of the Character of the Great Apostle as unfolded in The Acts and the Pauline Epistles. (Westminster Handbooks.) By GEORGE FRANCIS GREENE, Minister of the Presbyterian Church, Cranford, New Jersey. 12mo. Pp. 270. $.75.

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, New York.

A CRITICAL AND EXEGETICAL COMMENTARY ON THE EPISTLES OF ST. PETER AND ST. JUDE. (The International Critical Commentary,) By the REV. CHARLES BIGG, D.D., Rector of Fenny Compton, Canon of Christ Church, and Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Oxford. Crown Svo. Pp. ix, 353. $2.50, net.

Z. SWIFT HOLBROOK.

THE death of Mr. Z. Swift Holbrook, since our last issue, removes from our editorial staff a most valuable member, and from the world a patriotic, noble, generous, and highly accomplished citizen. After careful business training in his younger days, Mr. Holbrook pursued college and theological studies in Yale University, and, after being ordained to the ministry, filled pastorates in Congregational churches in Chicago, Ill., and Methuen, Mass. But his rare capacity for business led him to devote the most of his years to the prosecution of numerous business enterprises of great vulue to the public, while he satisfied his philanthropic and Christian impulses by a generous devotion to the public interests in promoting the purity of the civil service and in securing the application of Christian principles to the solution of the intricate relations existing between capital and labor. In 1880 he married the daughter of Mr. William Frederick Poole, the distinguished librarian, and through him kept in close contact with all the great literary movements of the times. Mr. Holbrook's connection with the BIBLIOTHECA SACRA was a labor of love, and served both to put it upon a substantial business footing and to commend it by his wise contributions to a larger public than it had before reached. His death occurred in the midst of his days, while overwhelmed with cares of various successful enterprises whose management had been thrust upon him. In theology he had the conservatism which comes from thorough study of the Bible and wide acquaintance with the nature and wants of the human race.

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